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落

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
落 U+843D, 落
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-843D
← 萼
[U+843C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 萾 →
[U+843E]

落 U+F918, 落
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F918
← 珞
[U+F917] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 酪 →
[U+F919]

Translingual

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Stroke order
Simplified Chinese and Japanese

Han character

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落 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+9, 13 strokes in traditional Chinese and Korean, 12 strokes in simplified Chinese and Japanese, Cangjie input 廿水竹口 (TEHR), four-corner 44164, composition ⿱艹洛)

Derived characters

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1043, character 11
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 31362
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1503, character 20
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3255, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+843D

Chinese

[edit]
trad. 落
simp. # 落

Glyph origin

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Characters in the same phonetic series (各) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
髂 *kʰraːɡs
路 *ɡ·raːɡs
輅 *ɡ·raːɡs
賂 *ɡ·raːɡs
虂 *ɡ·raːɡs
露 *ɡ·raːɡs
潞 *raːɡs
鷺 *raːɡs
璐 *raːɡs
簬 *raːɡs
簵 *ɡ·raːɡs
洛 *ɡ·raːɡ
駱 *ɡ·raːɡ
絡 *ɡ·raːɡ
酪 *ɡ·raːɡ
烙 *ɡ·raːɡ
雒 *ɡ·raːɡ
珞 *ɡ·raːɡ
硌 *ɡ·raːɡ
袼 *ɡ·raːɡ, *klaːɡ
笿 *ɡ·raːɡ
鉻 *ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
鮥 *ɡ·raːɡ
鵅 *ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
挌 *ɡ·raːɡ, *kraːɡ
落 *ɡ·raːɡ
各 *klaːɡ
胳 *klaːɡ
閣 *klaːɡ
格 *klaːɡ, *kraːɡ
擱 *klaːɡ
恪 *kʰlaːɡ
愙 *kʰaːɡ
貉 *ɡlaːɡ, *mɡraːɡ
狢 *ɡlaːɡ
佫 *ɡlaːɡ
略 *ɡ·raɡ
茖 *kraːɡ
骼 *kraːɡ
觡 *kraːɡ
蛒 *kraːɡ
敋 *kraːɡ
客 *kʰraːɡ
喀 *kʰraːɡ
揢 *kʰraːɡ
額 *ŋɡraːɡ
峉 *ŋɡraːɡ
頟 *ŋɡraːɡ
詻 *ŋɡraːɡ
垎 *ɡraːɡ
楁 *ɡraːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡ·raːɡ): semantic 艹 + phonetic 洛 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ).

Etymology

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From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *klaʔ (“to fall”) (STEDT under PTB *(k/g)la-k/y/t, Schuessler, 2007):

within Sinitic, cognate to 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs) "dew", 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs, “down, below, to descend, to fall down”) , 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ) "to collapse" and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ) "hillside, slope";
outside of Sinitic, cognate to Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”) and thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”).

Schuessler attributes OC *r-, instead of expected **l-, to possible Austroasiatic influence: compare Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”) < [script needed] (-ra'ka, “to fall, below, cover from above”). However, Matisoff (2003) identifies several ST etyma which display TB *(C‑)l- vs. OC *(C‑)r‑ correspondence (e.g. *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”) → 良 (OC *raŋ), *g/m-liŋ (“neck”) → 領 (OC *reŋʔ), etc.) and TB *(C‑)r- vs. OC *(C‑)l‑ (e.g. *g-rjum (“salt”) → 鹽 (OC *ɡ·lam)); so irregularities in correspondence do not necessarily indicate foreign influences.

Contemporary southern usage possibly reinforced by a Kra-Dai term. The term has been associated with Zhuang loengx (“to fall”).

Zhengzhang suggested that Pronunciation 2 was a result of loss of final consonant of the retained Old Chinese Pronunciation 1.

Pronunciation 1

[edit]
Note:
  • luò - "drop, fall, settle";
  • lào - "go down";
  • luō - only used in 大大落落 (Mainland standard).
Note:
  • lueh4 - literary;
  • luah4, lau3 - vernacular.
Note:
  • lorh7 - literary;
  • lo7 - vernacular;
  • lao4 - vernacular.
Note:
  • lo̍k - literary;
  • lo̍h - colloquial (“to fall; to go down; to lower; to finish; to write down; to add; to issue; to rain or snow; down onto; classifier for a row of houses; to get along well; to go to somewhere inferior; to fell; to divide into; classifier for events”);
  • làu - colloquial (“to fall; to drop (Xiamen, Zhangzhou); to leave behind; to fade (Xiamen, Zhangzhou); to omit; to disassemble; to leak; to lose (Zhangzhou); to have diarrhea; to coax out of somebody; to unload; to show off one's skills; to gather to help; loose; to blow; to space out”);
  • lak - colloquial (“to fall; to fall behind (Taiwan); to fade (Taiwan, Singapore); to omit; to fall off; to lose”);
  • lauh - colloquial (“used in 舊落落 and 舊落咆”);
  • lō͘ - colloquial (“used in 落尾 and 落災”);
  • la̍uh/nia̍uh - possibly unrelated, used in compounds such as 交落.
Note: lo2 - used in 落囝.
Note: 8laoq (Jiading) - old-style.
Rime
Character 落
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 鐸 (103)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 盧各切
Baxter lak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lɑk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/lɑk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/lɑk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lak̚/
Li
Rong 		/lɑk̚/
Wang
Li 		/lɑk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/lɑk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		luò
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		lok6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 落
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		luò
Middle
Chinese 		‹ lak ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kə.rˁak/
English fall (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 落
Reading # 1/1
No. 3880
Phonetic
component 		各
Rime
group 		鐸
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		落
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡ·raːɡ/

