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Mali
[Flag of France]
6 Sep 1880 - 24 Nov 1958
[Sudanese Republic Flag 1958-1959 (Mali)]
24 Nov 1958 - 4 Apr 1959
[Mali Federation 1959-1961 flag]
4 Apr 1959 - 1 Mar 1961
[Mali flag]
Adopted 1 Mar 1961
Map of Mali
 Hear National Anthem
"Le Mali" (Mali)
Adopted 9 Aug 1962
Former National Anthem
"Un Hymn du Mali"
 (A Song of Mali)
Jun 1960-1962
Constitution
(22 Jul 2023)
-------------------------------
Transitional Charter
(1 Oct 2020 - 11 Jul 2023)
-------------------------------
Constitution
(12 Jan 1992 - 1 Oct 2020;
suspended 22 Mar-1 Apr 2012)
Capital: Bamako
(Kay�s 1880-1908)
(Mali Fed.: Dakar 4 Apr 1959-
20 Aug 1960; Bamako
20 Aug - 22 Sep 1960)
 Currency: Communaut�
Financi�re Africaine
Franc (XOF); 1962-1984
Mali Franc (MLF)
National Holiday: 22 Sep (1960)
F�te de l'ind�pendance (Independence Day)
 Population: 21,990,607 (2024)
GDP: $71.3 billion (2024)
Exports: $6.13 billion (2023)
Imports: $8.06 billion (2023)
 Ethnic groups: Bambara 33.3%, Fulani (Peuhl) 13.3%,
Sarakole/Soninke/Marka 9.8%, Senufo/Manianka 9.6%,
Malinke 8.8%, Dogon 8.7%, Sonrai 5.9%, Bobo 2.1%,
Tuareg/Bella 1.7%, other Malian 6%, from members of
ECOWAS 0.4%, other 0.3% (2018)
Total Active Armed Forces: 21,000 (2024)
Russian Forces: 1,000 (Jul. 2024)
Merchant marine: None (2023) 		Religions: Muslim 93.9%, Christian 2.8%, animist 0.7%,
none 2.5% (2018)
International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, AES, AfCFTA, AfDB, APM, AU (suspended), BCEAO, BTWC, CCM, CD, CEN-SAD, CTBT, CWC, EITI, ESCR, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt (withdrawing), ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISESCO, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT (signatory), OIC, OPCW, OST, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
Mali Index
Chronology

