鹽

See also: 盐 and 盬

鹽	U+9E7D, 鹽 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9E7D

← 鹼
[U+9E7C]

CJK Unified Ideographs

鹾 →
[U+9E7E]

Translingual

Traditional	鹽
Shinjitai	塩
Simplified	盐

Han character

鹽 (Kangxi radical 197, 鹵+13, 24 strokes, Cangjie input 尸田月廿 (SWBT), four-corner 7810₇, composition ⿱⿰臣⿱𠂉鹵皿)

Derived characters

𤅸, 𣡶, 𥤟, 𨤎, 𣱄, 𨷽

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1508, character 7
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 47579
Dae Jaweon: page 2036, character 8
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2574, character 1
Unihan data for U+9E7D

Chinese

trad.		鹽
simp.		盐
alternative forms		䀋𪉹𪉩塩𥂁䀋𪉹𪉩塩𥂁𪉟

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 鹽
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (監) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
藍	*ɡ·raːm
襤	*ɡ·raːm
籃	*ɡ·raːm
懢	ɡ·raːm, ɡ·raːms
儖	*ɡ·raːm
蘫	ɡ·raːm, qʰlaːms
攬	*ɡ·raːmʔ
欖	*ɡ·raːmʔ
覽	*ɡ·raːmʔ
爁	ɡ·raːmʔ, ɡ·raːms, *ɡ·rams
擥	*ɡ·raːmʔ
灠	*ɡ·raːmʔ
濫	ɡ·raːms, ɡraːmʔ
嚂	ɡ·raːms, kʰlaːms, *qʰlaːmʔ
纜	*ɡ·raːms
監	kraːm, kraːms
礛	*kraːm
鑑	kraːm, kraːms, *kraːms
艦	*ɡraːmʔ
檻	ɡraːmʔ, ɡraːms
壏	*ɡraːmʔ
轞	*ɡraːmʔ
鹽	ɡ·lam, ɡ·lams

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *ɡ·lam, *ɡ·lams): phonetic 監 (OC *kraːm, *kraːms) + semantic 鹵 (“salt”).

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *g-rjum (“salt”). The Min forms point to a fricative initial in Proto-Min *ziem (“a white encrustation formed from saltwater or brine”).

Pronunciation 1

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): yán (yan²)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˊ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yan²

(Xi'an, Guanzhong Pinyin): yán

(Nanjing, Nanjing Pinyin): yán

(Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): ян (ian, I)
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jim⁴

(Dongguan, Jyutping++): jin⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): yiam³
Gan (Wiktionary): ien⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): yàm

(Hailu, HRS): rham

(Meixian, Guangdong): yam²
Jin (Wiktionary): ie¹
Northern Min (KCR): îng
Eastern Min (BUC): sièng / ièng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): ieng² / eng²
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): iâm / sîⁿ

(Teochew, Peng'im): iam⁵

(Leizhou, Leizhou Pinyin): iam⁵
Southern Pinghua (Nanning, Jyutping++): jim⁴
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶yi / ²yi / ²ye / ²yen
- (Jinhua): ²ie
Xiang
(Changsha, Wiktionary): ienn²

(Loudi, Wiktionary): ninn²

(Hengyang, Wiktionary): ien²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yán
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yán
  - Wade–Giles: yen²
  - Yale: yán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yan
  - Palladius: янь (janʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛn³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: yan²
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ian
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iɛn²¹/
- (Xi'an)
  - Guanzhong Pinyin: yán
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iã²⁴/
- (Nanjing)
  - Nanjing Pinyin: yán
  - Nanjing Pinyin (numbered): yan²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iã²⁴/
- (Dungan)
  - Cyrillic and Wiktionary: ян (ian, I)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iæ̃²⁴/
  (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: jim⁴
  - Yale: yìhm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jim⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: yim⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiːm²¹/
- (Dongguan, Guancheng)
  - Jyutping++: jin⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /zin²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: yiam³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiam²²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: ien⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iɛn³⁵/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yàm
  - Hakka Romanization System: iam^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yam²
  - Sinological IPA: /i̯am¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yàm
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)iam^ˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yam²
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯am¹¹/
- (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
  - Hakka Romanization System: rham
  - Sinological IPA: /ʒam⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: yam²
  - Sinological IPA: /iam¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ie¹
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ie¹¹/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: îng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iŋ³³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sièng / ièng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sieŋ⁵³/, /ieŋ⁵³/

Note:

sièng - vernacular;
ièng - literary.

