ju

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ju"

Languages (33)

Albanian • Bilua • Borôro • Central Mazahua • Dalmatian • Drehu • Dutch • Esperanto • Estonian • Gothic • Japanese • Kashubian • Ladin • Lower Sorbian • Mandarin • Middle Dutch • Middle Low German • Old Czech • Old French • Old Frisian • Paraguayan Guarani • Polish • Saterland Frisian • Serbo-Croatian • Shuar • Sicilian • Slovak • Swedish • Vilamovian • Wauja • Yale • Yoruba

Page categories

English

Noun

ju (plural not attested)

(Hong Kong, slang) Someone admitted to university through the JUPAS system.

Derived terms

non-ju

Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *ju(s) identical with Lithuanian jūs id., Gothic jūs id., English you. Ultimately derived from Proto-Indo-European *yúHs.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ju/

Pronoun

ju (accusative ju, dative juve, ablative jush)

you (plural or polite)

Declension

Forms of ju (2nd person plural)
	full form	clitic
nominative	ju
ablative	jush
accusative	ju	ju
dative	juve	ju

	possessive adjective	possessive pronoun
	juaj	juaji

References

^ Orel, Vladimir (1998) Albanian Etymological Dictionary, Leiden, Boston, Köln: Brill, →ISBN, page 195-196

Bilua

Noun

ju

water

References

A Grammar of Bilua: A Papuan Language of the Solomon Islands (2003)

Borôro

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈdʒuː/

Noun

ju

manioc

Central Mazahua

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /w̥/

Letter

ju (upper case Ju)

A letter of the Mazahua alphabet.

Dalmatian

Alternative forms

iu

Etymology

Inherited from Late Latin eo, from Classical Latin egō̆. Cognate with Sicilian ju.

Pronoun

ju

(first person singular pronoun) I
Ju sai rau. ― I am sorry.

Related terms

me, main

Drehu

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ðu/

Noun

ju

(anatomy) back

References

Tryon, Darrell T. (1967), “ju”, in Dehu-English dictionary (Pacific Linguistics; C–6)‎^[1], Canberra, ACT: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, page 63

Dutch

Etymology

Of onomatopoeic origin

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jy/
Audio: (file)

Interjection

ju

said to a horse to make it start moving

Esperanto

Etymology

Borrowed from Swedish ju.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ju/
Audio 1: (file)
Audio 2: (file)
Audio 3: (file)
Rhymes: -u
Syllabification: ju

Particle

ju

the; used with des and either pli (“more”) or malpli (“less”) to form the first half of a coordinated comparative.
- 1903, Ben Elmy, “La Lingvo de la floroj”, in The Esperantist: The Esperanto Gazette for the Spreading of the International Language, page 138:
  Ju pli ni studas la florojn, des pli ni konstatas, ke multe da ili posedas nesuspektitajn lertecojn, kiujn apud besto ni volonte nomus instinkto aŭ еĉ prudento.
  The more we study the flowers, the more we establish that many of them possess unexpected abilities, which in an animal we would willingly call instinct or even foresight.
- 2012, Plato, translated by Donald Broadribb, La Respubliko (Traduko al Esperanto), Mondial, →ISBN, page 18:
  Vi bone scias ke ju pli velkas miaj aliaj korpaj plezuroj, des pli kreskas miaj deziro kaj plezuro je diskutado.
  You know well that the more my other bodily pleasures wither, the more my desire and pleasure for discussion grow.

Coordinate terms

des

Estonian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *jo (“already”), borrowed from Proto-Germanic *ju (“already; yet; now”). Cognate to Finnish jo, Votic jo, and Ludian ďo.

Adverb

ju (not comparable)

Emphasises what is spoken, usually because it is already known and obvious to both parties.
Ma ju armastan sind.
I love you, isn't it obvious?
apparently, probably
Ju ta tahab homme minna.
He probably wants to go tomorrow.

Gothic

Romanization

ju

romanization of 𐌾𐌿

Japanese

Romanization

ju

The hiragana syllable じゅ (ju) or the katakana syllable ジュ (ju) in Hepburn romanization.
The hiragana syllable ぢゅ (ju) or the katakana syllable ヂュ (ju) in Hepburn romanization.

