printf "Hello, $NAME\n"

printf "Hello, %s\n" "$NAME"

printf interprets escape sequences and format specifiers in the format string. If variables are included, any escape sequences or format specifiers in the data will be interpreted too, when you most likely wanted to treat it as data. Example:

coverage='96%'
printf "Unit test coverage: %s\n" "$coverage"
printf "Unit test coverage: $coverage\n"

The first printf writes Unit test coverage: 96%.

The second writes bash: printf: `\': invalid format character

Sometimes you may actually want to interpret data as a format string, like in:

octToAscii() { printf "\\$1"; }
octToAscii 130

In this case, use the %b format specifier that expands escape sequences without interpreting other format specifiers:

octToAscii() { printf '%b' "\0$1"; }
octToAscii 130

Sometimes you might have a pattern in a variable:

filepattern="file-%d.jpg"
printf -v filename "$filepattern" "$number"

This has no good rewrite. Please ignore the warning with a directive.

• https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9799919799/utilities/printf.html