Help:IPA/Maithili

This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Maithili on Wikipedia.

It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Maithili in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing consensus on the talk page first.

For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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This page contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjuncts instead of Indic text.

The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Maithili pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-mai}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters. See Maithili phonology, for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Maithili.

Key

Consonants
IPA^[1]	Devanagari^[1]	ISO 15919 ^[1]	English Approximation
b	ब	ba	butter
bʱ	भ	bha	clubhhouse
d^[2]	द	da	deal
dʱ^[2]	ध	dha	redhead
dʑ	ज	ja	jazz
dʑʱ	झ	jha	hedgehog
ɖ	ड	ḍa	American English bird
ɖʱ	ढ	ḍha	American English birdhouse
ɡ	ग	ga	green
ɡʱ	घ	gha	loghouse
ɦ	ह	ha	head
k	क	ka	sky
kʰ	ख	kha	car
l	ल	la	leaf
m	म	ma	much
n	न	na	not
ɳ	ण	ṇa	somewhat like grant
ɲ	ञ	ña	enjoyable
ŋ	ङ	ṅa	bank
p	प	pa	sport
pʰ	फ	pha	pencil
r	र	ra	American atom
s	स	sa	sue
t^[2]	त	ta	still
tʰ^[2]	थ	tha	tip
tɕ	च	ca	catch
tɕʰ	छ	cha	choose
ʈ	ट	ṭa	carts
ʈʰ	ठ	ṭha	trip
Marginal Consonants
ɕ	श^[3]	śa	somewhat like ship
ɸ~f	फ़^[4]	fa	face
j	य^[5]	ya	yak
ɽ	ड़^[6]	ṛa	somewhat like garter
ɽ^ɦ	ढ़^[7]	ṛha	ṛ and h, somewhat like warhead
ʂ	ष^[8]	ṣa	somewhat like shot
ʋ~w	व^[9]	va	vary
x	ख़^[10]	k͟ha	Scottish loch
z	ज़/ध़^[11]	za	zen
ʑ	झ़^[12]	zha	somewhat like vision

Vowels
IPA	Devanagari	ISO 15919	Grierson	English Approximation
a	ॴ, बऻ	a^[13]	ă	palm (General American)
aː	आ, बा	ā^[14]		father
æ	ऍ, बॅ	æ		trap
e	ऎ, बॆ	e		somewhat like dress
eː	ए, बे	ē		somewhat like play
ə^[15]	अ, ब	a^[13]		about
əː	अ२, ब२	ā^[14]	ä	somewhat like nurse (not rhotic)
iː^[16]	ई, बी	ī		feed
ɪ^[16]	इ, बि	i		kid
o	ऒ, बॊ	o		somewhat like cloth
oː	ओ, बो	ō		story
ɔ	अ^ऽ, ब^ऽ	ô	å	choice
uː^[16]	ऊ, बू	ū		mood
ʊ^[16]	उ, बु	u		wood
Syllabic vowels
l̩^[17]	ऌ, बॢ^[18]	l̥		bottle
ɹ̩^[19]	ऋ, बृ^[18]	r̥		bird
ɹ̩ː^[20]	ॠ, बॄ^[18]	r̥̄		longer r̥
Diphthongs
aːi̯	ऐ, बै	āi		price
aːu̯	औ, बौ	āu		mouth
əi̯	ꣾ^[21], बꣿ	ai		somewhat like face
əu̯	ॵ, बॏ	au		goat

Short Vowels
IPA	Devanagari	Grierson	English Approximation
ă	ॳ, बऺ	^a	Shorter variation of short vowels
ĭ	इऺ, बिऺ	ⁱ
ŭ	उऺ, बुऺ	^u

Vowel Diacritics
IPA	Devanagari	ISO 15919	Grierson	English Approximation
◌̃	ँ	m̐	◌̃	nasal vowel faun ([ãː, õː], etc.)
h	ः	ḥ		ahead

Suprasegmentals
IPA	Devanagari	ISO 15919	English Approximation
ˈ◌			stress (placed before stressed syllable)
◌ː	२		doubled vowel (placed after doubled vowel)
	्		Halanta^[22] (placed after last consonant)