Kashubian

Alternative forms

(dialectal) ùż, (dialectal) już

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *éy

Proto-Indo-European *h₁yów

Proto-Balto-Slavic *jau

Proto-Slavic *ju

Proto-Indo-European *gʰe

Proto-Balto-Slavic *ge

Proto-Slavic *že

Proto-Slavic *(j)uže

Kashubian ju

Inherited from Proto-Slavic *(j)uže.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈju/
Rhymes: -u
Syllabification: ju

Adverb

ju (not comparable)

already, yet, anymore

Ladin

Adverb

ju

down, below
downstairs

Lower Sorbian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈju/
Rhymes: -u
Syllabification: ju

Pronoun

ju

accusative of wóna

Related terms

nju (after preposition)

Mandarin

Romanization

ju

nonstandard spelling of jū
nonstandard spelling of jú
nonstandard spelling of jǔ
nonstandard spelling of jù

Usage notes

Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.

Middle Dutch

Pronoun

ju

(Flemish, Holland) accusative/dative of gi

Middle Low German

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /juː(w)/

Etymology 1

From Old Saxon iu, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz.

Pronoun

jû

accusative/dative of gî: you

Declension

Middle Low German personal pronouns
			nominative	accusative	dative	genitive
singular	1st person		ik (ek)	mî (mê, mik, mek)		mîn (mîner)
	2nd person		dû	dî (dê, dik, dek)		dîn (dîner)
	3rd person	m	hê (hî, hie)	ēne, en (ȫne, ȫn)	ēme, em (ȫme, en)	sîn (sîner)
		n	it (et)		ēme, em (ȫme, en)	sîn (sîner)
		f	sê (sî, sie, sü̂)		ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)
plural	1st person		wî (wê, wie)	uns (ûs, ös, ü̂sik)		unser (ûser)
	2nd person		gî (jê, î)	jû (jûwe, û, jük, gik)		jûwer (ûwer)
	3rd person		sê (sî, sie)		em, öm, jüm (en, ēnen, ȫnen)	ēre, ēr (ērer, ȫrer)

For an explanation of the forms in brackets see here.

Alternative forms

jûw

Descendants

Low German: ju, jug, jo, jau, u, ugg

Etymology 2

Determiner

jû

your (plural)

Declension

Declension of ju
	singular			plural
	masculine	neuter	feminine	plural
	Strong declension
nominative	jû			jûwe
accusative	jûwen	jû	jûwe	jûwe
dative	jûwem(e) (jûwen^note)		jûwer(e)	jûwen
genitive	jûwes		jûwer(e)	jûwer(e)
	Weak declension
nominative	jûwe			jûwen
accusative	jûwen	jûwe	jûwen
dative	jûwen
genitive	jûwen

The longer forms become rarer in the course of the period.

Old Czech

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): (13^th CE) /ˈju/
IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /ˈji/

Pronoun

ju

singular accusative of ona

Old French

Noun

ju oblique singular, m (oblique plural jus, nominative singular jus, nominative plural ju)

alternative form of geu

Old Frisian

Alternative forms

iu, jō, io

Etymology

From Proto-West Germanic *iwwiz, from Proto-Germanic *izwiz.

Pronoun

jū

accusative/dative of jī

Declension

Old Frisian personal pronoun declensions
			nominative	accusative	dative	genitive
singular	1st person		ik	mī	mī	mīn
	2nd person		thū	thī	thī	thīn
	3rd person	m	hī	hine	him	sīn
		f	hiū, hiō	hiā	hire, hiāre	hire, hiāre
		n	hit	hit	him	sīn
plural	1st person		wī	ūs	ūs	ūser
	2nd person		jī	jū, jō	jū, jō	jūwer
	3rd person		hiā	hiā	him, hirem, hiārem	hira, hiāra

Descendants

North Frisian: juu
Saterland Frisian: jou, Jou
West Frisian: jo

Paraguayan Guarani

Pronunciation

Rhymes: -u

Verb

ju (active, intransitive, irregular)

to come (to move towards the speaker)

Conjugation

(che) aju
(nde) reju
(ha'e) ou
(ñande) jaju
(ore) roju
(peẽ) peju
(ha'ekuéra) ou

References

Canese, Natalia Krivoshein de; Alcaraz, Feliciano Acosta (2016), “ju”, in Ñe’ẽryru [Dictionary] (overall work in Spanish), Asunción: Instituto Superior de Lenguas, →ISBN, page 43, column 1