1855                       Fort de M�dine founded by governor of French Senegal
  6 Sep 1880                French territory of Upper Senegal (Haut-S�n�gal)
                             created (subordinated to French West Africa
                              [see Senegal]).
18 Aug 1890                Renamed territory of French Sudan (Soudan Fran�ais)
27 Aug 1892                Made a separate colony.
 16 Jun 1895                Part of French West Africa (see Senegal).
17 Oct 1899                French Sudan broken up; part becomes territory
                             of Upper Senegal and Middle Niger (Haut-S�n�gal
                              et Moyen-Niger).
10 Oct 1902                Becomes colony of Senegambia and Niger (S�n�gambie
                             et le Niger)(subject to Senegal).
18 Oct 1904                Renamed Upper Senegal and Niger (Haut-S�n�gal-
                             Niger).
 4 Dec 1920                Renamed French Sudan (Soudan Fran�ais).
16 Jun 1940 - 23 Nov 1942  Administration loyal to Vichy France (from 23 Nov
                              1942 [under Darlan to 24 Dec 1942], Free French).
27 Oct 1946                French Sudan overseas territory of France.
24 Nov 1958                Autonomy (Sudanese Republic [R�publique Soudanaise])
24 Nov 1958 - 17 Apr 1959  Member state of the Communaut� (French Community).
21 Jan 1959                Constitution of the Mali Federation is ratified by
                              the Sudanese Republic.
 22 Jan 1959                Constitution of the Mali Federation is ratified by
                              Senegal.
30 Jan 1959                Constitution of the Mali Federation is ratified by
                               Upper Volta (then de facto voided 19 Mar 1959).
  4 Apr 1959                Federal government is organized, session of the
                              Federal Legislative Assembly, Dakar.
  4 Apr 1959 - 22 Sep 1960  Part of the Mali Federation (F�d�ration du Mali)
                              (with Senegal).
 17 Apr 1959 - 20 Jun 1960  Mali Federation acquired the status of a member
                              state of the Communaut�.
20 Jun 1960                Mali Federation acceded to independence by
                              agreement with the Communaut�.
 26 Aug 1960                Senegal withdraws from the Mali Federation.
22 Sep 1960                Mali is proclaimed a sovereign state as Republic of
                              Mali (R�publique du Mali).
 1 Jul 1961 - May 1963     Part of the Union of African States (Union des �tats
                             africains) a loose federation of Ghana, Guinea,
                             and Mali.
  1 Apr 2012 - 12 Jul 2012  Tuareg secessionists occupy Kidal, Gao, Timbuktu
                              on 6 Apr 2012 declare the independence of Azawad.
27 Jun 2012 - 26 Jan 2013  Islamist rebels occupy Kidal, Gao, Timbuktu.
 1 Jul 2023 - 31 Dec 2023  UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization
                             Mission in Mali (Mission multidimensionnelle
                             int�gr�e des Nations Unies pour la stabilisation
                             au Mali)(MINUSMA) deployed.
22 Jul 2023                Bamanankan, Bomu, Bozo, Dogon, Fulfulde, Hassaniya
                             Arabic, Mamara, Maninkakan, Soninke, Songhay,
                             Syenara, Tamasheq, Xaasongaxango are confirmed as
                             national languages with French a working language.

Traditional
states
Azawad
(2012)
MINUSMA
(2013-2023)
Historical Maps
of Mali
 
 
 
 
 
 

