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都

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都 U+90FD, 都
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-90FD
← 郼
[U+90FC] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 郾 →
[U+90FE]

都 U+FA26, 都
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA26
← 逸
[U+FA25] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 﨧 →
[U+FA27]

Translingual

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Stroke order

Alternative forms

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Note that there are two Unicode z-variants, with code points U+90FD and U+FA26 (the latter is a compatibility variant and contains an extra dot below 耂 in 者).

Han character

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都 (Kangxi radical 163, 邑+8 in Chinese, 邑+9 in Japanese, 11 strokes, Cangjie input 十日弓中 (JANL), four-corner 47627, composition ⿰者阝)

Derived characters

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Additional derived characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1274, character 9
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 39497
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1773, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3776, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+90FD

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 都
alternative forms 𨜞
𨛷

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 都
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script
Characters in the same phonetic series (者) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
觰 *rtaːʔ, *rtaː
諸 *tjaː, *tja
者 *tjaːʔ
堵 *tjaːʔ, *taːʔ
赭 *tjaːʔ
撦 *l̥ʰjaːʔ
扯 *tʰjaːʔ
闍 *djaː, *taː
奢 *hljaː
鍺 *toːlʔ
都 *taː
醏 *taː
覩 *taːʔ
睹 *taːʔ
暏 *taːʔ
賭 *taːʔ
帾 *taːʔ
楮 *taːʔ, *tʰaʔ
屠 *daː, *da
瘏 *daː
廜 *daː
鷵 *daː
緒 *ljaʔ
豬 *ta
猪 *ta
瀦 *ta
藸 *ta, *da
櫫 *ta
褚 *taʔ, *tʰaʔ
著 *taʔ, *tas, *da, *taɡ, *daɡ
箸 *tas, *das
儲 *da
躇 *da
櫧 *tja
藷 *tja, *djas
蠩 *tja
煮 *tjaʔ
渚 *tjaʔ
煑 *tjaʔ
陼 *tjaʔ
翥 *tjas
署 *djas
薯 *djas
曙 *djas
書 *hlja
暑 *hjaʔ
鐯 *taɡ
擆 *taɡ
櫡 *taɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声, OC *taː): phonetic 者 (OC *tjaːʔ) + semantic 邑 (“town, city”).

Etymology 1

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(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

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Rime
Character 都
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 模 (23)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 當孤切
Baxter tu
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/tuo/
Pan
Wuyun 		/tuo/
Shao
Rongfen 		/to/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/tɔ/
Li
Rong 		/to/
Wang
Li 		/tu/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/tuo/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		dū
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		dou1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 都
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		dū
Middle
Chinese 		‹ tu ›
Old
Chinese 		/*tˁa/
English capital city

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 都
Reading # 1/1
No. 16968
Phonetic
component 		者
Rime
group 		魚
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		都
Old
Chinese 		/*taː/

Definitions

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都

  1. metropolis; large city
    都市  ―  dūshì  ―  metropolis; major city
  2. capital; capital city
    都城  ―  dūchéng  ―  capital
  3. (literary) to make a place the capital city; to establish a capital
  4. (obsolete) graceful; elegant
  5. a surname, Du
Synonyms
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  • (metropolis):

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (都):
  • → Japanese: 都(と) (to)
  • → Korean: 도(都) (do)
  • → Vietnamese: đô (都)

Etymology 2

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Colloquial form of 諸 (OC *tja, “all”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

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Note: dū - only used in certain fossilized expressions, e.g. 大都.
Note: du1 - "also" in some overseas and Hong Kong speakers.
Note: du2 - “also”.