Polish

Pronunciation

(Greater Poland):
- (Chełmno-Dobrzyń) IPA^(key): [ˈju]
- (Kuyavia) IPA^(key): [ˈju]
- (Central Greater Poland) IPA^(key): [ˈju]
(Masovia):
- (Near Masovian) IPA^(key): [ˈju]
- (Far Masovian) IPA^(key): [ˈju]
- (Podlachia) IPA^(key): [ˈju]
- (Łowicz) IPA^(key): [ˈju]
(Lesser Poland):
- (Masovian Borderland) IPA^(key): [ˈju]
- (Kielce) IPA^(key): [ˈju]
- (Western Kraków) IPA^(key): [ˈju]
- (Lasovia) IPA^(key): [ˈju]
- (Eastern Lublin) IPA^(key): [ˈju]
(Borderlands):
- (Southern Borderlands) IPA^(key): [ˈju]

Particle

ju

(Chełmno-Dobrzyń, Kuyavia, Central Greater Poland, Kalisz Voivodeship, Near Masovian, Międzyrzec Podlaski, Far Masovian, Przasnysz, Podlachia, Bielsk County, Tykocin, Łowicz, Masovian Borderland, Przysucha, Kielce, Western Kraków, Lasovia, Stalowa Wola, Eastern Lublin, Biłgoraj County, Southern Borderlands, Drohobych) alternative form of już

Saterland Frisian

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ju/
Hyphenation: ju
Rhymes: -u

Etymology 1

From Old Frisian hiū, from Proto-West Germanic *hiju, from Proto-Germanic *hijō. Cognates include West Frisian hja and English hoo.

Pronoun

ju (oblique hier)

she

Etymology 2

See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Alternative forms

dju

Article

ju (unstressed de)

feminine of die

References

Marron C. Fort (2015), “ju”, in Saterfriesisches Wörterbuch mit einer phonologischen und grammatischen Übersicht, Buske, →ISBN

Serbo-Croatian

Etymology 1

Clitic of nju.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ju/

Pronoun

ju ? (Cyrillic spelling ју)

her (clitic accusative singular of òna (“she”))

Usage notes

This section or entry lacks references or sources. Please help verify this information by adding appropriate citations. You can also discuss it at the Tea Room.

There is no difference between ju and je, but ju is often preferred if it appears in the same sentence as je (3rd person present singular biti)

on ju je pozdravio ― he greeted her

but

on je/ju pozdravlja ― he greets her

Declension

Inflection of 3rd-person pronouns
	singular			plural
	masculine	feminine	neuter	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	ȏn	òna	òno	òni	òne	òna
genitive	njȅga, ga	njȇ, je	njȅga, ga	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih
dative	njȅmu, mu	njȏj, joj	njȅmu, mu	njȉma, im	njȉma, im	njȉma, im
accusative	njȅga, ga, nj	njȗ, ju, je	njȅga, ga, nj	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih	njȋh, ih
vocative	—	—	—	—	—	—
locative	njȅm, njȅmu	njȏj	njȅm, njȅmu	njȉma	njȉma	njȉma
instrumental	njȋm, njíme	njȏm, njóme	njȋm, njíme	njȉma	njȉma	njȉma

Etymology 2

Form of iju

Alternative forms

iju

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ju/

Interjection

ju (Cyrillic spelling ју)

used to express surprise

Shuar

Determiner

ju

this, these

References

Chicham: Dictionario Enciclopédico Shuar-Castellano

Sicilian

Alternative forms

jo (o-coloured variant, dialectal (possible Italianism/Hiberism))
eu, jeu (paroxytone doublett, also diphthongozed, from *égo)
ia (Gallo-italic of Sicily, dialectal)
iu (Italianism, dialectal)
jù, jèu, jò, ìa, ìu (non-standard, redundant diacritics)

Etymology

Possibly retained from a medieval dialectal usage of Ancient Greek ἐγώ (egṓ), through a technical reconstruction in the form of *egú ~ *igú < *(i)jú. Otherwise from an oxytonical change of Classical Latin egō̆. Cognate with Aromanian iou, Corsican eiu, French je, Italian and Neapolitan io, Dalmatian ju, Catalan jo, Galician and Portuguese eu, Romanian eu, Spanish yo, Sardinian ego. Doublet of eu.

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ju/
Hyphenation: jù

Pronoun

ju

(first person singular pronoun) I
Ju sacciu lèggiri 'n sicilianu. ― I can read Sicilian.

