IMekisiko

**IMekisiko**
IMekisiko
Isiqongo	IMekisiko (idolobha)
Izilimi	IsiSpeyini

iMehiko (ngokomthetho: iziFundazwe eziBumbene zaseMehiko) iyilizwe enyakatho Melika elinemqingcele neMelika ngasenyakatho kanye neHonduras neBelize ngaseningizimu-mpumalanga. Ngasentshonalanga inogu nolwandlekazi lwasePasifiki kanye neChwebakazi laseMehiko ngasempumalanga. Ngasenyakatho-ntshonalanga kunenhlonhlo yakwaBaha Khalifoniya bese ngaseningizimu-mpumalanga kunenhlonhlo yakwaYukatani.

Umlando

Inhlalo yabomdabu ngaphambi kokuxhumana nabaseYurophu

Impahla yabantu eyasekuqaleni esele eyingubufakazi benglalo yabantu eyaziwayo endaweni eyabizwa ngesimanje iMehiko yayiziqemgu zamathuluzi wetshe etholakale esigodeni saseMehiko. iMehiko iyisizinda sokuqala kokulinywa kwombila, amatamati kanye namabhontshisi iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyishumi ezendlule ekhiqize insalela yezingudla zolimo. Lokhu kunikeze ithuba lokuthi umphakathi wabaseMpakathi Melika baseNdulo beguqule izindlela zabo zokuphila zokuzingela nokuqoqa kwezolimo nokufuya kuqala iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyinhlanu ezendlule. Inkathi yasekuqaleni yokubunjwa kwompucuko waseMpakathi Melika wayeyizindawo lapho umpucuko umile khona ngaphandle kwethonya selinye ilizwe. Kulenkathi kuvele izici ezingqayivele zenkolo, usiko, izimpawu, ulimo lwembila, iziqokelelo zazakhiwo kanye nohlelokubala wesisekela samashumi amabili eyasabalala kwezinye izinhlalo ezazisondelene nayo. Ngokudlondlobala kwenani labantu, kaba nokuminyana ezinxulumeni, umphakathi waqokelela ezigabeni ezingalingani, isib., isigaba sabasebenzingezandla babengamakhosi. Ababusi abangomndonsoshiya bebanegunya kwezenkolo kanye nezombusazwe, behlela ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezemcimbi.

Umpucuko wasekuqaleni oyinkithinkithi wawuyisizwe sama-Olmec ewachuma ogwini lweChwebakazi laseMehiko nge-1500 ngaphambi kwenkathi evamile. Izici zenhlalo zama-Olmec zisabalele endaweni eyibizwa iMehiko manje ezinhlalweni ezazingubumba zaseChiaphas, eOaxaca, nesigodi saseMehiko. Imiphucuko yamaMaya namaZapotec ithuthuke izinkaba ezinkithinkithi. Izinhlelo zasekuqaleni zolobo eziyiqiniso zaseMpakathi Melika zihlume ezinhlalweni zama-Olmec nama-Zapotec. Usiko lokubhala lufinyelele esiqongweni sokuchuma ngenkathi yohlelolobo wezinhlamvuzithombe wamaMaya wakuDala ngoba ngalo imilando yasekuqaleni ebikiwe yayilotshiwe. Ngasemuva kokunqotshwa ngabaseSpaniya, usiko lolobo lwalumqoka ngoba abalobi bomdabu bebabhala ulwimi lwabo ngohlelolobo wesiLathini kanye nohlelolobo lwezinhlamvuzithombe.

Ezombusazwe

Uhlaka lombusazwe waseMehiko uhamba ngohlelo lwentandoyeningi okomthethosisekelo. Ilizwe lihlelwe ngohlaka wezigaba ezintathu zokwebelana amandla ombuso: isigaba sobumbano (noma isigaba sikazwelonke), isigaba sezifundazwe kanye nesigaba somasipala. uMthethosisekelo ungene emthethweni nge-1917.