Commandant
 27 Feb 1880 - 29 Jul 1880  Charles �mile Boil�ve (1st time)   (b. 1837 - d. 1899)
Commandants-sup�rieur
 6 Sep 1880 -  3 Sep 1883  Gustave Borgnis-Desbordes          (b. 1839 - d. 1900)
 3 Sep 1883 - 18 Jun 1884  Charles �mile Boil�ve (2nd time)   (s.a.)
18 Jun 1884 - Sep 1885     Antoine Vincent Auguste Combes     (b. 1849 - d. 1913)
                             (acting to 4 Sep 1884)
Sep 1885 - Aug 1886        Henri Nicolas Frey                 (b. 1847 - d. 1932)
Aug 1886 - 10 Sep 1888     Joseph Simon Gallieni              (b. 1849 - d. 1916)
10 Sep 1888 - 1891         Louis Archinard (1st time)         (b. 1850 - d. 1932)
1891 - 27 Aug 1892         Pierre Marie Gustave Humbert       (b. 1849 - d. 1921)
27 Aug 1892 -  2 Aug 1893  Louis Archinard (2nd time)         (s.a.)
 2 Aug 1893 - 26 Dec 1893  Fran�ois Xavier Louis Henri        (b. 1857 - d. 1944)
                             Ga�tan Bonnier (acting)
 Governor
 26 Dec 1893 - 16 Jun 1895  Louis Alphonse Grodet              (b. 1853 - d. 1933)
Lieutenant governors
16 Jun 1895 - 17 Oct 1899  Louis Edgard de Trentinian         (b. 1851 - d. 1942)
 1 Jan 1898 - 19 Nov 1899  Marie Michel Alexandre Ren�        (b. 1854 - d. 1909)
                             Aud�oud (acting for Trentinian)
Delegate of the Governor-general
17 Oct 1899 - 20 Oct 1904  William Merlaud-Ponty              (b. 1866 - d. 1915)
Lieutenant governors
20 Oct 1904 - 18 Feb 1908  William Merlaud-Ponty              (s.a.)
 1 Sep 1906 -  1 Jan 1907  Jean Jules �mile Peuvergne         (b. 1849 - d. 1916)
                              (acting for Merlaud-Ponty)
 28 Aug 1907 - 12 Jan 1908  Jean Jules �mile Peuvergne         (s.a.)
                              (acting for Merlaud-Ponty)
 18 Feb 1908 - 16 Jun 1915  Marie Fran�ois Joseph Clozel       (b. 1860 - d. 1918)
17 Dec 1909 - 17 Aug 1910  Henri Alphonse Joseph Lejeune      (b. 1866 - d. 19..)
                             (acting for Clozel)
 13 Jan 1912 - Aug 1912     Philippe Marius Henry              (b. 1865 - d. 1915)
                             (acting for Clozel)
12 Dec 1912 - Aug 1913     Philippe Marius Henry              (s.a.)
                             (acting for Clozel)
16 Jun 1915 - 26 Jun 1915  Philippe Marius Henry (acting)     (s.a.)
  1 Jul 1915 - 28 Jul 1916  Louis Thiebaut Fran�ois Vincent    (b. 1860 - d. 1926)
                             Digue (acting)
28 Jul 1916 - 20 Apr 1917  Rapha�l Valentin Antonetti (acting)(b. 1872 - d. 1938)
20 Apr 1917 - 21 May 1917  Albert Nebout (acting)             (b. 1862 - d. 1939)
21 May 1917 - 20 Feb 1918  Louis Eug�ne Periquet (acting)     (b. 1874 - d. 1929)
20 Feb 1918 - 16 May 1919  Auguste Brunet                     (b. 1878 - d. 1957)
16 May 1919 - 20 Aug 1921  Marcel Achille Olivier             (b. 1879 - d. 1945)
10 Aug 1920 - Jan 1920     Camille Th�odore Daniel Maillet    (b. 1879 - d. 1954)
                             (acting for Olivier)
 20 Aug 1921 - 31 Dec 1930  Jean Henri Terrasson de Foug�res   (b. 1881 - d. 1930)
                             (acting to 26 Feb 1924)
23 Apr 1924 - May 1924     Jean Joseph Henri Carreau          (b. 1865 - d. 1926)
                             (acting for Terrasson)
May 1924 - Feb 1925        Alb�ric Auguste Fournier           (b. 1878 - d. 19..)
                             (acting for Terrasson)
Apr 1926 - Nov 1926        Gabriel Omar Descemet              (b. 1879 - d. 1961)
                              (acting for Terrasson)
 22 Jun 1928 - 28 Jan 1929  Gabriel Omar Descemet              (s.a.)
                              (acting for Terrasson)
 31 Dec 1930 -  4 Apr 1931  Joseph Urbain Court (acting)       (b. 1881 - d. 1948)
 4 Apr 1931 - 21 May 1931  Gabriel Omar Descemet (acting)     (s.a.)
21 May 1931 - 19 Feb 1935  Louis Jacques Eug�ne Fousset       (b. 1882 - d. 1949)
31 Mar 1933 - 22 May 1933  Ren� Victor Eug�ne Desjardins      (b. 1879 - d. 1936)
                             (acting for Fousset)
22 May 1933 - 30 Nov 1933  L�on Solomiac                      (b. 1873 - d. 1960) 
                             (acting for Fousset)
19 Feb 1935 - 20 Nov 1935  F�lix Sylvestre Adolphe �bou�      (b. 1884 - d. 1944)