Definitions

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都

  1. all; both (used to indicate that the statement is true for every subject or object); or the entirety of something
    我都知道了。  ―  Wǒ dōu zhīdào le.  ―  I know everything. [ambiguous; may also mean “Even I know”.]
    他比任何人都好。 [MSC, trad. and simp.]
    Tā bǐ rènhé rén dōu hǎo. [Pinyin]
    He is better than anyone else.
    這裡的人我都認識。 [MSC, trad.]
    这里的人我都认识。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhèlǐ de rén wǒ dōu rènshí. [Pinyin]
    I know everyone here.
    現在在超市什麼都買得到。 [MSC, trad.]
    现在在超市什么都买得到。 [MSC, simp.]
    Xiànzài zài chāoshì shénme dōu mǎi de dào. [Pinyin]
    These days everything can be bought from a supermarket.
    他什麼電影都不看。 [MSC, trad.]
    他什么电影都不看。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā shénme diànyǐng dōu bù kàn. [Pinyin]
    He doesn't watch any movies.
    我真羨慕他，在哪裡都能睡得著。 [MSC, trad.]
    我真羡慕他，在哪里都能睡得着。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ zhēn xiànmù tā, zài nǎlǐ dōu néng shuìdezháo. [Pinyin]
    I really envy him; he can sleep wherever he is.
    大都  ―  dàdōu  ―  generally
    吹到成牆都係 [Cantonese, trad.]
    吹到成墙都系 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ceoi1 dou3 sing4 coeng4 dou1 hai6 [Jyutping]
    blown by the wind until it has covered the entire wall
  2. (emphasis on subject) even
    我都不知道，你是怎麼知道的？ [MSC, trad.]
    我都不知道，你是怎么知道的？ [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ dōu bù zhīdào, nǐ shì zěnme zhīdào de? [Pinyin]
    How come you know it when even I don't know?
  3. (emphasis on object) even, interchangeable with 也 (yě)
    我身上一分錢都沒有。 [MSC, trad.]
    我身上一分钱都没有。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ shēnshàng yī fēn qián dōu méiyǒu. [Pinyin]
    I don't even have a single cent.
    我給她打了四個電話，她一個都沒接。 [MSC, trad.]
    我给她打了四个电话，她一个都没接。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒ gěi tā dǎ le sì ge diànhuà, tā yīge dōu méi jiē. [Pinyin]
    I called her four times, but she answered none of them.
    1. (emphasis) Used in the 連……都…… structure; interchangeable with 也 (yě); even
      他連畜生都不如，連自己的父母都不養活。 [MSC, trad.]
      他连畜生都不如，连自己的父母都不养活。 [MSC, simp.]
      Tā lián chùsheng dōu bùrú, lián zìjǐ de fùmǔ dōu bù yǎnghuo. [Pinyin]
      He is no better than an animal, because he doesn't even support his own parents.
  4. (emphasis on verb, in the negative) at all
    睇都未睇過／睇都未睇过 [Cantonese]  ―  tai2 dou1 mei6 tai2 gwo3 [Jyutping]  ―  have not seen a single second of it; have not seen it at all
  5. already
    都四點了。／都四点了。  ―  Dōu sì diǎn le.  ―  It is already 4 o'clock.
    都這麼晚了嗎？／都这么晚了吗？  ―  Dōu zhème wǎn le ma?  ―  Is it that late already?
  6. (Cantonese) as well; also; too
    我都好好。 [Cantonese]  ―  ngo5 dou1 hou2 hou2. [Jyutping]  ―  I'm fine too.
  7. (Cantonese) still; anyways; nevertheless
Usage notes
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  • When negating 都, the placement of 不 (bù) is important.
不都: not all, not everyone.
都不: none, no one
Synonyms
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Dialectal synonyms of 都 (“all; both”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 皆, 均, 俱
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 都, 全, 皆, 均, 俱
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 都, 全
Taiwan 都
Malaysia 都
Singapore 都
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 都, 全
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 都
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 都, 下
Wuhan 都, 下
Guilin 都
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 都, 全
Hefei 都
Cantonese Guangzhou 都
Hong Kong 都
Yangjiang 都
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 都
Singapore (Guangfu) 都
Gan Nanchang 都
Hakka Meixian 都
Wuhua (Meilin) 都
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 都
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 都
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 都
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 都
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 都
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 攏
Jin Taiyuan 都, 全
Northern Min Jian'ou 都
Eastern Min Fuzhou 都
Southern Min Xiamen 攏, 計, 計計
Xiamen (Tong'an) 攏
Quanzhou 攏, 計, 計計
Zhangzhou 攏, 計, 計計
Zhao'an 攏
Dongshan 攏
Tainan 攏
Penang (Hokkien) 到了
Singapore (Hokkien) 攏, 攏總, 計, 計計
Manila (Hokkien) 攏, 攏總
Medan (Hokkien) 到了
Chaozhou 攏
Shantou 攏
Jieyang 攏
Singapore (Teochew) 攏
Wenchang 都
Qionghai 攏
Singapore (Hainanese) 攏
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 都
Wu Shanghai 儕, 禿 obsolete
Shanghai (Songjiang) 儕
Shanghai (Chongming) 儕, 孩
Suzhou 儕
Wuxi 儕
Nantong (Haimen) 儕, 孩, 純, 恆, 禿
Tongxiang 儕
Ningbo 和
Wenzhou 沃
Lishui 都
Qingyuan 都
Xiang Changsha 下, 都
Shuangfeng 下
Dialectal synonyms of 也 (“also, too”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 亦
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 也
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 也
Taiwan 也
Malaysia 也
Singapore 也
Jilu Mandarin Jinan 也
Central Plains Mandarin Xi'an 也
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 也
Wuhan 也
Guilin 也
Jianghuai Mandarin Yangzhou 也
Hefei 也
Cantonese Guangzhou 都, 亦
Hong Kong 都, 亦, 亦都
Macau 都, 亦 formal
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 都, 也
Taishan 亦
Kaiping (Chikan) 亦, 都, 亦都
Yangjiang 也
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 都
Singapore (Guangfu) 都, 亦都
Gan Nanchang 也
Hakka Meixian 也
Wuhua (Meilin) 也
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 乜
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 乜, 也
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 乜
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 乜
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 乜
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 嘛
Kuching (Hepo) 呠
Huizhou Jixi 也
Jin Taiyuan 也
Northern Min Jian'ou 也
Eastern Min Fuzhou 也
Southern Min Xiamen 也, 嘛
Quanzhou 也, 嘛
Zhangzhou 也, 嘛
Taipei (Wanhua) 也
Kaohsiung 嘛
Yilan 嘛
Changhua (Lukang) 嘛
Taichung (Wuqi) 嘛
Tainan 嘛
Taitung 嘛
Hsinchu 嘛
Penghu (Magong) 嘛
Penang (Hokkien) 呠
Singapore (Hokkien) 也, 呠, 嘛
Manila (Hokkien) 也, 嘛, 閣
Chaozhou 也
Shantou 也
Jieyang 也
Singapore (Teochew) 呠, 也, 嘛
Pontianak (Teochew) 也
Wenchang 也
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 都
Wu Shanghai 也
Suzhou 亦
Wenzhou 也
Xiang Changsha 也
Shuangfeng 也