Igatsha lebumbano lesishayamthetho siyisiGungu soBumbano esiqukatha iSenate yeRiphabhuliki kanye neGumbi lweziThunywa. isiGunga sishaya imithetho yobumbano, simemezela impi, simisa intelo, sigunyaza isabelomali sikazwelonke, imivumelwano namazwe kanye nokuqokwa kwamanxusa. Amalunga angama-300 weGumbi lweziThunywa akhethwe ngokwezifunda zokhetho zelunga elilodwa elenani lamavoti elenqa amanye amakhandidethi. Amalunga angama-200 esele ekhethwe ngokwamaqembu obusazwe nenxenye lenani lamavoti okwezihlu ezivaliwe zezifunda ezinhlanu zokhetho. iSenate inamasenati ayi-128: izifundazwe kanye nesifunda sobumbano sesidlavela saseMehiko zikhetha amalunga amabili ngokenani lamavoti elenqa amanye amakhandidethi (ekungamalunga angama-64), ama-32 akhethwe ngobe ethole inani lamavoti elesibili okuba izifundazwe nesifunda zobumbano zithole ilunga elilodwa ngokulingana, kanye nama-32 akhethwe ngokwe zinhlu ezivaliwe ngokwenxenye lenani lamavoti kazwelonke.

uMengameli uyinhloko yezwe, isihlalo segatsha lokuphatha kanye nomkhuzi-jikelele wamabutho ahlomileyo aseMehiko okwethwa yizakhamuzi emuva kweminyaka emine. Osesikhundleni sikamengameli nguNkk Claudia Sheinbaum ongene esikhundleni ngo mhla wokuqala kaMfumfu 2024 oyilunga leqembu lombusazwe uMyakaziso kaZwelonke weMvuselelo (Movimiento Regeneración Nacional). uMengameli iqoka abongqongqoshe futhi uphedulekela ukuphoqelelwa nokwenziwa kwemithetho. uNegunya lokuhlehlisa ukugunyazwa kwemithethosivivinywa.

Kwesigatsha sobulungiswa, iNkatolo ePhakeme yoBulungiswa ingumzimba osesiqongweni sohlelo lwezinkantolo zezwe. Amalunga ayo ayisishiyagalolunye, abehluleli, bakhethwe yisiGungu kuqala bese bakhethwa yizakhamuzi ukuze behlale iminyaka eyi-12 esikhundleni. Ukhetho lokuqala labehluleli lwalungezi-2025. iNkantolo itolika umthetho futhi yehlulela ukhonokwenza olwesigaba sobumbano. Ezinye izikhungo zobulungiswa ziyiSigwebamacala soKhetho soBumbano, izinkantolo zenkomfa, ezimunye, nezezifunda, kanye neSigwebamacala soQeqesho sabeHluleli.

Ngokomlando ombusazwe wesimanje waseMehiko, kwakuneziqembu zombusazwe ezintathu ezihamba phambili: iQembu loMvukelambuso lweziKhungo esungulwe nge-1929 ukubumbanisa amaqembu woMvukelambuso waseMehiko, iQembu loKwenza likaZwelonke elisungulwe nge-1939 eliyilunga lweNhlangano yeNtandoyeningi yabaKristu yaseMelika, kanye neQembu loMvukelambuso weNtandoyeningi. Kodwa kusukela izi-2018, uMyakaziso kaZwelonke weMvuselelo uthole iningi lamavoti okhethweni. iSabelo seNtandeyeningi se-V-Dem sembule ukuhlehlelamuva kwentandoyeningi kusukela izi-2019.

Izahlukaniso zophathahlelo

Imingcele yezingxenye ezibumba iMehiko simile emsukeni kweMehiko ngenkathi yombuso wabadlibezwe. Izifundazwe zeMpakathi Melika zezihlephulile kwiMehiko nge-1821. iYukathani yayiriphabhuliki ezimele isikhashana. iTekisasi yehlukene ngoMvukelambuso waseTekisasi bese yangena eziFundazweni eziBumbene zaseMelika nge-1845. Lesigameko siholele eMpini yeMehiko neMelika nokulahlekelwa ingxenye yobungakho bendawo bayo. Futhi isiThenga sikaGadsden sasingukulahlekelwa indawo yokugcina enkulu esiholele ekutheni umhlaba wayo wasenyakatho udliwe yiMelika. Ngenkathi yamanje, iMehiko iqukatha izifundazwe ezingama-31 ezikhululekile ezizibusayo ezibumba ubumbano ophethe ngokwengxenye isidlavela saseMehiko (esiyisifunda sobumbano). Zonke izifundazwe zinomthethosisekelo, isishayamthetho, kanye negatsha lobulungiswa futhi zinabaLawuli abakhethwa izakhamuzi zazo iminyaka eyisithupha kanye nabameli egungweni iminyaka eyintathu.