                             (acting)
20 Nov 1935 -  9 Nov 1936  Matt�o Mathieu Maurice Alfassa     (b. 1876 - d. 1942)
 9 Nov 1936 - 28 Mar 1938  Ferdinand Jacques Louis Rougier    (b. 1880 - d. 1940)
                              (acting to 4 Dec 1936)
28 Mar 1938 - 22 Dec 1940  Jean Desanti                       (b. 1899 - d. 1944)
                             (acting to 15 Nov 1940)
22 Dec 1940 - 17 Apr 1942  Jean Alexandre L�on Rapenne        (b. 1901 - d. 1952)
                             (acting)
17 Apr 1942 -  5 Apr 1946  Auguste Marie L�on Calvel          (b. 1892 - d. 1981)
                             (acting to 29 Dec 1942)
Governors, Chefs de territoire
15 May 1946 - Apr 1952     �dmond Jean Louveau                (b. 1895 - d. 1973)
23 Feb 1949 - Feb 1950     Lucien Eug�ne Geay                 (b. 1900 - d. 1976)
                             (acting for Louveau)
Apr 1952 - 10 Jul 1952     Camille Victor Bailly              (b. 1907 - d. 1984)
10 Jul 1952 - 23 Feb 1953  Salvador Jean Etch�ber (acting)    (b. 1901 - d. 1967)
 23 Feb 1953 -  2 Dec 1953  Albert Jean Mouragues              (b. 1908 - d. 1976)
 2 Dec 1953 -  3 Nov 1956  Lucien Eug�ne Geay                 (s.a.)
                             (acting to 10 Feb 1954)
 3 Nov 1956 - 24 Nov 1958  Henri Victor Gipoulon              (b. 1913 - d. 1989)
High Commissioners
24 Nov 1958 - 12 Feb 1959  Henri Victor Gipoulon              (s.a.)
12 Feb 1959 - 20 Jun 1960  Jean Charles Sicurani              (b. 1915 - d. 1977)
President of the Government Council (Prime minister)
15 Apr 1959 - 22 Sep 1960  Modibo Ke�ta                       (b. 1915 - d. 1977)  US-RDA
                            (= Mamadou dit Modibo Ke�ta)
                            (also president of the Government of the
                             Mali Federation 4 Apr 1959 - 22 Sep 1960)
President of the Provisional Government
22 Sep 1960 - 20 Jan 1961  Modibo Ke�ta                       (s.a.)               US-RDA
 President of the Government
 20 Jan 1961 - 19 Nov 1968  Modibo Ke�ta                       (s.a.)               US-RDA
President of the Military Committee of National Liberation, Chief of State
 19 Nov 1968 - 30 Jun 1979  Moussa Traor�                      (b. 1936 - d. 2020)  Mil
President
 30 Jun 1979 - 26 Mar 1991  Moussa Traor�                      (s.a.)             Mil;1976 UDPM
 President of the National Reconciliation Council
26 Mar 1991 - 31 Mar 1991  Amadou Toumani Tour�               (b. 1948 - d. 2020)  Mil
President of the Transitional Committee for the Salvation of the People
31 Mar 1991 -  8 Jun 1992  Amadou Toumani Tour�               (s.a.)               Mil
Presidents
  8 Jun 1992 -  8 Jun 2002  Alpha Oumar Konar�                 (b. 1946)            ADEMA
 8 Jun 2002 - 22 Mar 2012  Amadou Toumani Tour�               (s.a.)               Non-party
President of the National Committee for the Recovery of Democracy
and the Restoration of the State
22 Mar 2012 - 12 Apr 2012  Amadou Haya Sanogo                 (b. 1972)            Mil
 Presidents
 12 Apr 2012 -  4 Sep 2013  Dioncounda Traor� (interim)        (b. 1942)            ADEMA
  4 Sep 2013 - 18 Aug 2020  Ibrahim Boubacar Ke�ta             (b. 1945 - d. 2022)  RPM
President of the National Committee for the Salvation of the People
18 Aug 2020 - 19 Aug 2020  National Committee
                           - Modibo Kon�                      (b. 1977)            Mil
                           - Assimi Go�ta                     (b. 1983)            Mil
                           - Malick Diaw                      (b. 1979)            Mil
                           - Sadio Camara                     (b. 1979)            Mil
                           - Isma�l Wagu�                     (b. 1975)            Mil
19 Aug 2020 - 25 Sep 2020  Assimi Go�ta                       (s.a.)               Mil
Presidents of the Transition
25 Sep 2020 - 26 May 2021  Bah N'Daw                          (b. 1950)            Non-party
                             (prevented from exercising functions from 24 May 2021)
24 May 2021 -              Assimi Go�ta                       (s.a.)               Mil
                             (acting to 28 May 2021)
   