Definitions

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落

  1. to fall; to drop
    落淚／落泪  ―  luòlèi  ―  to shed tears
    隕石為什麼總是落在隕石坑裡？ [MSC, trad.]
    陨石为什么总是落在陨石坑里？ [MSC, simp.]
    Yǔnshí wèishénme zǒngshì luò zài yǔnshíkēng lǐ? [Pinyin]
    Why do meteors always fall right into craters? (a joke question)
    落水  ―  luòshuǐ  ―  to fall into the water
  2. (intransitive) (to go to a lower place)
    1. to go down; to descend; to set
      日落  ―  rìluò  ―  sunset
      潮水落了。  ―  Cháoshuǐ luò le.  ―  The tide is low.
      鳥兒落在樹枝上。 [MSC, trad.]
      鸟儿落在树枝上。 [MSC, simp.]
      Niǎo'ér luò zài shùzhī shàng. [Pinyin]
      The bird lands on the branch
      1. (Cantonese, Southern Min) to go down; to descend (of a person, animal, etc.)
        落樓梯／落楼梯 [Cantonese]  ―  lok6 lau4 tai1 [Jyutping]  ―  to go down the stairs
        我落一落樓下。 [Cantonese, trad.]
        我落一落楼下。 [Cantonese, simp.]
        ngo5 lok6 jat1 lok6 lau4 haa6. [Jyutping]
        I will go downstairs for a while.
    2. to decline; to sink; to come down
      衰落  ―  shuāiluò  ―  to decline; to go downhill
      家道中落  ―  jiādàozhōngluò  ―  the family fortunes has declined
      落到這步田地／落到这步田地  ―  luò dào zhè bù tiándì  ―  to come down to such a plight
    3. to fall onto; to rest with (of responsibility, power, position, etc.)
      大權旁落／大权旁落  ―  dàquánpángluò  ―  power has fallen into the hands of others
      這個任務落到了我身上。 [MSC, trad.]
      这个任务落到了我身上。 [MSC, simp.]
      Zhège rènwù luò dào le wǒ shēnshàng. [Pinyin]
      This task falls onto our shoulders.
    4. (Cantonese, Southern Min, Wu) to get off; to alight; to exit; to disembark (a vehicle)
      落船 [Guangzhou Cantonese]  ―  lok6 syun4 [Jyutping]  ―  to disembark from a boat
      落車／落车 [Guangzhou Cantonese]  ―  lok6 ce1 [Jyutping]  ―  to alight; to exit a car
      落車／落车 [Hokkien]  ―  lo̍h-chhia [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to alight; to exit a car
    5. (Cantonese, Eastern Min, Southern Min, dialectal Wu) to finish; to complete (class or work)
      落課／落课  ―  lo̍hkè  ―  to finish class
    6. (Cantonese) to go to a more lively and bustling area (especially downtown)
    7. (Cantonese, Eastern Min, Mainland China Hokkien) to go to somewhere inferior or subordinate
      落鄉／落乡 [Hokkien]  ―  lo̍h-hiuⁿ [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to go to the countryside
    8. (Cantonese, Hokkien, Teochew) down [onto; to]
      打落地下度 [Cantonese]  ―  daa2 lok6 dei6 haa6-2 dou6 [Jyutping]  ―  to hit something and cause it to fall to the ground
  3. (transitive) (to move something to a lower place)
    1. to lower; to let fall; to let down
      我把簾子落下來。 [MSC, trad.]
      我把帘子落下来。 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒ bǎ liánzi luò xiàlái. [Pinyin]
      I lowered the blinds.
      落價／落价 [Hokkien]  ―  lo̍h-kè [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to fall in price
    2. (literary) to write down (with a pen)
    3. (Cantonese, Gan, Hakka, Huizhou, Min, Southern Pinghua, Wu, Xiang) to fall down; to rain or snow
      啲雨一滴都未落佢已經喺度攞住把遮行。 [Cantonese, trad.]
      啲雨一滴都未落佢已经喺度𫽋住把遮行。 [Cantonese, simp.]
      di1 jyu5 jat1 dik1 dou1 mei6 lok6 keoi5 ji5 ging1 hai2 dou6 lo2 zyu6 baa2 ze1 haang4. [Jyutping]
      He had already started to carry an umbrella before the rain even began to fall.
    4. (Cantonese, Southern Min) to add; to put in (into food, a mixture, etc.)
      落味精 [Cantonese]  ―  lok6 mei6 zing1 [Jyutping]  ―  to add MSG
      落石屎 [Cantonese]  ―  lok6 sek6 si2 [Jyutping]  ―  to pour concrete