Notes

1 2 3 In the letter series beginning with क, क = क् + अ; ka = k + a. Thus 'क' has the inherent vowel 'अ', giving 'क' without added vowel sign using diacritics (The halanta "्" is removed). But the IPA shown here has the consonant 'k' only & does not include the vowel 'a'.
1 2 3 4 /t/ and /d/ are mostly pronounced as dental stops [t̪] and [d̪], with the tongue touching the teeth, but alveolar pronunciation is also common.
↑ Often merged with [s].
↑ Almost always merged with फ.
↑ Replaced with [dʑ] in initial position in Sanskrit words and whenever it is after [r] followed by central vowels ([ə] and [a]). Replaced with vowel [e] in between central vowels.
↑ Allophone of [r] in most times. Allophone of intervocalic [d].
↑ Often pronounced as [rʰ]. Allophone of intervocalic [dʰ].
↑ Merged with [s].
↑ [v], [w] and intermediate [ʋ] are allophonic in Maithili. Often pronounced as [b] between central vowels. In Perso-Arabic words, replaced with vowel [o] in initial position. Pronounced as [bh] in English words.
↑ Commonly, pronounced as [kh]. Found in Perso-Arabic loanwords. Also, a remnant of Sanskrit jihvamuliya.
↑ Commonly pronounced as [dʑ]. Found in Perso-Arabic loanwords.
↑ A conditional allophone of [y], when between [h] and a central vowel. Also, present in Perso-Arabic loanwords, in which pronounced as [j].
1 2 /ə/ and /a/ both are represented in ISO 15919 as 'a'.
1 2 /aː/ and /əː/ both are represented in ISO 15919 as 'ā'.
↑ /ɐ/ occurs as a conditioned allophone of /ə/ in initial position of a word.
1 2 3 4 /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralised to [i], [u] at the end of a word.
↑ Usually pronounced as [lĭ].
1 2 3 In Sanskrit words (tatsama).
↑ Usually pronounced as [rĭ].
↑ Usually pronounced as [ri].
↑ Not visible in most systems. A Unicode character U+A8FE.
↑ Used to show that the consonant doesn't have any inherent vowel,

[inherentv-1] 1 2 3 In the letter series beginning with क, क = क् + अ; ka = k + a. Thus 'क' has the inherent vowel 'अ', giving 'क' without added vowel sign using diacritics (The halanta "्" is removed). But the IPA shown here has the consonant 'k' only & does not include the vowel 'a'.

[coronal-2] 1 2 3 4 /t/ and /d/ are mostly pronounced as dental stops [t̪] and [d̪], with the tongue touching the teeth, but alveolar pronunciation is also common.

[3] Often merged with [s].

[4] Almost always merged with फ.

[5] Replaced with [dʑ] in initial position in Sanskrit words and whenever it is after [r] followed by central vowels ([ə] and [a]). Replaced with vowel [e] in between central vowels.

[6] Allophone of [r] in most times. Allophone of intervocalic [d].

[7] Often pronounced as [rʰ]. Allophone of intervocalic [dʰ].

[8] Merged with [s].

[9] [v], [w] and intermediate [ʋ] are allophonic in Maithili. Often pronounced as [b] between central vowels. In Perso-Arabic words, replaced with vowel [o] in initial position. Pronounced as [bh] in English words.

[10] Commonly, pronounced as [kh]. Found in Perso-Arabic loanwords. Also, a remnant of Sanskrit jihvamuliya.

[11] Commonly pronounced as [dʑ]. Found in Perso-Arabic loanwords.

[12] A conditional allophone of [y], when between [h] and a central vowel. Also, present in Perso-Arabic loanwords, in which pronounced as [j].

[:12-13] 1 2 /ə/ and /a/ both are represented in ISO 15919 as 'a'.

[:22-14] 1 2 /aː/ and /əː/ both are represented in ISO 15919 as 'ā'.

[15] /ɐ/ occurs as a conditioned allophone of /ə/ in initial position of a word.

[V2-16] 1 2 3 4 /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralised to [i], [u] at the end of a word.

[17] Usually pronounced as [lĭ].

[:32-18] 1 2 3 In Sanskrit words (tatsama).

[19] Usually pronounced as [rĭ].

[20] Usually pronounced as [ri].

[21] Not visible in most systems. A Unicode character U+A8FE.

[22] Used to show that the consonant doesn't have any inherent vowel,

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[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

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Key

See also

Notes