Vice President of the Government Council
22 May 1957 - 24 Jul 1958  Jean-Marie Kon�                    (b. 1913 - d. 1988)  US-RDA
President of the Government Council
24 Jul 1958 - 24 Nov 1958  Jean-Marie Kon�                    (s.a.)               US-RDA
President of the Provisional Government Council
 24 Nov 1958 - 15 Apr 1959  Modibo Ke�ta                       (s.a.)               US-RDA
                            (= Mamadou dit Modibo Ke�ta)
President of the Government Council
15 Apr 1959 - 22 Sep 1960  Modibo Ke�ta                       (s.a.)               US-RDA
Presidents of the Government (Prime ministers)
 22 Sep 1960 - 19 Nov 1968  Modibo Ke�ta                       (s.a.)               US-RDA
                             (provisional to 20 Jan 1961)
19 Nov 1968 - 18 Sep 1969  Yoro Diakit� (provisional)         (b. 1932 - d. 1973)  Mil
18 Sep 1969 -  6 Jun 1986  Post abolished
Prime ministers
 6 Jun 1986 -  6 Jun 1988  Mamadou Demb�l�                    (b. 1936 - d. 2016)  UDPM
 6 Jun 1988 -  2 Apr 1991  Post abolished
 2 Apr 1991 -  9 Jun 1992  Soumana Sacko (interim)            (b. 1950 - d. 2025)  Non-party
 9 Jun 1992 - 12 Apr 1993  Younoussi Tour�                    (b. 1941 - d. 2022)  ADEMA
 12 Apr 1993 -  4 Feb 1994  Abdoulaye S�kou Sow                (b. 1931 - d. 2013)  ADEMA
  4 Feb 1994 - 15 Feb 2000  Ibrahim Boubacar Ke�ta             (s.a.)               ADEMA
15 Feb 2000 - 18 Mar 2002  Mand� Sidib�                       (b. 1940 - d. 2009)  ADEMA
18 Mar 2002 -  9 Jun 2002  Modibo Ke�ta (1st time)            (b. 1942 - d. 2021)  ADEMA
  9 Jun 2002 - 30 Apr 2004  Ahmed Mohamed Ag Hamani            (b. 1942)            Non-party
30 Apr 2004 - 28 Sep 2007  Ousmane Issoufi Ma�ga              (b. 1946)            Non-party
 28 Sep 2007 -  3 Apr 2011  Modibo Sidib�                      (b. 1952)            Non-party
  3 Apr 2011 - 22 Mar 2012  Ciss� Mariam Ka�dama Sidib� (f)    (b. 1948 - d. 2021)  Non-party
 22 Mar 2012 - 17 Apr 2012  Vacant
 17 Apr 2012 - 11 Dec 2012  Cheick Modibo Diarra (interim)     (b. 1952)            RPDM
 11 Dec 2012 -  5 Sep 2013  Diango Cissoko (interim)           (b. 1948 - d. 2022)  Non-party
  5 Sep 2013 -  9 Apr 2014  Oumar Tatam Ly                     (b. 1963)            Non-party
 9 Apr 2014 -  9 Jan 2015  Moussa Mara                        (b. 1975)            YP
 9 Jan 2015 - 10 Apr 2017  Modibo Ke�ta (2nd time)            (s.a.)               ADEMA
10 Apr 2017 - 30 Dec 2017  Abdoulaye Idrissa Ma�ga            (b. 1958)            RPM
30 Dec 2017 - 23 Apr 2019  Soumeylou Boub�ye Ma�ga            (b. 1954 - d. 2022)  ASMA
23 Apr 2019 - 18 Aug 2020  Boubou Ciss�                       (b. 1974)            Non-party
18 Aug 2020 - 28 Sep 2020  Vacant
28 Sep 2020 - 26 May 2021  Moctar Ouane (interim)             (b. 1955)            Non-party
                             (prevented from exercising functions from 24 May 2021)
26 May 2021 -  7 Jun 2021  Vacant
 7 Jun 2021 - 22 Nov 2024  Choguel Kokalla Ma�ga (interim)    (b. 1958)            MPR
21 Aug 2022 -  5 Dec 2022  Abdoulaye Ma�ga                    (b. 1981)            Mil
                             (acting for Choguel Ma�ga)
22 Nov 2024 -              Abdoulaye Ma�ga                    (s.a.)               Mil