    5. (Cantonese, Hokkien) to give or issue something to an inferior person
      落旨 [Cantonese]  ―  lok6 zi2 [Jyutping]  ―  to issue a decree
      落叉廚／落叉厨 [Hong Kong Cantonese]  ―  lok6 caa1 cyu4 [Jyutping]  ―  to issue a charge
      落公文 [Hokkien]  ―  lo̍h kong-bûn [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to issue an official document
    6. (Cantonese) to get into or to have put on something
      肥到著唔落條褲 [Cantonese, trad.]
      肥到著唔落条裤 [Cantonese, simp.]
      fei4 dou3 zoek3 m4 lok6 tiu4 fu3 [Jyutping]
      too fat to put on the pair of pants
    7. (Cantonese) to abort (a fetus)
      你咁狠心落咗佢。 [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
      nei5 gam3 han2 sam1 lok6 zo2 keoi5. [Jyutping]
      How cruel of you to abort it.
    8. (Xiamen and Taiwanese Hokkien) to fell; to lop; to cut down; to hew (trees)
  4. (Cantonese) added after a verb to express a reassessment after doing or experiencing something for a certain period of time
    佢睇落幾靚仔。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    佢睇落几靓仔。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    keoi5 tai2 lok6 gei2 leng3 zai2. [Jyutping]
    He seems to be quite handsome.
    做落先知原來咁難。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    做落先知原来咁难。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    zou6 lok6 sin1 zi1 jyun4 loi4 gam3 naan4. [Jyutping]
    Only after doing it for a while do you realize how difficult it is.
  5. to stop; to cease
    落腳／落脚  ―  luòjiǎo  ―  to stop over; to put up
    話音未落／话音未落  ―  huàyīn wèi luò  ―  before one has finished speaking
  6. to lag behind; to fall behind
    落選／落选  ―  luòxuǎn  ―  to lose an election
    落伍  ―  luòwǔ  ―  to be behind the times
  7. to leave behind; to stay behind
    不落痕跡／不落痕迹  ―  bùluòhénjì  ―  to leave no trace
  8. place where one stays; whereabouts
    下落  ―  xiàluò  ―  whereabouts
  9. settlement; place to gather together
    村落  ―  cūnluò  ―  village
  10. small area; short part
    段落  ―  duànluò  ―  paragraph
  11. to get; to receive; to have
    落不是  ―  làobùshi  ―  to get blamed
    落褒貶／落褒贬  ―  làobāobiǎn  ―  to receive praise and criticism
    落埋怨  ―  làomáiyuàn  ―  to take the blame
  12. (Eastern Min) Classifier for residences.
  13. (Hainanese, Leizhou Min, Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Singapore and Taiwanese Hokkien, Teochew) to fade (of color)
  14. (Hokkien) Classifier for a row of houses.
  15. (Hokkien) to omit; to leave out
  16. (Hokkien) to disassemble; to dismantle
  17. (Hokkien) to have diarrhea
  18. (Hokkien) to leak (of water or gas)
  19. (Hokkien) to coax out of somebody; to trick somebody into telling (of a secret, information, the truth, etc.)
  20. (Hokkien) to fall off; to drop off (from somewhere)
  21. (Hokkien) to lose; to misplace
  22. (Mainland China Hokkien) to get along well
  23. (Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) loose; about to fall off (often reduplicated)
  24. (Xiamen and Zhangzhou Hokkien) Classifier for events, deals, etc..
  25. (Xiamen Hokkien) to divide into; to split up into
  26. (Zhangzhou and Taiwanese Hokkien) to unload (cargo, etc.)
  27. (Taiwanese Hokkien) to show off one's skills in speaking (a certain language)
  28. (Taiwanese Hokkien) to gather (one's own men) to help (used to gather a crowd for a fight)
  29. (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to shake a container to let something fall out
  30. (Zhangzhou Hokkien, of wind) to blow
  31. (Zhangzhou Hokkien) to space out; to leave distances in between
  32. a surname