Usage notes

It can be encliticly postponed to the verb (typically in perfect tense):
Ti parra'-ju. ― I talked to you.
It can also reiterate with the subject-pronoun
Ju ci parra'-ju ― I [myself] talked to him.

Inflection

nominative	ju
prepositional	(a) mìa
accusative	mi
dative	mi
reflexive	mi

Derived terms

ji-ni

Slovak

Alternative forms

ňu (after prepositions)

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ju/, [ju]
Rhymes: -u

Pronoun

ju

accusative of ona

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Swedish iū, io, from Middle Low German ju, jo, from Old Saxon ēo, io (“forever”). Doublet of (archaic) e (“forever, ever”). Compare Danish jo, Norwegian Nynorsk jo, German ja (adverb) / je (conjunction), Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐍅 (aiw).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /jɵ/, /jʉ(ː)/
Audio: (file)
Rhymes: -ʉː

Adverb

ju

Indicates an expectation of shared understanding, or that what is said is an obvious fact – "as you well know," "of course."
Bussen går ju klockan tre.
The bus of course leaves at three o'clock / But the bus leaves at three o'clock (with an expectation that the second party in the conversation is aware of the fact)

Det var ju inte så bra att vi missade bussen. Nu hinner vi inte med flyget.
It wasn't great that we missed the bus, of course. Now we will miss the flight.

Varför gjorde du det inte? Du lovade ju!
Why didn't you do it? You promised (as you know)!

– Filmen var bra. – Det var den ju inte alls!
– The movie was good. – No it wasn't (and this should be our common understanding, as a fact – the ju adds a bit of an argumentative tone, similar to the "No")!

Vad fan, ytterdörren står öppen
What the hell, the front door is open (think two people coming home)

Vad fan, ytterdörren står ju öppen
What the hell, the front door is open (and this is (or will very soon be) our common understanding, as a fact, as you can also see that it is open – the ju just acts as an emphasizer here)

ju...desto

the...the (when comparing)
Ju större, desto bättre.
The larger, the better.

Usage notes

Colloquially, desto as a parallel comparative is sometimes replaced by a second ju: "Ju större, ju bättre." "Desto större, desto bättre" also occurs.

References

“ju”, in Svenska Akademiens ordböcker [Dictionaries of the Swedish Academy] (in Swedish)
ju in Elof Hellquist, Svensk etymologisk ordbok (1st ed., 1922)

Vilamovian

Alternative forms

jū

Etymology

From Middle High German ja, from Old High German ja, jā (“yes”), from Proto-West Germanic *jā, from Proto-Germanic *ja (“yes”).

Pronunciation

Audio: (file)

Adverb

ju

yes

Interjection

ju

yes

Wauja

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ʐu/

Interjection

ju

my dear(s), dearie (intimate yet very courteous term of address from one woman to another, esp. to a female sibling, close relative, or companion)
Hai, ju! Aya awauta apisun wiu. Ume eu. Aya awauta apisun wiu, ju. Hoona! Iseju, wi.
"Well, dear! Let's find ourselves a lover," she said. "Let's look for a lover for ourselves, my dear." "Agreed!" [said] her younger sister.

Pitsu neke, ju! uma pakai paiseju ipitsi. Pitsu neke, ju.
"Your turn now, dearie," the woman said to her younger sister. "Your turn, my dear."

Munyakawaka wi, kamwo putukawiu, naatsa kamwi eu whun. Hoona! Hai, ju! Aya waku wiu, ju! Hoona! uma pakai. Aya waku wi! Tuma ulepiu!
It began to be light, the sun showed itself, it was just here on the horizon. So! [The women said to one another:] "Hey there, my dear! Let's go to the riverside, dear!" "Yes, let's do!" came the reply. "Let's go to the river, indeed!" They began to make fresh manioc bread [to give their lover when they met him at the river's edge].