Ubudlelwane namazwe

Ubudlelwane namazwe baseMehiko bungaphansi komqondiso kaMengameli bese zibengaphansi kophathahlelo lwoMnyango weziNdaba zangaPhandle. Isahluko sama-89 ingxenye yesi-10 soMthethosisekelo simisa izindikimba ezimqoka zobudlelwane namazwe: ukuthobela umthetho wamazwe, ukuhlonipha ukulingana kwamazwe okusemthethweni, ilungelo lokuzimela nokuzibusa kwamazwe amanye, ukunqena ukungenelela izindaba zasekhaya zamanye amazwe kanye, ukuxazulula ukungavumelani ngokuthula kanye nokuhlongoza uphepho lwamazwe ngobulunga obuphokophele ezinhlanganweni zamazwe.

iMehiko iyilunga elasungula izinhlangano ezimbalwa: iziZwe eziHlangene, iNhlangano yamaZwe aseMelika, iNhlangano yamaZwe aseMelika nase-Iberiya, i-OPANAL ne-CELAC. Ngezi-2008, iMehiko inikele amadola ayizigidi ezingama-40 kwisabelomali esijwayelekile seZizwe eziHlangene. Ngaphambu kokuthi ngungene iTshile ngokuphelele ngezi-2010, iMehiko yayilunga elilodwa elaseMelika yesiLathini eNhlanganweni yokuSebenzisana okoMnotho neNtuthuko kusukela i-1994. Ngenxa yokubonwa njengezwe elinamandla esifundeni, iMehiko iyilunga lezinhlangano eziphambili zomnotho njenge-G8+5 kanye ne-G-20.

Amabutho ahlomileyo

Amabutho aHlomileyo aseMehiko angaphansi kophathahlelo lwoMnyango wezokuVikela kaZwelonke. Inamagatsha amabili: iButho laseMehiko (elibandakanya ibutho lezulu laseMehiko) kanye neButho loLwandle. isiViko sikaZwelonke esasungulwa ngezi-2019 ngokuhlanganisa okwakuchithiwe kwamaPhoyisa kaZwelonke kanye namaPhoyisa aHlomileyo weButho kanye neButho loLwandle, lisebenza okwebutho elihlomile lomphoqelelo womthetho olungaphansi kwekhuzo lamabutho. Kusukela 2024, amabutho anabasebenzi abayizi-220,000: 160,000 ebuthweni, 10,000 ebuthweni lezulu, 50,000 bebutho lolwandle futhi 10,000 bamajoni olwandle. isiViko sikaZwelonke sinabasebenzi abayizi-10,000. Izindleko zamaButho zidla 0.6 ekhulwini lomkhiqizo omnotho ophelele wonyaka.

Amabutho anengqalasizinda enkulu ebandakanya izikhungo zokuklama, ukucwaninga, kanye nokuvivinya izikhali, izithuthi, izindiza, imikhubi, izinhlelo zokuvikela, izinguxa zombani; amaziko wemboni yokukhanda izikhali zokwatha izinhlelo ezinje, kanye namatheku akhaliphile webutho lolwandle ewakha imikhumbi kanye nobuchwepheshe bezincibisholo. Kusukele ishuminyaka yezi-1990, ma amabutho ephokophela ngokukhulu impi nezidangamiswa, ububalulekile obudlondlobalayo lubekwe ekutholweni kwesiphumulo ezindizayo zokuhlonga, izindiza, amaphephela, ubuchwepheshe obubhangqiwe bempi, izingudla zempi yasezidlaveleni kanye nezithuthi ezisheshayo yamajoni. iMehiko inemikhono okwakha izikhali nenuzi kepha ngenxa yokuphawula uMvumelwano waseTlatelco nge-1968, ifunge ukusebenzisa ubuchwepheshe benuzi ezinhlosweni ezokuthula kuphela. iMehiko iphawule uMvumelwano weziZwe eziHlangane wokuNqanda iziKhali zeNuzi.

Ngaphandle kweMpi yesiBili yamaZwe, iMehiko ayithathi hlangothi ezimpini kepha amaqembu ombusazwe ahlongozwe ukuchibiyela umthethosisekelo ukuvumela amabutho angene emikhankasweni yokugcina ukuthula kanye nokulekelela amazwe acela usizo ngokomthetho.