Synonyms
[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 下 (“to go down; to descend”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 下
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 下
Taiwan 下
Malaysia 下
Singapore 下
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 下
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 下
Central Plains Mandarin Wanrong 下
Xi'an 下
Xining 下
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 下
Ürümqi 下
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 下
Cantonese Guangzhou 落
Hong Kong 落
Yangjiang 落
Nanning 落
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 落
Singapore (Guangfu) 落
Gan Nanchang 下
Pingxiang 下
Hakka Meixian 落, 下
Jin Taiyuan 下
Xinzhou 下
Northern Min Jian'ou 下
Southern Min Xiamen 落
Quanzhou 落
Zhangzhou 落
Zhao'an 落
Taipei 落 GT
Penang (Hokkien) 落
Singapore (Hokkien) 落
Manila (Hokkien) 落
Chaozhou 落
Shantou 落
Jieyang 落
Singapore (Teochew) 落
Wenchang 落
Haikou 落
Qionghai 落
Singapore (Hainanese) 落
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 落
Wu Shanghai 落
Suzhou 落
Hangzhou 下, 落
Hangzhou (Yuhang) 落
Wenzhou 落
Jinhua 落
Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)
  • (to omit):
Dialectal synonyms of 腹瀉 (“to have diarrhea”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 下痢 TCM
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 腹瀉, 瀉, 噴射 Internet slang
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 拉稀, 拉肚子, 跑肚子, 跑肚, 鬧肚子
Taiwan 拉肚子
Langfang 鬧肚子
Chengde 瀉肚
Ulanhot 拉肚子
Tongliao 拉肚子
Chifeng 瀉, 跑肚子, 拉肚子, 拉肚
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 鬧肚子, 拉肚子, 拉肚
Heihe 瀉肚, 腹瀉, 瀉, 拉肚子, 跑肚子
Qiqihar 瀉肚, 拉肚子, 跑肚子
Harbin 瀉肚, 跑肚子, 跑肚, 拉稀, 拉肚子, 拉肚, 躥稀
Jiamusi 瀉肚, 腹瀉, 拉肚子, 跑肚子
Baicheng 瀉肚, 拉肚子, 跑肚子
Changchun 跑肚, 拉稀, 鬧肚子
Tonghua 跑肚, 拉稀
Shenyang 瀉肚, 瀉, 腹瀉, 拉肚子, 拉稀, 鬧肚子, 跑肚
Jinzhou 瀉肚, 跑肚, 鬧肚子, 拉肚子, 拉稀, 躥稀
Malaysia 拉肚子, 落屎
Singapore 瀉肚子
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 瀉肚, 拉肚子, 跑肚子, 拉稀
Tangshan 跑肚, 瀉肚, 拉稀
Cangzhou 跑肚, 拉稀
Baoding 跑肚, 鬧肚子
Shijiazhuang 跑肚, 躥稀
Lijin 拉肚子, 跑欄
Jinan 拉肚子, 跑茅子, 拉稀
Jiaoliao Mandarin Dalian 泚稀
Dandong 瀉肚, 拉肚子, 跑肚, 冒肚, 拉稀, 開當鋪
Yantai 拉肚子, 跑肚子
Yantai (Muping) 冒肚子, 拉肚子, 蹲肚子
Qingdao 拉肚子, 冒肚子
Zhucheng 拉肚子, 淌肚子
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 拉肚子, 拉稀, 跑肚子, 冒肚, 躥鞭桿兒
Lingbao 拉肚子
Jining 屙稀, 屙肚子, 鬧肚子
Daming 跑肚
Wanrong 跑茅子
Linfen 跑茅
Shangqiu 瀉肚, 瀉, 拉肚, 跑肚子, 冒肚
Yuanyang 瀉肚, 腹瀉, 拉肚子, 拉肚, 跑肚
Zhengzhou 瀉肚, 拉肚
Xinyang 冒肚, 拉稀
Baihe 拉肚子
Xi'an 瀉肚子, 拉肚子, 跑肚子, 跑後
Baoji 腹瀉, 瀉, 拉肚子, 跑肚
Yanchi 跑肚
Guyuan 跑肚
Longde 跑肚子
Jingyuan 跑後
Tianshui 㞎肚哩
Xining 拉肚子, 跑肚, 拉稀, 拉稀屎
Dunhuang (Hedong dialect) 瀉肚子, 瀉肚, 拉肚子, 冒肚子
Xuzhou 拉肚子, 拉肚, 屙肚, 跑肚, 躥稀
Fuyang 拉肚子, 跑肚子, 腹瀉
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 跑肚
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 跑肚, 跑肚子, 拉肚, 拉肚子
Wuzhong 跑肚
Zhongwei 跑肚
Bayanhot 拉肚子
Lanzhou 瀉肚, 跑肚子, 跑肚, 拉稀, 拉稀屎
Hami 跑肚子
Ürümqi 拉稀, 拉肚子, 躥稀, 跑肚子, 跑肚
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 拉稀, 屙肚子, 屙稀, 拉肚子, 肚皮過 euphemistic, 飆稀 vulgar, 打滑 vulgar, 屙稀㞎㞎 childish