Puxian Min
- (Putian, Jiangkou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ieng²
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: iáng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iɛŋ¹³/
- (Donghai)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ieng²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ieŋ¹³/
- (Xianyou, Youyang)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ieng²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iɛŋ²⁴/
- (Fengting)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: ieng²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ieŋ²⁴/
- (Nanri)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: eng²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /e̞ŋ¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iâm
  - Tâi-lô: iâm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iaam
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /iam²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /iam¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Singapore, Philippines): /iam²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Singapore)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sîⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: sînn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: svii
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /sĩ¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /sĩ²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou, Taipei, Singapore): /sĩ²⁴/

Note:

iâm - literary (“salt”);
sîⁿ - vernacular (“pickled food product; efflorescence”).

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: iam⁵
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: iâm
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /iam⁵⁵/
(Leizhou)
- Leizhou Pinyin: iam⁵
- Sinological IPA: /iam²²/

Southern Pinghua
- (Nanning Pinghua, Tingzi)
  - Jyutping++: jim⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jim²¹/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁶yi
  - MiniDict: yi^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦi²³/
- (Northern: Ningbo)
  - Wugniu: ²yi
  - MiniDict: yi^平
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /ɦi³¹³/
- (Northern: Jiading, Songjiang, Chongming, Suzhou, Changzhou, Jiaxing)
  - Wugniu: ²ye
  - MiniDict: ye^平
  - MiniDict: yie^平
  - Sinological IPA (Jiading): /ɦɪ³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /ɦie³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Chongming): /ɦie²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /ɦɪ²²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Changzhou): /ɦɪ¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Jiaxing): /ɦie³¹/
- (Northern: Hangzhou, Shaoxing, Zhoushan)
  - Wugniu: ²yen
  - MiniDict: yen^平
  - Sinological IPA (Hangzhou): /ɦiẽ̞²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /ɦiẽ²³¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhoushan): /ɦĩ²²/
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu: ²ie
  - Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /ie³¹³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: ienn²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i̯ẽ¹³/
- (Loudi)
  - Wiktionary: ninn²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nĩ¹³/
- (Hengyang)
  - Wiktionary: ien²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i̯ɛn¹¹/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 鹽
Mandarin	Beijing	/ian³⁵/
	Harbin	/ian²⁴/
	Tianjin	/ian⁴⁵/
	Jinan	/iã⁴²/
	Qingdao	/iã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ian⁴²/
	Xi'an	/iã²⁴/
	Xining	/iã²⁴/
	Yinchuan	/ian⁵³/
	Lanzhou	/iɛ̃n⁵³/
	Ürümqi	/ian⁵¹/
	Wuhan	/iɛn²¹³/
	Chengdu	/ian³¹/
	Guiyang	/ian²¹/
	Kunming	/iɛ̃³¹/
	Nanjing	/ien²⁴/
	Hefei	/iĩ⁵⁵/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ie¹¹/
	Pingyao	/ie̞¹³/
	Hohhot	/ie³¹/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦi²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦiɪ¹³/
	Hangzhou	/ɦiẽ̞²¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ji³¹/
Hui	Shexian	/ie⁴⁴/
Hui	Tunxi	/iɛ⁴⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/iẽ¹³/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/iẽ¹²/
Gan	Nanchang	/iɛn⁴⁵/
Hakka	Meixian	/iam¹¹/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ʒɑm¹¹/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jim²¹/
	Nanning	/jim²¹/
	Hong Kong	/jim²¹/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/iam³⁵/ /sĩ³⁵/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/sieŋ⁵³/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/iŋ³³/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/iam⁵⁵/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/iam³¹/