Umphoqelelamthetho namalungelo abantu

Amaphoyisa oBumbano aseMehiko achithwe ngezi-2019 ngokwesichibiyelo somthethosisekelo ngenkathi yophathahlelo kaMengameli Lopez Obrador eholele ekutheni kusungulwe isiViko sikaZwelonke esiqukatha amaPhoyisa aHlomile, wamaButho oLwandle kanye nawoBumbano. Kusukela izi-2022, isiViko sikaZwelonke sasinamalunga ayizi-110,000. uLopez Obrador wayesebenzisa ngokudlondlobala amabutho ahlomile emphoqelelweni wasekhaya ikakhulukazi ukulwa nezinhlangano zezidakamiswa. Sekube nezigameko ezibucayi zokungasebenzisi igunya ngokungahambelani nomthetho emikhankasweni yophepho eningizimu lwezwe, emakhaya kanye nasezinxulumeni ezakhiwe ezihlwempu. iKomishini kaZwelonke yamaLungelo waBanatu ayikakabi neqhaza eliphathekayo ekunqandweni kwalomkhuba -- iningi lesikhathi iloba okwenziwe kepha ayisebenzisi igunya layo ukugxeka abosombusazwe abashayela iziphakamisi zayo indiva. Iningi labaseMehiko lilahlekelwe ithemba emaphoyiseni nasohlelweni lobulungiswa, ngenxa yalokho incane lobugebengu buyabikwa yizakhamuzi. Sekube nezikhombiso zokuthukuthelela umkhuba okungaphenduleki.

iMehiko yamkele ngokuphelele umendo wabobulili obufanayo kusukela izi-2022 futhi imithetho okunqanda ubandlululo okomqondiso wobucansi yayikhona kusukela izi-2003. Kepha ubugebengu benzondo kumphakathi wama-LGBTQI+ buyinkinga kanomphela eMehiko. Ezinye izigameko zokcwasa amalungelo abantu nobugebengu zigxekiwe njengokushabalaliswa okuphoqelelwe (ukuthunjwa), ukucwasa abafiki, ukubulala okungekho emthethweni, udlame okobulili (ikakhulu ukubulawa kwabesifazane), kanye nokuhlaselwa kwezintatheli nabakhulumeli bamalungelo wabantu. Umbiko wezi-2020 we-BBC wethula izibalo zobugebengu eMehiko: imindeni eyizigidi eziyi-10.7 ezazingenani isigameko esisodwa sokuhlushwa ubugebengu. Kusukela uNhlaba wezi-2022, abantu abayizi-100,000 babhalisiwe ngokomthetho ukuthi balahlekile. Amaqembu wezidakamiswa ayingqinamba enkulu ezweni, ngokuhluma kwamaqembu amancane ma ezinkulu zibhidlika, kanye nekusetshenziswa okudlondlobalayo kwezingudla namaqhinga okwamabutho ahlomile.

Impi yaseMehiko yesidakamiswa (eqhubeka kusukela izi-2006) yebulale abayizi-120,000 yalahlekelisa abayizi-37,000. Isikhungo sikaZwelonke zoMchazamhlaba neziBalomniningo siqagele ukuthi kusukela izi-2014 ihlanu elilodwa labaseMehiko lihluishwe ubugebengu nganhlobo lunye. Ukuthunjwa kwenqwaba kwabafundi abangama-43 e-Iguala ngo mhla 26 kaMandulo 2014 uqhumise ukubhikisha ezweni lonke mayelana impendulo entenge yohulumende mayelana ukuthunjwa nenkohlakalo ebanzi ehlinzeke izinhlangano zobugebengu ikhono ebanzi okuzenzela ezweni. Inanim elindlula ikhulu lezintatheli nabasebenzi bezindaba libulewe noma luthunjiwe kusukela izi-2000, futhi iningi lalezigameko asikakasombululwa, aziphenywangwa ngokufanele futhi inani elincane labenzibubi iboshiwe futhi igwetshiwe. NgoNcwaba 2025, kwakuzabalazwa iMehiko yonke ukubhikishela labobantu abayizi-130,000 abathunjiwe kusukela izi-2007.

Ezomnotho

Kusukela uMbasa 2026, iMehiko ikwelesishumi nantathu ngobukhulu bomkhiqizo komnotho kwasekhaya okuphelele ngokokuqhathanisa amandla okuthenga (amaDola aseMelika ayizigidintathu ezi-3.5) kanye ne-nhlukaniso okwenhloko wama-US$26,643. iBhange yoMhlabawonke ubike ngezi-2026 ukuthi umholo kazwelonke ophelele wawelesibili ngobuphezulu eMelika yesiLathini ngasemuva kweBrazil ngamaDola aseMelika ayizigidintathu ezi.1.8. iMehiko inemboni yezombani eyesithupha ngasemuva kweShayina, iMelika, iJapani, iNingizimu Koriya kanye neThayiwani. iMehiko ingumthengisi wesibili wezombani kuMelika ngokuba idayise ezombani ezingamaDola aseMelika ayizigidigidi ezingama-71 ngezi-2011. Ukudayisela amzwe izingudla zombani kukhule ngama-73% ngaphakathi kwezi-2003 kufika kuzi-2012. Umkhakha okukhanda ogalela ubugugu (okuthi ezombani ziyingxenye) wequkathe i-18% lomkhiqizo wasekhaya womnotho ophelele.