Nanchong 拉肚子, 跑肚子
Dazhou 跑肚子
Hanyuan 屙肚子, 瀉
Xichang 拉肚子
Zigong 屙肚子
Chongqing 屙肚子
Wuhan 發屙, 屙肚子, 瀉肚子, 瀉, 拉肚子, 拉稀 humorous, 滑腸子 humorous
Yichang 拉肚子
Xiangyang 拉肚子, 腹瀉
Tianmen 拉肚子, 拉稀
Guiyang 拉肚皮, 屙肚子, 拉稀
Zunyi 拉稀
Bijie 肚皮不好
Liping 屙肚子
Zhaotong 屙肚子
Dali 肚子瀉
Kunming 拉肚子, 肚子瀉, 瀉肚子
Mengzi 拉肚子
Guilin 拉肚子, 屙肚子
Guilin (Lingui) 拉肚子
Liuzhou 拉肚子, 屙肚子, 屙肚, 屙, 拉稀, 打瀌槍
Liuzhou (Luorong) 拉肚子
Nanning (Wuming) 拉瀉, 屙肚, 屙瀉, 屙爛屎, 拉肚子, 屙肚子
Jishou 拉肚, 拉稀, 拉稀痢
Changde 肚子屙
Hanzhong 拉肚子
Reshuitang (Longling) 拉稀屎
Mae Salong (Lancang) 拉稀
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 拉稀
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 屙肚, 拉肚子, 瀉肚
Yangzhou 屙肚, 屙肚子, 屙, 拉肚, 拉肚子, 瀉肚, 拉痢, 躥稀, 拉稀
Lianyungang 拉肚子, 屙肚子
Lianshui 屙肚子, 屙肚, 拉肚子, 拉肚
Nantong 拉肚子, 瀉肚子
Anqing 屙肚子
Wuhu 屙肚子
Hefei 屙肚子, 拉肚子, 跑稀, 拉稀
Huanggang 屙肚子
Hong'an 瀉肚子, 肚子瀉
Mandarin Nanping (Yanping) 屙
Cantonese Guangzhou 肚屙, 屙肚, 屙瀡瀡, 屙啡啡, 屙渜, 屙
Hong Kong 肚屙, 肚瀉, 屙肚, 屙啡啡, 屙
Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 屙肚仔
Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 肚屙
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 肚胈屙
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 肚胈屙
Macau 肚屙
Guangzhou (Panyu) 肚屙
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 肚屙
Guangzhou (Conghua) 屙肚
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 肚屙
Foshan 肚屙
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 肚屙
Foshan (Shunde) 肚屙
Foshan (Sanshui) 肚屙
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 屙肚
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 肚屙
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 肚屙
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 屙
Zhuhai (Doumen) 肚屙
Jiangmen (Baisha) 肚屙
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 肚屙
Taishan 飆屎, 肚瀉, 唔好肚
Kaiping (Chikan) 飆屎
Enping (Niujiang) 屙肚
Heshan (Yayao) 肚瀉
Dongguan 屎肚屙
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 肚屙
Qingyuan 屙肚
Fogang 肚屙, 屙肚
Yingde (Hanguang) 屙肚
Yangshan 屙肚
Lianshan (Butian) 屙屎瀉
Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui) 屙肚
Shaoguan 屙肚
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 屙肚, 肚屙, 屙水瀉
Renhua 屙肚
Lechang 屙肚
Zhaoqing (Gaoyao) 肚屙
Sihui 肚屙
Guangning 肚屙
Deqing 肚屙
Huaiji 發屙, 發屎瀉
Fengkai (Nanfeng) 發屙
Yunfu 肚屙
Xinxing 瀨飆
Luoding 屙肚
Yunan (Pingtai) 拉啡啡, 屙啡啡
Yangjiang 肚屙
Xinyi 肚屙
Lianjiang 屙肚
Nanning 肚屙, 屙肚
Wuzhou 肚屙
Yulin 飆, 肚飆
Rongxian 屙爛屎
Hepu (Lianzhou) 肚屙
Hepu (Shatian) 屙肚
Guiping 肚屙
Guiping (Mule) 肚屙
Pingnan 肚屙
Mengshan (Xihe) 屙肚
Guigang (Gangcheng) 肚屙
Guigang (Nanjiang) 肚屙
Guigang (Pingdong) 屙肚, 壞肚
Beiliu (Tangliao) 肚屙
Baise 肚屙
Bobai 肚屙
Lingshan 肚屙
Pubei 屙肚
Qinzhou 屙肚
Beihai 屙肚
Beihai (Nankang) 屙肚
Beihai (Yingpan) 屙肚
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 屙肚
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 屙肚
Ningming 屙肚
Hengzhou 肚屙
Hezhou (Pumen, Babu) 生瀉
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 屙肚