Middle Chinese: yem

Rime
Character	鹽
Reading #	1/2
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	鹽 (153)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	余廉切
Baxter	yem
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jiᴇm/
Pan Wuyun	/jiɛm/
Shao Rongfen	/jæm/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/jiam/
Li Rong	/iɛm/
Wang Li	/jĭɛm/
Bernhard Karlgren	/i̯ɛm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yán
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jim⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢr][o]m/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·lam/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鹽
Reading #	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yán
Middle Chinese	‹ yem ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢr][o]m/
English	salt (n.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鹽
Reading #	1/2
No.	6116
Phonetic component	監
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	鹽
Old Chinese	/*ɡ·lam/

Definitions

鹽

salt; salty substance, especially table salt
鹽放多了。／盐放多了。 ― Yán fàng duō le. ― Too much salt is added.
- 厥貢鹽絺，海物惟錯。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  厥贡盐𫄨，海物惟错。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Documents, circa 4^th – 3^rd century BCE
  Jué gòng yán chī, hǎi wù wéi cuò. [Pinyin]
  Its articles of tribute were salt, fine cloth of dolichos fibre, productions of the sea of various kinds.
(chemistry) salt
(Southern Min) food product pickled with salt
(Southern Min) sweat stain; salt efflorescence
(cryptography) salt
沒有加鹽的密碼容易被破解。 [MSC, trad.]
没有加盐的密码容易被破解。 [MSC, simp.]
Méiyǒu jiāyán de mìmǎ róngyì bèi pòjiě. [Pinyin]
Passwords that are not salted are easily cracked.