iMehiko yekhiqiza inani lezithuthi ezizihambelayo endlula wonke amazwe aseNyakatho Melika. Imboni ikhiqiza izingxenye ezinkithinkithi ngobuchwepheshe futhi yengenelela ezokucwaninga nokuthuthukisa. IziKhulu eziNtathu (iGeneral Motors, iFord kanye neChrysler) zesebenza eMehiko kusukela ishumiminyaka yezi-1930 bese iVolkswagen kanye neNissan zakhe izikhungo zazo ngeshumiminyaka yezi-1960. ePuebla iyodwa abakhandi bezingxenye zemboni abangama-70 bezungeze iVolkswagen. Ngezi-2016, iKia ivule isikhungo sokukhiqiza esamaDola aseMelika ayizigidigidi ezinye eNuevo Leon bese i-Audi ivula isikhungo sokuhlanganisa ePuebla onyakeni owodwa. iBMW, Mercedes-Benz kanye neNissan zinezikhungo ezisakhiwa. Imboni yezimoto yasekhaya imelwe iDINA S.A., eyakhe amabhasi namatraga kusukele 1962. Futhi, inkampani entsha kaMastretta yakhe imoto yemidlalo enomkhonokwenza ophezulu eyi-Mastretta MXT. Ngezi-2006, uhwebo neMelika kanye neKanada uqukathe ama-50% wokudayiswa ngaphandle nama-45% wokuthengwayo ngaphandle.

Ezinqxenye zinthathu zokuqala zezi-2010, iMelika yayingaphansi okokuhweba neMehiko okwezigidigidi ezingama-46 zamaDola aseMelika. Umholo ubuya kwabafudukile abasebenza eMelika umkhulu, kangangokuthi nakuba wehlile ngenkathi yoMnciphamnotho oMkhulu wezi-2008 kanye nobhubhano ka-COVID-19 ngezi-2021, umholo obuya kwabafuduki uhamba phambili kwezinhlobo zomholo zangaphandle.

Nakuba izinhlangano zamazwe zibiza iMehiko izwe elingaphezulu kwesigaba sangaphakathi somholo samazwe, uMkhandlu waseMehiko wokuHlonga uMnqubomgomo weNtuthuko yeNhlalo ubika ukuthi inani elikhulu labantu baseMehiko limpofu. Kusukela izi-2008 kufika kwizi-2010, inani labampofu lisuke kwama-44.5% kufika kuma-46.2% (kusuka kubantu abayizigidi ezingama-48.8 kufika kwizigidi ezingama-52). Nakuba kunjalo. i-INEGI ibike ngezi-2025 ukuthi ubuhlwempu behlile ngaphakathi kwezi-2018 kufika kuzi-2024 nge-12.3% (41.9% ku 29.6% noma izigidi ezingama-51.9 kufika kwizigidi ezingama-38.5), futhi ubumpofu ubukhulu behlile kwisi-7% kwesi-5.3% kodwa inani labo aswele ukutholaka kokunakakwelwa okwempilonhle lidlondlobalile kusuka kwi-16.2% kufika kwama-34.2% kepha kukhona abongcweti abethe bayangabaza lezibalomniningo. Ngomugqa ewobumpofu we-OECD (okuchazwa njengekhulu lenani labantu eliphila ngaphansi kwama-60% wemvama yomholo kazwelonke) ama-20% wenani labantu aphila ebumpofini ngezi-2019.

Emazweni we-OECD, iMehiko ikwelesibili ngobuphezulu bokungalingani ngaphakathi kwabacebile nalabo abampofu (emuva kweTshile) kepha isemazweni ambalwa lapho lelonani lehla. Ishumi ekhulwini elisenhla ohlakweni wezizinga zomholo zidla i-1.4% wezinsiza zezwe kepha ishumu ekhulwini elingaphezulu lidla ama-36%. I-OECD iyabika ukuthi izindleko esabelomalini ezihloselwe ukuphungula ubumpofu kanye nentuthuko yenhlalo buyintathu okuyimvama ye-OECD. Lokhu kungabonwa ekushosheni kwezinsana okuphindwe kathathu kwimvama ye-OECD kepha ukhonokufuna kuwelemvama. Ngosabelo sezi-2008, umholo ovamile ezindaweni ezakhiwe zaseMehiko uyizi-26000 USD kodwa ezindaweni zolimo ziyizi-8000 USD. Umholo wosuku lwezinga lasenhla elivumelekile ungama-315 wamaPeso aseMehiko (17.2 USD) oqhathaniseka neCosta Rica, iTshile kanye ne-Uruguay.