Danzhou 屙肚
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 肚屙, 瀨屎
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 屙肚
Móng Cái 屙肚
Bangkok (Guangfu) 肚屙
Betong (Rongxian) 肚屙
Gan Nanchang 屙肚, 屙肚子, 瀉肚, 瀉肚子
Pengze 屙肚子
Lichuan 作泄, 瀉肚子, 拉肚子
Pingxiang 瀉肚, 瀉肚子
Jianning 瀉肚
Hakka Meixian 屙肚, 屙痢肚, 屙肚仔
Xingning 屙肚哩
Dabu (Xihe) 屙肚仔
Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 肚胈屙
Huizhou (Shuikou; Bendihua) 肚胈屙
Huizhou (Hengli; Bendihua) 肚胈屙
Huidong (Pingshan; Bendihua) 肚胈屙
Huidong (Daling) 肚胈屙
Dongguan (Qingxi) 肚胈屙
Longmen (Pingling; Bendihua) 肚胈屙
Longmen (Luxi; Bendihua) 屙肚, 肚胈屙
Boluo (Bendihua) 肚胈屙
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 屙痢肚
Guangzhou (Zhengguo, Zengcheng) 屙肚, 屙痢肚
Zhongshan (Wuguishan) 屙肚, 屙泥泌瀉
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 屙泌瀉
Wuhua (Shuizhai) 屙肚哩
Wuhua (Huacheng) 屙肚哩
Wuhua (Changbu) 屙肚哩
Wuhua (Mianyang) 屙肚哩
Heyuan (Bendihua) 肚胈屙
Zijin (Guzhu; Bendihua) 屙肚
Longchuan (Tuocheng; Bendihua) 屙肚哎
Longchuan (Sidu; Bendihua) 屙肚
Heping (Linzhai; Bendihua) 屙肚
Lianping (Zhongxin; Bendihua) 肚胈屙
Lianping (Longjie; Bendihua) 肚屙
Wengyuan 屙痢肚
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 嘔肚
Xinfeng (Matou; Bendihua) 肚胈屙
Xinfeng (Daxi; Bendihua) 肚胈屙
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 發瀉
Liannan 屙痢肚
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 屙肚
Jiexi 屙落肚
Luhe 屙屎汁
Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan) 屙落屎
Changting 瀉腹
Longyan (Yongding) 屙瀉肚
Longyan (Xiayang, Yongding) 屙肚子, 瀉肚
Longyan (Gaobei, Yongding) 屙落屎
Longyan (Hukeng, Yongding) 屙肚
Wuping 泄肚
Wuping (Zhongshan) 屙落屎
Wuping (Yanqian) 泄肚
Wuping (Pingyu) 泄肚子
Liancheng 瀉腹
Liancheng (Peitian) 屙腹
Liancheng (Juxi) 腹裡屙
Liancheng (Zhongbao) 屙
Liancheng (Laiyuan) 屙腹, 屙肚屎
Ninghua 瀉腹
Yudu 碎肚, 屙肚
Ningdu 泄肚
Ruijin 泄肚
Shicheng 瀉肚, 泄肚
Shangyou (Shexi) 屙肚
Tonggu (Sandu) 泄肚子
Ganzhou (Panlong) 屙肚
Dayu 屙肚哩
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 屙痢肚
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 屙瀉粑
Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian) 屙瀉粑
Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian) 屙瀉粑
Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian) 屙瀉粑
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 屙落粑, 屙瀉粑, 屙痢肚, 瀉痢肚, 滑痢肚
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 屙瀉粑, 屙痢肚, 滑痢肚
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 屙瀉粑, 屙落屎, 屙痢肚, 瀉痢肚, 滑痢肚
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 落屎, 屙落屎
Hong Kong 肚胈屙
Yangxi (Tangkou) 屙肚
Yangchun (Sanjia) 屙肚
Xinyi (Sihe) 肚屙
Xinyi (Qianpai) 肚屙
Gaozhou (Xindong) 肚屙
Maoming (Shalang, Dianbai) 肚屙
Huazhou (Xin'an) 屙肚
Lianjiang (Shijiao) 屙肚
Lianjiang (Qingping) 屙肚
Mengshan (Xihe) 屙肚
Luchuan 肚屙
Luchuan (Daqiao) 屙爛屎
Beiliu (Tang'an) 肚屙
Mashan (Pianlian) 屙瀉
Sabah (Longchuan) 屙痢肚, 肚屙
Kuala Lumpur (Dabu) 屙肚仔
Senai (Huiyang) 屙痢肚
Kuching (Hepo) 漏屎
Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo) 屙落肚
Singkawang 屙痢肚