Territorial Disputes: Border demarcation is underway with Burkina Faso; Mauritania-Mali there are no border disputes, but the border has not been demarcated, talks on demarcation were reportedly being held in Feb 2022.

Party abbreviations (parties suspended from 10 Apr 2024 and banned from 13 May 2025): ADEMA = Alliance pour la D�mocratie au Mali - Parti Africain pour la Solidarit� et la Justice (Alliance for Democracy in Mali - African Party for Solidarity and Justice, pro-democratic, social democratic, est.25 Oct 1990); ASMA = Alliance pour la Solidarit� au Mali � Convergence des Forces Patriotiques (Alliance for Solidarity in Mali�Convergence of Patriotic Forces, est.10 Jun 2013); MPR = Mouvement Patriotique pour le Renouveau (Patriotic Movement for Renewal, Moussa Traor� personalist, former UDPM, est.1995); RPDM = Rasemblement pour le D�veloppement du Mali (Rally for the Development of Mali, est.2011); RPM = Rassemblement pour le Mali (Rally for Mali, socialist, est.Feb 2001); YP = Y�l�ma (Change, reformist, est.9 Jan 2010); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: UDPM = Union D�mocratique du Peuple Malien (Democratic Union of the Malian People, democratic centralist, Moussa Traor� personalist, 1979-1990 only legal party, 1975-1991); US-RDA = Union Soudanaise-Rassemblement D�mocratique Africain (Sudanese Union-African Democratic Rally, socialist, 1965-1968 sole party, 1946-1968)


Azawad

[flag of National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad -MNLA, 2012-2013 (Mali)]
6 Apr 2012 - 14 Feb 2013

Map of Azawad
Capital: Gao (interim)
(6 Apr - 26 Jun 2012)
Population: 1,239,449
(2012 est.)

17 Jan 2012                National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA) rebels
                             occupy M�naka in northern Mali.
30 Mar 2012                MNLA rebels occupy Kidal and Ansongo, Gao on 31 Mar 2012, Timbuktu
                             on 1 Apr 2012 and parts of the Mopti region in northern Mali.
  6 Apr 2012                Independence declared by MNLA as Independent State of Azawad
                             (not recognized).
 26 Jun 2012                Islamist Unity Movement for Jihad in West Africa (MUJAO) forces
                              the MNLA from Gao.
 26 Jun 2012                Islamist Ansar Dine seizes Gao (26 Jun 2012), Kidal (25 Jun 2012),
                             and Timbuktu (27 Jun 2012) from the MNLA.
12 Jul 2012                Ansar Dine drives the MNLA from Ansogo.
 19 Nov 2012                MUJAO occupies M�naka.
14 Feb 2013                MNLA renounces their claim of independence for Azawad and asks
                             the Malian government to start negotiations on its future status.
26 Jan 2013                Mali and French forces retake Gao and Timbuktu on 28 Jan 2013
                             and Ansogo on 29 Jan 2013.
28 Jan 2013                French and Malian forces re-occupy Timbuktu, and MNLA re-occupies
                             Kidal.
29 Jan 2013                Nigerien soldiers occupy Ansongo and Chadian troops, M�naka. Chad
                             forces withdraw 14 Apr 2013.
 1 Jul 2013                United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in
                             Mali (MINUSMA) peacekeeping force deployed.
21 May 2014                MNLA and Tuareg rebels re-occupy Kidal (then take M�naka, Aguelhok,
                             And�ramboukane, and Ansongo by 24 May 2014).
20 Jun 2015                Algiers Accord signed by the Coordination of Azawad Movements
                             (CMA), in which the government of Mali concedes that Azawad is "a
                             human, socio-cultural, memorial and symbolic reality shared by
                             different populations of the north."
28 Feb 2017                Mali restores interim authorities to Kidal and on 2 Mar 2017, Gao.
20 Apr 2017                Mali restores interim authorities to Timbuktu and M�naka.
13 Feb 2020                Mali government forces returned to Kidal.
2022                       The MNLA, the Arab Movement of Azawad (Mouvement arabe de l'Azawad)
                             (MAA), and the High Council for the Unity of Azawad (Haut Conseil
                             pour l'Unit� de l'Azawad)(HCUA)(all members of the CMA) suspend
                             their participation in the decision-making bodies of the Algiers
                             Accord, accusing the Malian state of backing out of the agreement.
10 Apr 2023                The Islamist Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (IS-GS) captures
                             Tidermene. After the fall of Tidermene, almost every cercle in
                             M�naka region came under ISGS control, except the city of M�naka
31 Dec 2023                UN MINUSMA peacekeeping force is withdrawn at the request of Mali. 
25 Jan 2024                Military rulers of Mali declare the Algiers Accord with the CMA
                             rebel movement ended effective immediately.
26 Apr 2026                Azawad Liberation Front (FLA) forces occupy Kidal and on 1 May 2026
                             Tessalit.
 