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 鹽 (“(table) salt”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		鹽, 食鹽
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	鹽
	Taiwan	鹽巴, 鹽
	Chengde	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Chifeng	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	鹽
	Heihe	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Qiqihar	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Harbin	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Jiamusi	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Baicheng	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Changchun	鹹鹽
	Tonghua	鹹鹽
	Shenyang	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Jinzhou	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Singapore	鹽
Jilu Mandarin	Tianjin	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Tangshan	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Cangzhou	鹽
	Baoding	鹽
	Shijiazhuang	鹽
	Lijin	鹽
	Jinan	鹹鹽, 鹽
Jiaoliao Mandarin	Dalian	鹹鹽
	Dandong	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Yantai	鹹鹽
	Yantai (Muping)	鹹鹽
	Qingdao	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Zhucheng	鹽
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	鹽
	Lingbao	鹽
	Jining	鹽
	Wanrong	鹽
	Linfen	鹹鹽
	Shangqiu	鹽
	Yuanyang	鹽
	Zhengzhou	鹽
	Xinyang	鹽
	Ankang	鹽
	Ankang (Xianhe, Hanbin)	鹽
	Baihe	鹽
	Baihe (Maoping)	鹽
	Xi'an	鹽
	Dingbian	鹽
	Baoji	鹽
	Tianshui	鹽
	Xining	鹽, 青鹽
	Dunhuang (Hedong dialect)	鹽
	Xuzhou	鹽
	Fuyang	鹽
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	鹽
Lanyin Mandarin	Yinchuan	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Bayanhot	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Lanzhou	鹽
	Hami	鹽
	Ürümqi	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Ürümqi (Xigou)	鹽, 鹹鹽
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	鹽巴, 鹽
	Nanchong	鹽巴, 鹽
	Dazhou	鹽巴
	Hanyuan	鹽巴, 鹽
	Xichang	鹽巴
	Zigong	鹽巴
	Chongqing	鹽巴, 鹽
	Wuhan	鹽
	Yichang	鹽巴, 鹽
	Xiangyang	鹽
	Tianmen	鹽
	Guiyang	鹽巴, 落水消 jargon
	Zunyi	鹽巴
	Bijie	鹽巴
	Liping	鹽巴
	Zhaotong	鹽巴, 鹽
	Dali	鹽巴
	Kunming	鹽巴, 鹽
	Mengzi	鹽巴
	Guilin	鹽
	Liuzhou	鹽
	Nanning (Wuming)	鹽
	Binyang (Nanjie)	鹽
	Jishou	鹽
	Changde	鹽
	Shiquan	鹽
	Ziyang	鹽
	Hanzhong	食鹽, 鹽
Jianghuai Mandarin	Nanjing	鹽
	Yangzhou	鹽
	Lianyungang	鹽
	Lianshui	鹽
	Nantong	鹽
	Anqing	鹽
	Wuhu	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Hefei	鹽
	Hong'an	鹽
Cantonese	Guangzhou	鹽, 上味
	Hong Kong	鹽
	Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou)	鹽, 海沙
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou)	鹽
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	鹽
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	鹽
	Macau	鹽
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	鹽
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	鹽
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	鹽
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	鹽
	Foshan	鹽
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	鹽
	Foshan (Shunde)	鹽
	Foshan (Sanshui)	鹽
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	鹽
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	鹽
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	鹽
