Kalja
Kalja (English: Culture) hem i wan konsept we i kavremap social behavior, institution, mo ol rul mo standet we i stap long human societies, wetem knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, ol kastom, ol save mo skil, ol fasin blong tingting, mo habit blong ol man we oli stap long ol grup ia.[1] Plante taem kalja i kamaot long wan stret region o ples.
Ol man oli lanem kalja tru long ol proses blong learning, enculturation mo socialization, mo samting ia i stap klia tru long plante defren kalja we i stap long ol sosaiti. Wan rul blong kalja i talem wanem kaen fasin we i stret blong man i folem long wan sosaiti; hem i olsem wan gaed blong fasin, klos, lanwis, mo wei blong man i mekem samting long wan situesen, mo hem i givim wan eksampol long wanem ol memba blong wan grup oli save ekspektem long olgeta. Sapos wan sosaiti i akseptem wan wanfala kalja nomo, hemia i save karem ol risk, olsem wan spesies i save kam slak o lus taem envaeronmen i jenis, from i no gat ol defren fasin blong ansa long jenis ia.[2] Olsem nao, long militeri kalja, bravri i save kam wan fasin we oli luk olsem i nomol long wan man, mo oli save lukluk long wok blong man, ona, mo loyalti long grup olsem ol gudfala fasin o ol fasin we oli save helpem grup blong i gohed long continuum of conflict. Long saed blong relijen, yumi save faenem ol fasin we oli semak long wan sosaiti.
Cultural change, o jenisim ples blong wan kalja, hem i minim wok blong bildim bakegen wan kalja konsept blong wan sosaiti. Ol kalja oli save kasem paoa blong jenis insaed long olgeta tru long ol fos we oli pusum jenis mo ol fos we oli agensem jenis. Ol kalja tu oli save kasem paoa blong aotsaed tru long kontak bitwin ol sosaiti. Ol oganaesesen olsem UNESCO oli traem blong protektem kalja mo cultural heritage.