Compounds

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Etymology 3

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For pronunciation and definitions of 都 – see 嘟 (“to pout; to pucker up; etc.”).
(This character is the second-round simplified form of 嘟).
Notes:

Japanese

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Shinjitai 都
Kyūjitai
[1]
都
都
or
都+︀?
都󠄀
都+󠄀?
(Adobe-Japan1)
都󠄃
都+󠄃?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji

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都

(Third grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 都)

Readings

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
都
みやこ
Grade: 3
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
都 (kyūjitai)
京
京都
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
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English Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia

⟨mi1yako1⟩ → */mʲijakʷo/ → /mijako/

From Old Japanese, a compound of 宮(みや) (miya, “imperial palace”) + 処(こ) (ko, “place”).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

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都(みやこ) • (miyako) 

  1. (archaic) the place of residence of the emperor
  2. (by extension) a capital city
  3. (by extension) a capital (most important city in the field specified), an economic and political center, a metropolis
  4. (shogi, colloquial) short for 都詰め (miyakozume): moving the 王将 (ōshō)/玉将 (gyokushō, “king”) to the center of the board with other pieces close together
Derived terms
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Derived terms
Proverbs
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Descendants
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Proper noun

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都(みやこ) • (Miyako) 

  1. a placename
  2. a surname
  3. a female given name

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
都
と
Grade: 3
kan'on
Alternative spelling
都 (kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese 都 (MC tu).

Pronunciation

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  • IPA(key): [to̞]
  • Audio:(file)
  • (Tokyo) と [tò] (Heiban – [0])[2]

Noun

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都(と) • (to) 

  1. a capital city
  2. a city, metropolis
  3. short for 東京都 (Tōkyō-to): the capital prefecture of Tokyo
Derived terms
[edit]
Derived terms

Affix

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都(と) • (to) 

  1. city, metropolis
  2. capital city
  3. elegant, graceful, refined
  4. gather, command

Counter

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都(と) • (-to) 

  1. counter for metropolis prefectures

Usage notes

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Derived terms

[edit]
Derived terms

Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
都
つ
Grade: 3
goon
Alternative spelling
都 (kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese 都 (MC tu).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Affix

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都(つ) • (tsu) 

  1. all, both, everyone, whole
Derived terms
[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ “都”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

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Hanja

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Historical readings

都 (eumhun 도읍 도 (do'eup do))

  1. hanja form? of 도 (“capital city”)
  2. hanja form? of 도 (“all, the whole”)
  3. hanja form? of 도 (“elegant, refined”)

Compounds

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Okinawan

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Kanji

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都

(Third grade kyōiku kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 都)

Readings

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Compounds

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Old Japanese

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Alternative forms

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Etymology

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Originally a compound of 宮 (mi1ya, “palace”) and an uncertain こ (ko1) referring to a place.

  • The ko is possibly 処 (ko2, affix indicating location), according to most dictionaries. However, poems in the Man'yōshū attest overwhelming phonetic usage of ⟨ko1⟩ instead of ⟨ko2⟩. There has likely been a vowel assimilation; it accounts for a form of this affix く (ku, place) (e.g. いづく (iduku, “where”)) (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?).
  • Alternatively, the ko might be from 子 (-ko1, diminutive suffix), as some Man'yōshū poems use the 宮子 reading.

Noun

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都 (mi1yako1) (kana みやこ)

  1. the place of residence of the emperor, especially a temporary lodging in which the emperor stays during an imperial visit
  2. (by extension) a capital city

Derived terms

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Descendants

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  • Japanese: 都 (miyako)

Vietnamese

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Han character

[edit]

都: Hán Việt readings: đô[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
都: Nôm readings: đua[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8], đo[1][2][3][4][5][7][8], đu[1][3][4][5][7][8], đô[3][4], đùa[1], tua[1], đủ[3], giô[4]

  1. chữ Hán form of đô (“(historical, only in fixed expressions) clipping of kinh đô (“feudal capital city”)”)
  2. chữ Nôm form of đo
    1. to measure
    2. used in đắn đo (“to ponder choices, to weigh the pros and cons”)
  3. chữ Nôm form of đu (“swing; to swing; to seesaw”)
  4. chữ Nôm form of đua (“to compete; to vie”)
  5. chữ Nôm form of đùa (“to joke; to jest; to tease”)
  6. chữ Nôm form of tua (“used in tua rua (“Pleiades”)”)

Compounds

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Takeuchi (1988).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Hồ (1976).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Bonet (1899).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Génibrel (1898).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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