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	上味
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	上味
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	鹽
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	上味, 鹽
	Taishan	上味
	Kaiping (Chikan)	上味
	Enping (Niujiang)	上味
	Heshan (Yayao)	鹽
	Dongguan	鹽
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	鹽
	Shenzhen (Dapeng)	鹽
	Qingyuan	鹽
	Fogang	鹽
	Yingde (Hanguang)	生鹽
	Yangshan	鹽
	Lianshan (Butian)	鹽
	Lianzhou (Qingshui; Sihui)	鹽
	Shaoguan	鹽
	Shaoguan (Qujiang)	鹽
	Renhua	鹽
	Lechang	鹽
	Zhaoqing (Gaoyao)	鹽
	Sihui	鹽
	Guangning	鹽
	Deqing	鹽
	Huaiji	鹽
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	鹽
	Yunfu	鹽
	Xinxing	鹽
	Luoding	鹽
	Yunan (Pingtai)	鹽
	Yangjiang	鹽, 鹹
	Xinyi	鹽
	Lianjiang	鹽
	Nanning	鹽
	Nanning (Tanka)	鹽
	Wuzhou	鹽
	Yulin	鹽
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	鹽
	Hepu (Shatian)	鹽
	Guiping	鹽
	Guiping (Jintian)	鹽
	Guiping (Jiangkou)	鹽
	Guiping (Madong)	鹽
	Guiping (Mule)	鹽
	Pingnan	鹽
Pingnan (Danzhu)	鹽
Guigang (Gangcheng)	鹽
Guigang (Pingdong)	鹽
Baise	鹽
Qinzhou	鹽
Qinzhou (Changtan)	鹽
Qinzhou (Xiniujiao)	鹽
Beihai	鹽
Beihai (Nankang)	鹽
Beihai (Yingpan)	鹽
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	鹽
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	鹽
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	鹽
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	鹽
Ipoh (Guangfu)	鹽
Sarikei (Xinhui)	鹽
Singapore (Guangfu)	鹽
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)	鹽
Móng Cái	鹽
Yangon (Taishan)	上味
Mandalay (Taishan)	鹽
Gan	Nanchang	鹽
	Pengze	鹽
	Lichuan	鹽
	Pingxiang	鹽
	Ankang (Niuti)	鹽
Hakka	Meixian	鹽
	Dabu (Xihe)	鹽
	Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua)	鹽
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	鹽
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	鹽
	Guangzhou (Zhengguo, Zengcheng)	鹽
	Zhongshan (Wuguishan)	鹽
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	鹽
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	鹽
	Longyan (Xiayang, Yongding)	鹽
	Yudu	鹽
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	鹽
	Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian)	鹽
	Taoyuan	鹽
	Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian)	鹽
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	鹽
	Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian)	鹽
	Pingtung (Jiadong; S. Sixian)	鹽
	Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian)	鹽
	Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian)	鹽
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	鹽
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	鹽
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	鹽
	Hsinchu County (Guanxi; Raoping)	鹽
	Hsinchu County (Changgangling, Hukou; Raoping)	鹽
	Zhubei (Liujia; Raoping)	鹽
	Taoyuan (Zhiba, Zhongli; Raoping)	鹽
	Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping)	鹽
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	鹽
	Hong Kong	鹽
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	鹽
	Chengdu (Hexingchang)	鹽
	Weiyuan (Guanyingtan)	鹽巴
	Yilong (Ma'an)	鹽
	Xichang (Huanglianguan)	鹽巴
	Sabah (Bao'an)	鹽
	Kuala Lumpur (Dabu)	鹽
	Senai (Huiyang)	鹽
	Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo)	鹽