Bangkok (Meixian) 屙肚
Bangkok (Fengshun) 屙痢肚
Bangkok (Jiexi) 屙落肚
Huizhou Jixi 瀉肚
Shexian 肚瀉, 瀉肚, 拽肚, 肚裡拽
Huangshan (Tunxi) 瀉肚, 拉肚
Xiuning 瀉肚, 拉肚
Yixian 瀉肚
Qimen 瀉肚
Wuyuan 瀉肚
Fuliang 屙痢
Dexing 瀉肚
Jin Taiyuan 跑茅子, 跑肚子, 躥稀, 拉稀
Pingyao 跑茅子
Yangyuan 瀉肚, 拉肚子, 跑肚子
Datong 跑肚
Xinzhou 跑茅子, 跑肚子, 拉稀, 賣掃帚 humorous
Lüliang (Lishi) 拉肚子, 跑茅子
Changzhi 跑肚子, 跑茅廁
Taibus (Baochang) 拉肚子
Linhe 跑肚, 拉稀
Jining 拉肚子, 跑肚
Hohhot 拉肚子, 跑肚子, 拉稀
Baotou 拉肚子, 跑肚
Dongsheng 拉肚子
Haibowan 拉肚子
Erenhot 拉肚子, 跑肚子
Pingshan 跑茅子, 跑肚
Zhangjiakou 拉肚子, 跑肚子, 跑肚, 拉稀
Handan 跑肚子, 跑肚
Linzhou 拉稀
Suide 拉肚子, 跑肚子
Northern Min Jian'ou 瀉腹, 病瀉, 漏腠
Jian'ou (Dikou) 瀉腹
Songxi 瀉腹底
Zhenghe (Zhenqian) 腹鹵雷
Jianyang 瀉腹
Wuyishan 瀉腹
Pucheng (Shibei) 拉瀉腹
Eastern Min Fuzhou 病瀉, 拉, 破腹, 冇腹, 漏瀉
Fuzhou (Changle) 病瀉
Fuqing 漏瀉
Yongtai 病瀉
Gutian 病瀉
Fu'an 腹肚瀉
Ningde 腹肚䆀
Shouning 腹肚漏
Zhouning 腹肚瀉
Fuding 拽屎, 拽屎尿
Matsu 落瀉, 病腹
Southern Min Xiamen 落屎, 落腹, 落瀉, 瀉腹, 走腹
Quanzhou 落屎, 落腹, 落瀉, 瀉腹, 疶屎
Jinjiang 落屎, 落
Zhangzhou 落屎, 落腹, 落瀉, 瀉腹, 落屎水, 走腹仔, 疶屎, 疶屎水, 放水, 落
Zhao'an 落屎
Taipei 疶屎, 落屎
New Taipei (Sanxia) 疶屎, 落屎
Kaohsiung 疶屎, 落屎, 歹腹肚
Yilan 疶屎, 落屎, 攪絞
Changhua (Lukang) 滾絞疼, 落屎
Taichung 落屎, 歹腹肚
Taichung (Wuqi) 落屎
Tainan 疶屎, 落屎, 攪絞, 瀉腹
Taitung 落屎
Hsinchu 落屎
Kinmen 落屎
Penghu (Magong) 落屎
Penang (Hokkien) 落屎
Klang (Hokkien) 落屎, 疶屎
Singapore (Hokkien) 落屎
Manila (Hokkien) 落屎, 落
Zhangping (Yongfu) 落瀉, 瀉屎, 疶屎
Datian 放落屎
Shunchang (Pushang) 疶屎
Chaozhou 落屎, 瀉肚
Shantou 落屎
Shantou (Chenghai) 落屎
Nan'ao (Houzhai) 落屎
Nan'ao (Yun'ao) 落屎
Jieyang 落屎, 落漖屎
Haifeng 瀉屎
Bangkok (Teochew) 落屎, 瀉肚
Chiang Mai (Teochew) 落屎, 瀉肚
Hat Yai (Teochew) 落屎, 走肚
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 落屎
Leizhou 過肚, 肚㾀, 放屎水, 放肚, 放浮屎
Wenchang 瀉屎
Haikou 瀉屎, 放漖屎, 放肚
Puxian Min Putian 拉
Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang) 落屎, 拉
Xianyou 拉
Fuding (Aoyao) 落屎
Central Min Yong'an 打瀉
Sanming (Sanyuan) 打瀉
Sanming (Shaxian) 打瀉
Shaojiang Min Shaowu 瀉腹
Guangze 作泄
Jiangle 打瀉腹
Mingxi 打瀉, 瀉腹
Shunchang 拉瀉腹
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 拉
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 屙瀉, 屙肚
Nanning (Shajing) 屙肚
Binyang (Xinqiao) 發瀉
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Dahe) 瀉肚
Guilin (Chaoyang) 瀉肚
Guilin (Zhuyuan) 瀉肚
Wu Shanghai 肚皮惹, 肚裡惹
Shanghai (Songjiang) 肚皮惹
Shanghai (Jiading) 肚皮惹, 肚裡惹
Shanghai (Chongming) 肚裡射
Suzhou 肚皮惹, 肚皮拆, 水瀉, 惹
Wuxi 肚皮惹, 謳薄, 肚皮屙
Danyang 拉肚皮, 屙肚皮
Hangzhou 惹肚皮, 肚皮惹, 痢疾
Ningbo 肚皮查, 查肚皮
Wenzhou 瀉肚, 坑鬆
Jinhua 肚痢, 肚射
Xiang Changsha 屙肚子, 瀉肚子, 肚子瀉, 打猋槍
Xiangtan 瀉肚子
Loudi 瀉肚, 肚子泄
Shuangfeng 屙肚子, 瀉肚子, 瀉肚
Hengyang 屙肚子, 瀉肚子
Quanzhou 瀉肚
Guanyang (Wenshi) 拉肚
Xiangnan Tuhua Jiangyong 瀉腹, 腹瀉
Note TCM - traditional Chinese medicine
  • (to leak): 洩／泄 (xiè)
  • (to coax out of somebody): 套 (tào); (Hokkien) 擢 (tioh)
  • (classifier for events): 樁／桩 (zhuāng)
  • (to blow): 颳／刮 (guā)
See also
[edit]
  • 加 (jiā, “to add”)
  • 掉 (diào)
Descendants
[edit]
  • → Ai-Cham: lau⁵
  • → Thai: โละ (ló) (via Teochew loh8)
  • → Vietnamese: lạc
Compounds
[edit]