Ayama ju! Hoona! Iyapai otepo. Onupene otepoga akain! Eh! Ewetemewi, ju! Hokotawi tsiiiii!
"Let's go [visit the tree] once again, dear!" [the older sister said to the younger]. "All right!" [the younger sister agreed]. [They] went under [the tree]. They saw pequi fruit [on the ground] beneath [the tree]! "Ah! Let's taste it, dear!" [She] cut [it] open: tsiiiii! [sound of slicing open the fruit]

Usage notes

"My dear" is a rough translation of the term ju, as there is no counterpart in modern English. This is a traditional term of address between women who are speaking in a tone that is both intimate and gracious. It is simultaneously polite and tender, expressing feminine solicitude at its most comforting. Though this term was routinely used by well-spoken female elders in 1981, it was already beginning to be seen by young people as archaic. Older women would teach the anthropologist to use this lovely old term, and remark that young women nowadays no longer bothered to use it. Meanwhile, young female relatives within earshot typically would just giggle. A few decades later, it was rarely heard in daily speech, and more likely to be encountered in traditional stories. Note that it is not a kinship term, but more like a term of gender solidarity.

References

"Hai, ju!" (transcript, p. 9), "Pitsu neke" (p. 33), "Munyakawaka wi" (p. 57), and "Ayama ju!" (p. 72), uttered by Aruta, storyteller and elder, as he recounted the traditional tale, "The Caiman Spirit" (Yakaojokuma). Recorded in Piyulaga village in the presence of assembled elders and others, November 1989. In this story, a chief, who already has two wives, takes two additional ones, causing the first two wives to feel neglected, and to decide to take a lover. The dialogue between the two women makes extensive use of ju in a comedic manner, showing the two woman so utterly jealous at their husband's taking two new wives that they completely — and quite unnaturally — put aside any jealousy between themselves. With utmost courtesy and decorum, the women in the story calmly take turns receiving the amorous attentions of their shared paramour, something it is impossible to imagine any Wauja woman tolerating, which makes the story all the more amusing.

Yale

Pronoun

ju

you (second-person singular personal pronoun)

Yoruba

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒù/

Verb

jù

(transitive) to throw

Usage notes

ju before a direct object

Derived terms

ìjù (“the act of throwing”)
jíjù (“throwing”)

Etymology 2

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒù/

Verb

jù

(transitive) to exceed, to surpass

Usage notes

ju before a direct object

Derived terms

ìjù (“the act of exceeding”)
àmì jíjù (“greater than sign '>'”)

Related terms

rè (“to exceed in size or dimension”)

Etymology 3

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /d͡ʒù/

Verb

jù

(intransitive) to be worm-infested

Derived terms

ìju (“false pregnancy”)

Albanian personal pronouns
number	person		nominative	accusative	dative	ablative	accusative	dative
number	person		nominative	stressed		ablative	clitic
singular
	1st		unë	mua		meje	më
	2nd		ti	ty		teje	të
	3rd	m	ai	atë	atij		e	i
	3rd	f	ajo	atë	asaj		e	i
plural
	1st		ne		neve	nesh	na
	2nd		ju		juve	jush	ju
	3rd	m	ata		atyre		i	u
	3rd	f	ato		atyre		i	u

Dalmatian personal pronouns
number	person		nominative	oblique
singular
	1st		ju	me / main
	2nd		te	toi
	3rd	m	jal	joi
	3rd	f	jala	joe
plural
	1st		nu	noi
	2nd		vu	voi
	3rd	m	jali	jai
	3rd	f	jale	jai

Saterland Frisian personal pronouns
			subject case		object case
			stressed	unstressed	object case
singular	1st		iek		mie
	2nd		du		die
	3rd	m	hie	er	him
		f	ju	ze	hier
		n	dät	et	dät
plural	1st		wie		uus
	2nd		jie		jou
	3rd		jo	ze	hier

English

Noun

Derived terms

See also

Albanian

Etymology

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Declension

See also

References

Bilua

Noun

References

Borôro

Pronunciation

Noun

Central Mazahua

Pronunciation

Letter

See also

Dalmatian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronoun

Related terms

See also

Drehu

Pronunciation

Noun

References

Further reading

Dutch

Etymology

Pronunciation

Interjection

Esperanto

Etymology

Pronunciation

Particle

Coordinate terms

Further reading

Estonian

Etymology

Adverb

Gothic

Romanization

Japanese

Romanization

Kashubian

Alternative forms

Etymology

Pronunciation

Adverb

Further reading

Ladin

Adverb

Lower Sorbian

Pronunciation

Pronoun

Related terms

Mandarin

Romanization

Usage notes

Middle Dutch

Pronoun

Further reading

Middle Low German

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

Pronoun

Declension

Alternative forms

Descendants

Etymology 2

Determiner

Declension

Old Czech

Pronunciation

Pronoun