	Singkawang	鹽
Huizhou	Jixi	鹽
	Shexian	鹹鹽, 鹽, 海沙
	Huangshan (Tunxi)	鹽
Jin	Taiyuan	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Taiyuan (Jiancaoping)	鹹鹽
	Taiyuan (Jinyuan)	鹽
	Pingyao	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Yangyuan	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Datong	鹹鹽
	Xinzhou	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Lüliang (Lishi)	鹹鹽
	Changzhi	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Linhe	鹹鹽
	Jining	鹹鹽
	Hohhot	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Erenhot	鹹鹽
	Pingshan	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Zhangjiakou	鹹鹽
	Handan	鹹鹽, 鹽
	Anyang	鹽
	Linzhou	鹽
	Suide	鹽
Northern Min	Jian'ou	鹽
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	鹽
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	鹽
	Pucheng (Shibei)	鹽
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	鹽
	Fuqing	鹽
	Matsu	鹽
Southern Min	Xiamen	鹽
	Quanzhou	鹽
	Zhangzhou	鹽
	Zhao'an	鹽
	Taipei	鹽
	New Taipei (Tamsui)	鹽
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	鹽
	New Taipei (Pingxi)	鹽
	Kaohsiung	鹽
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	鹽
	Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang)	鹽
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	鹽
	Kaohsiung (Tianliao)	鹽
	Kaohsiung (Cieding)	鹽
	Yilan (Luodong)	鹽
	Yilan (Toucheng)	鹽
	Changhua (Yongjing)	鹽
	Tainan (Anping)	鹽
	Chiayi	鹽
	Chiayi County (Dongshi)	鹽
	Pingtung (Baoli, Checheng)	鹽
	Kinmen	鹽
	Penghu (Magong)	鹽
	Penghu (Xiyu)	鹽
	Penang (Hokkien)	鹽
	Singapore (Hokkien)	鹽
	Manila (Hokkien)	鹽
	Zhangping	鹽
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	鹽
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	鹽
	Guilin (Biyange)	鹽
	Pingle (Zhoutang)	鹽
	Chaozhou	鹽
	Shantou	鹽
	Shantou (Chaoyang)	鹽
	Bangkok (Teochew)	鹽
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	鹽
	Singapore (Teochew)	鹽
	Haikou	鹽
Puxian Min	Putian	鹽
	Putian (Donghai, Chengxiang)	鹽
	Putian (Jiangkou, Hanjiang)	鹽
	Putian (Nanri, Xiuyu)	鹽
	Xianyou	鹽
	Xianyou (Fengting)	鹽
	Xianyou (Youyang)	鹽
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	鹽
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Sanxiang)	鹽
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	鹽
Southern Pinghua	Binyang	鹽
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	鹽
Shehua	Fu'an	鹽
	Fuding	鹽
	Luoyuan	鹽
	Sanming	鹽
	Shunchang	鹽
	Hua'an	鹽
	Guixi (Zhangping)	鹽
	Cangnan	鹽
	Jingning (Hexi)	鹽
	Lishui	鹽
	Longyou	鹽
	Chaozhou	鹽
	Fengshun	鹽
Waxiang	Guzhang (Gaofeng)	鹽
Waxiang	Yuanling (Shaojiwan)	鹽
Wu	Shanghai	鹽
	Shanghai (Songjiang)	鹽
	Shanghai (Jiading)	鹽
	Shanghai (Chongming)	鹽
	Suzhou	鹽
	Wuxi	鹽
	Danyang	鹽
	Hangzhou	鹽
	Shaoxing	鹽
	Ningbo	鹽
	Wenzhou	鹽
	Jinhua	鹽
Xiang	Changsha	鹽
	Xiangtan	鹽
	Xiangtan County (Cha'ensi)	鹽
	Xiangxiang	鹽
	Loudi	鹽
	Shuangfeng	鹽
	Hengyang	鹽
	Quanzhou	鹽
Xiangnan Tuhua	Jiangyong	鹽
Xiangnan Tuhua	Dong'an	鹽
Yuebei Tuhua	Shaoguan (Dacun, Baitu, Qujiang)	鹽
	Shaoguan (Xiangyang, Xihe, Wujiang)	鹽
	Shaoguan (Shibei, Xinshao, Zhenjiang)	鹽
	Renhua (Zhoutian)	鹽
	Renhua (Shitang)	鹽
	Ruyuan (Songwei, Guitou)	鹽
	Lechang (Changlai)	鹽
	Lechang (Beixiang)	鹽
	Lechang (Huangpu)	鹽
	Lechang (Guitang, Pingshi)	鹽
	Lechang (Sanxi)	鹽