Pronunciation 2

[edit]
trad. 落
simp. # 落
alternative forms 拉
賴／赖 Cantonese
Note:
  • lo̍k - literary;
  • lak - vernacular.
Rime
Character 落
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 來 (37)
Final (韻) 鐸 (103)
Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 盧各切
Baxter lak
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/lɑk̚/
Pan
Wuyun 		/lɑk̚/
Shao
Rongfen 		/lɑk̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/lak̚/
Li
Rong 		/lɑk̚/
Wang
Li 		/lɑk̚/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/lɑk̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		luò
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		lok6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 落
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		luò
Middle
Chinese 		‹ lak ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kə.rˁak/
English fall (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 落
Reading # 1/1
No. 3880
Phonetic
component 		各
Rime
group 		鐸
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		落
Old
Chinese 		/*ɡ·raːɡ/

Definitions

[edit]

落

  1. (colloquial) to leave out; to be missing; to omit
  2. (colloquial) to leave behind; to forget to bring
    我把鑰匙落家裡了。 [MSC, trad.]
    我把钥匙落家里了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ bǎ yàoshi là jiālǐ le. [Pinyin]
    I left my key(s) at home.
    佢又試賴低個女自己一個喺屋企。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    佢又试赖低个女自己一个喺屋企。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    keoi5 jau6 si3 laai6 dai1 go3 neoi5-2 zi6 gei2 jat1 go3 hai2 uk1 kei2. [Jyutping]
    He has once again left his daughter behind at home alone by herself.
  3. (colloquial) to fall behind; to lag behind

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]

Kanji

[edit]
落

(Third grade kyōiku kanji)

  1. to fall
  2. to leave behind
  3. to drop
  4. to come down

Readings

[edit]

Compounds

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Korean

[edit]

Etymology

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 落 (MC lak). Recorded as Middle Korean 락〮 (lák) (Yale: lak) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

落 (eumhun 떨어질 락 (tteoreojil rak) or (word-initial) 낙 (nak))

  1. hanja form? of 락/낙 (“fall”)

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Tày

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

落 (transliteration needed)

  1. Nôm form of lảc.

References

[edit]
  • Dương Nhật Thanh; Hoàng Tuấn Nam (2003), Hoàng Triều Ân, editor, Từ điển chữ Nôm Tày [A Dictionary of (chữ) Nôm Tày]‎[3] (in Tày and Vietnamese), Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học xã hội [Social Sciences Publishing House]

Vietnamese

[edit]

Han character

[edit]

落: Hán Việt readings: lạc[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]
落: Nôm readings: lác[1][2][3][4][5][6][7], rác[1][2][3][4][5][6][7], rạc[1][2][3][4][7], nhác[1][2][4], lạc[3][5][7], dạc[1][2], lát[3][4], xạc[3][4], lắc[1], rặc[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of lạc (“to go stray; to lose”)
  2. chữ Nôm form of lác
    1. sedge (family Cyperaceae)
    2. used in lác đác (“scattered; dispersed; spattered”)
  3. chữ Nôm form of lắc (“to shake; to wag; to bump”)
  4. chữ Nôm form of nhác (“(archaic or literary) to catch sight of”)
  5. chữ Nôm form of rác (“(obsolete) short, scattered straws and stalks”)
  6. chữ Nôm form of rặc (“(of the tide) low; ebb”)

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Hồ (1976).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Bonet (1899).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Génibrel (1898).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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