Chairman of the Transitional Executive Council of the State of Azawad
 6 Apr 2012 - 14 Feb 2013  Bilal Ag Acherif                   (b. 1977)            MNLA
                             (secretary-general of the MNLA to Nov 2024)

Special Representatives of the Secretary-general and Heads of the United
Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali (MINUSMA)
25 Apr 2013 - 14 Oct 2014  Albert "Bert" Gerard Koenders      (b. 1958)
                             (Netherlands)
14 Oct 2014 - 19 Jan 2015  David Gressly (U.S.)(acting)       (b. 1956)
19 Jan 2015 - 14 Jan 2016  Mongi Hamdi (Tunisia)              (b. 1959)
14 Jan 2016 - 15 Apr 2021  Mahamat Saleh Annadif Khatir (Chad)(b. 1956)
 5 May 2021 - 31 Dec 2023  El-Ghassim Wane (Mauritania)       (b. 1959)

Force Commanders of United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization
Mission in Mali (MINUSMA)
 1 Jul 2013 - 14 Dec 2014  Jean Bosco Kazura (Rwanda)         (b. 1963)
14 Dec 2014 -  1 Apr 2015  Oumar Bikimo (Chad)(interim)       (b. 1960)
 1 Apr 2015 - 31 Dec 2016  Michael Anaker Lollesgaard         (b. 1960)
                             (Denmark)
31 Dec 2016 - 11 Apr 2017  Amadou Kane (Senegal)(interim)     (b. 1954)
11 Apr 2017 -  2 Oct 2018  Jean-Paul Deconinck (Belgium)      (b. 1959)
 2 Oct 2018 - 14 Jan 2022  Tage Dennis Gyllensporre (Sweden)  (b. 1964)
14 Jan 2022 -  9 Jan 2023  Cornelis Johannes "Kees"           (b. 1960)
                             Matthijssen (The Netherlands)
 9 Jan 2023 - 31 Dec 2023  Mamadou Gaye (Senegal)(interim)    (b. 1962)

Party abbreviations: CMA = Coordination des Mouvements de l'Azawad (Coordination of the Movements of Azawad, Tuareg-dominated coalition of MNLA, Haut Conseil pour l'Unit� de l'Azawad [High Council for the Unity of Azawad], Mouvement Arabe de l'Azawad [Arab Movement of Azawad] and Coalition du Peuple pour l'Azawad [Coalition for the People of Azawad], est.2014); MNLA = Mouvement National pour la Lib�ration de l'Azawad (National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad, Tuareg separatist, merger of MNA [Mouvement National de l'Azawad] and MTNM [Mouvement Touareg du Nord-Mali] est.Oct 2011)





� Ben Cahoon