Compounds

井鹽 / 井盐 (jǐngyán)
亞硝酸鹽 / 亚硝酸盐 (yàxiāosuānyán)
低鈉鹽 / 低钠盐
低鹽飲食 / 低盐饮食
內鹽 / 内盐 (nèiyán)
再製鹽 / 再制盐
分鹽 / 分盐 (Fēnyán)
刻畫無鹽 / 刻画无盐
加碘食鹽 / 加碘食盐
加鹽兒 / 加盐儿
吉鹽 / 吉盐
吳鹽 / 吴盐
埔鹽 / 埔盐 (Pǔyán)
大鹽 / 大盐 (dàyán)
大鹽湖 / 大盐湖 (Dàyánhú)
子兒鹽 / 子儿盐
官鹽 / 官盐
山鹽青 / 山盐青
岩鹽 / 岩盐
峻阪鹽車 / 峻阪盐车
川鹽 / 川盐
巴鹽 / 巴盐
撮鹽入水 / 撮盐入水
撮鹽入火 / 撮盐入火
朝虀暮鹽 / 朝虀暮盐
柴米油鹽 / 柴米油盐 (cháimǐyóuyán)
柴米油鹽醬醋茶 / 柴米油盐酱醋茶 (chái mǐ yóu yán jiàng cù chá)
椒鹽 / 椒盐 (jiāoyán)
榷鹽 / 榷盐
正鹽 / 正盐
水晶鹽 / 水晶盐
池鹽 / 池盐 (chíyán)
沐浴鹽 / 沐浴盐
海水鹽 / 海水盐
海鹽 / 海盐 (hǎiyán)
海鹽腔 / 海盐腔 (hǎiyánqiāng)
淩雜米鹽 / 凌杂米盐
淮鹽 / 淮盐 (huáiyán)
淘鹽 / 淘盐
瀉鹽 / 泻盐
無機鹽 / 无机盐 (wújīyán)
煮海為鹽 / 煮海为盐
無鹽 / 无盐 (wúyán)
生理鹽水 / 生理盐水 (shēnglǐ yánshuǐ)
矽酸鹽 / 矽酸盐 (xīsuānyán)
硫酸鹽 / 硫酸盐 (liúsuānyán)
硝鹽 / 硝盐
碳酸氫鹽 / 碳酸氢盐 (tànsuān qīng yán)
礦鹽 / 矿盐
私鹽 / 私盐 (sīyán)
米鹽 / 米盐
米鹽博辯 / 米盐博辩
精鹽 / 精盐 (jīngyán)
脫鹽 / 脱盐 (tuōyán)
腳踏倒鹽 / 脚踏倒盐
花馬鹽 / 花马盐
花鹽 / 花盐
苛性鹽 / 苛性盐
虀鹽 / 虀盐
複鹽 / 复盐 (fùyán)
販鹽虜 / 贩盐虏
赤血鹽 / 赤血盐 (chìxuèyán)
銨鹽 / 铵盐 (ǎnyán)
鋁鹽 / 铝盐
青鹽 / 青盐
食鹽 / 食盐 (shíyán)
驥服鹽車 / 骥服盐车
鹽井 / 盐井 (yánjǐng)
鹽分 / 盐分 (yánfèn)
鹽分地帶 / 盐分地带
鹽務 / 盐务
鹽務總局 / 盐务总局
鹽區 / 盐区
鹽商 / 盐商 (yánshāng)
鹽土 / 盐土
鹽坨子 / 盐坨子
鹽城 / 盐城 (Yánchéng)
鹽埕 / 盐埕 (yánchéng)
鹽埔 / 盐埔 (Yánpǔ)
鹽基 / 盐基 (yánjī)
鹽場 / 盐场 (yánchǎng)
鹽墾 / 盐垦
鹽客 / 盐客
鹽害 / 盐害
鹽屋 / 盐屋
鹽巴 / 盐巴 (yánbā)
鹽度 / 盐度 (yándù)
鹽引 / 盐引
鹽徒 / 盐徒
鹽政 / 盐政
鹽析作用 / 盐析作用
鹽梟 / 盐枭 (yánxiāo)
鹽梅 / 盐梅
鹽橋 / 盐桥 (yánqiáo)
鹽水 / 盐水 (yánshuǐ)
鹽水蜂炮 / 盐水蜂炮
鹽水選種 / 盐水选种
鹽水針 / 盐水针
鹽水飯 / 盐水饭
鹽池 / 盐池 (yánchí)
鹽法 / 盐法
鹽泉 / 盐泉
鹽法道 / 盐法道
鹽湖 / 盐湖 (yánhú)
鹽湖城 / 盐湖城 (Yánhúchéng)
鹽漏 / 盐漏
鹽滷 / 盐卤 (yánlǔ)
鹽漬食物 / 盐渍食物
鹽灘 / 盐滩
鹽生植物 / 盐生植物
鹽田 / 盐田 (yántián)
鹽田河 / 盐田河 (Yántiánhé)
鹽硝 / 盐硝 (yánxiāo)
鹽票 / 盐票
鹽稅 / 盐税
鹽筴 / 盐策
鹽綱 / 盐纲
鹽膚木 / 盐肤木
鹽花 / 盐花 (yánhuā)
鹽藏品 / 盐藏品
鹽課 / 盐课
鹽車 / 盐车
鹽運使 / 盐运使
鹽邊 / 盐边 (Yánbiān)
鹽酥雞 / 盐酥鸡 (yánsūjī)
鹽酸 / 盐酸 (yánsuān)
鹽酸草 / 盐酸草
鹽醬口 / 盐酱口
鹽鈔 / 盐钞
鹽鐵使 / 盐铁使
鹽鐵論 / 盐铁论 (Yán Tiě Lùn)
鹽霜 / 盐霜 (yánshuāng)
鹽類 / 盐类 (yánlèi)
鹽餘 / 盐余
鹽鹼地 / 盐碱地 (yánjiǎndì)
齏鹽 / 齑盐

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (鹽):

→ Japanese: 塩(えん) (en)
→ Korean: 염(鹽) (yeom)
→ Vietnamese: diêm (鹽)

Pronunciation 2

trad.		鹽
simp.		盐
alternative forms		醃／腌 Wu 豉 (sīⁿ) Hokkien 漬／渍 (sīⁿ) Hokkien

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yàn (yan⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jim⁶
Eastern Min (BUC): siéng
Puxian Min (Pouseng Ping'ing): sing⁴
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): sīⁿ / iām
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶yi / ⁶ye / ⁶yen
- (Jinhua): ⁶ie

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yàn
  - Wade–Giles: yen⁴
  - Yale: yàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yann
  - Palladius: янь (janʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛn⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: jim⁶
  - Yale: yihm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jim⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: yim⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiːm²²/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: siéng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /siɛŋ²¹³/
Puxian Min
- (Putian, Xianyou)
  - Pouseng Ping'ing: sing⁴
  - Báⁿ-uā-ci̍: si̍ng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɬiŋ⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Philippines)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sīⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: sīnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: svi
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /sĩ²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /sĩ³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou, Philippines): /sĩ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iām
  - Tâi-lô: iām
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iam
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /iam²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /iam³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /iam⁴¹/

Note:

sīⁿ - vernacular (“to salt; irritated”);
iām - literary.

Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai, Ningbo)
  - Wugniu: ⁶yi
  - MiniDict: yi^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦi²³/
  - Sinological IPA (Ningbo): /ɦi¹¹³/
- (Northern: Songjiang, Chongming, Suzhou)
  - Wugniu: ⁶ye
  - MiniDict: ye^去
  - MiniDict: yie^去
  - Sinological IPA (Songjiang): /ɦie¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Chongming): /ɦie³¹³/
  - Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /ɦɪ²³¹/
- (Northern: Shaoxing)
  - Wugniu: ⁶yen
  - MiniDict: yen^去
  - Sinological IPA (Shaoxing): /ɦiẽ¹¹/
- (Jinhua)
  - Wugniu: ⁶ie
  - Sinological IPA (Jinhua): /ie¹⁴/

Middle Chinese: yemH

Rime
Character	鹽
Reading #	2/2
Initial (聲)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	鹽 (153)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	以贍切
Baxter	yemH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/jiᴇm^H/
Pan Wuyun	/jiɛm^H/
Shao Rongfen	/jæm^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/jiam^H/
Li Rong	/iɛm^H/
Wang Li	/jĭɛm^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/i̯ɛm^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jim⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢr][o]m-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡ·lams/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	鹽
Reading #	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yàn
Middle Chinese	‹ yem^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢr][o]m-s/
English	salt (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	鹽
Reading #	2/2
No.	6117
Phonetic component	監
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	豔
Old Chinese	/*ɡ·lams/

Definitions

鹽

(Classical, Min or Wu) to salt; to lay in brine; to pickle; to marinate
- 屑桂與薑以灑諸上而鹽之，乾而食之。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  屑桂与姜以洒诸上而盐之，干而食之。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE
  Xiè guì yǔ jiāng yǐ sǎ zhū shàng ér yàn zhī, qián ér shí zhī. [Pinyin]
  [...], sprinkled on it pieces of cinnamon and ginger, and added salt. It could be eaten thus when dried.
(Eastern Min) to devote oneself to; to invest
(Hokkien, of a wound) irritated; painful (from salt or medication)
(Ningbonese, of one's body) to be drenched in sweat
(Ningbonese) to apply soap to; to dab or cover with soap
(obsolete on its own in Standard Chinese) alternative form of 豔 / 艳 (yàn, “to envy”)

Compounds

暴鹽 / 暴盐
鹽鴨蛋 / 盐鸭蛋

References

“鹽”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Shinjitai	塩
Kyūjitai	鹽

Kanji

鹽

(Hyōgai kanji, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 塩)

kyūjitai form of 塩 (“salt”)

Readings

Go-on: えん (en)^{←えん (en, historical)}^{←𛀁ん (yen, ancient)}
Kan-on: えん (en)^{←えん (en, historical)}^{←𛀁ん (yen, ancient)}
Kun: しお (shio, 鹽)^{←しほ (sifo, 鹽, historical)}

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 鹽 (MC yem).

Historical readings

Recorded as Middle Korean 염 (Yale: yem) in Gugeupbangeonhae (救急方諺解 / 구급방언해), 1466.

Hanja

鹽 (eumhun 소금 염 (sogeum yeom))

salt

Vietnamese

Han character

鹽: Hán Nôm readings: diêm^[1]^[2], diễm

(in compounds) salt

Derived terms

References

[Trần_(1999)-1] Trần (1999).

[gdhn-2] Trần (2004).

[1]

[2]