Timor-Leste (East Timor)
 

to 28 Nov 1975   1967 Proposed Colonial Flag   9 Apr 1961 - Apr 1961 (in rebellion)   28 Nov 1975 - 7 Dec 1975 7 Dec 1975 - 19 Oct 1999   to 19 Oct 1999 Timor Timur Province Flag   25 Oct 1999 - 19 May 2002 25 Oct 1999 - 19 May 2002 Unofficial Adopted 20 May 2002 Map of East Timor Hear National Anthem  "P�tria" (Fatherland) Text of National Anthem  28 Nov - 7  Dec 1975, Re-adopted 20 May 2002 Constitution (22 Mar 2002) Capital: D�li (Lifau 1653-10 Oct 1769; Cup�o 1646-1653; Larantuca 1613-1646; Solor 1571-1613) Currency: US Dollar (USD); 1975-1999 Indonesia Rupee  (IDR); 1959-1975 Timor Escudo (TPE); 1895-1959  Timor Pataca (TPP) National Holidays: 20 May (2002) Restaura��o do Dia da Independ�ncia (Restoration of Independence Day) ----------------------------------- 28 Nov (1975) Proclama��o do Dia da Independ�ncia (Proclamation of Independence Day) Population: 1,506,909 (2024) GDP: $5.86 billion (2024) Exports: $278 million (2024) Imports: $1.19 billion (2024) Ethnic groups: Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) (includes Tetun, Mambai, Tokodede, Galoli, Kemak, Baikeno); Melanesian-Papuan (includes Bunak, Fataluku, Bakasai); small Chinese minority Total Armed Forces: 2,250 (2025) Merchant marine: 1 ship (2023) Religions: Roman Catholic 97.6%, Protestant/Evangelical 2%,  Muslim 0.2%, other 0.2% (2015) International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, ADB, AIIB, AOSIS, APA, APM, ARF, ASEAN, BTWC, CPLP, CTBT, CWC, EITI, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA (signatory), ISA, ITU, ITUC, LU, MIGA, MSG (observer), NAM, NPT, OPCW, PCA, PIDF, PIF (special observer), UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO East Timor Chronology c.1511                     Arrival of the first Portuguese traders. 25 Jan 1522                Timor visited by ships of Portuguese Capt. Fern�o                              de Magalh�es (Fernando de Magallanes)(b. 1480 -                              d. 1522) fleet sailing for Spain. 1556                       Dominican friars establish the first Portuguese                              settlement at Lifao (Lifau). 1571                       Portuguese settlement on Solor Island. 18 Apr 1613 - 1615         Solor Island occupied by the Dutch. 1618 - 1629                Solor occupied by the Dutch. 1636                       Solor annexed by the Dutch. 1642                       Portuguese conquer the Waiwiku-Wehali kingdom. Apr 1652                   Dutch seize Cup�o (Kupang) which is renamed                              Fort Concordia.  6 Aug 1661                Portugal and Netherlands agree to divide Timor                              between them, into Dutch West Timor (part of                               Dutch East Indies and later Indonesia) and                              Portuguese East Timor. 1665                       Islands of Timor, Solor, Flores and other Lesser                              Eastern Sundas Islands, and its Dependencies                        (Ilhas de Timor, Solor, Flores e outras Sondas                         Menores ou Orientais, e suas depend�ncias). 1665 - 1844                Portuguese possessions subordinated to Portuguese                              India (see Goa). 1695                       Islands of Timor, Solor, Flores & its Dependencies                             (Ilhas de Timor, Solor, Flores e suas depend�ncias) 10 Jun 1797 - 11 Jun 1797  British occupy Kupang, Dutch Timor (but not                              Portuguese Timor). 11 Jan 1812 -  7 Oct 1816  British occupy Dutch Timor (but not Portuguese                              Timor). 20 Sep 1844 - 30 Oct 1850  Macau and Timor and Solor and its dependencies                              (Macao e Timor e Solor como suas depend�ncias),                              separated from Goa as a separate province. 30 Oct 1850 - 15 Sep 1851  Timor a separate province (Prov�ncia de Timor). 15 Sep 1851 - 25 Sep 1856  Timor a dependency of Macau. 25 Sep 1856 - 17 Sep 1863  Timor a dependency of Portuguese India (see Goa). 20 Apr 1859                Netherlands and Portugal agree on border                               delimitation. Portugal cedes claims to islands                              of Flores, Solor, Pantar and Alor and it                              recognizes Dutch claim to Maucatar enclave (to                              Portugal in 1904); Dutch cede Maubara to Portugal                              and recognizes Portuguese claims to enclaves                              of Oecussi-Ambeno (and Noimuti to Dutch in 1904). 17 Sep 1863 - 26 Nov 1866  Timor a separate province (Prov�ncia de Timor). 26 Nov 1866 - 15 Oct 1896  Timor a dependency of Macau.  1895 - 1912                Revolt led by Dom Boaventura ruler of Manufai. 15 Oct 1896                Timor a separate autonomous district (distrito                              autonomo de Timor).  1 Oct 1904                Hague boundary convention concluded, Portugal to                              receive the Dutch enclave of Maucatar, in exchange                              for the Portuguese enclave of Noimuti, and the                              disputed territories in the east of Oe-Cusse                              Ambeno were granted to the Dutch.  9 Dec 1909                Timor province (Prov�ncia de Timor). 25 Jun 1914                Final international arbitration of the enclave and                              boundary disputes.  17 Mar 1927                Province of Timor (Prov�ncia de Timor). 17 Dec 1941 - 20 Feb 1942  Occupied by Allied (Australian and Dutch) forces. 20 Feb 1942 - 11 Sep 1945  Occupied by Japan. 11 Jun 1951                Status changed to overseas province (Prov�ncia                              de Timor).  9 Apr 1961 - Apr 1961     United Republic of Timor proclaimed in Batugad,                              sponsored by Indonesia. 11 Aug 1975 - 24 Sep 1975  Armed internal conflict between UDT and FRETILIN. 28 Nov 1975                Unilateral declaration of independence by FRETILIN                              (Democratic Republic of East Timor).  7-29 Dec 1975             Occupied by Indonesia (taking Dili 7 Dec 1975,                              Atauro Island 8 Dec 1975, Oecussi Ambeno 12 Dec                              1975, and Aileu 29 Dec 1975)(from 17 Dec 1975,                              renamed Timor Timur [East Timor]). 17 Jul 1976                Annexed by Indonesia (Timor Timur province).                             (not recognized by Portugal; remained recognized                              by United Nations as Portuguese territory). 30 Aug 1999                Referendum rejects status as a Special Autonomous                              Region of East Timor (SARET) within Indonesia                              and votes for separation, 78.5% to 21.5%. 19 Oct 1999                Annexation rescinded by Indonesia. 25 Oct 1999 - 19 May 2002  International administration (from 28 Feb 2000,                              under United Nations administration; UN                               Transitional Admin. in East Timor [UNTAET]). 20 May 2002                Independence (Democratic Republic of East Timor)                              (Rep�blica Democr�tica de Timor-Leste in                              Portuguese and Rep�blika Demokr�tika Tim�r-Leste                              in Tetum).  6 Aug 2003                Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste (date of                              communication to the United Nations that                              Portuguese name is to be left untranslated). East Timor in rebellion (1975-2001) Historical Maps of Timor-Leste

Captains of Solor and Timor
1571 - 157.                Ayres de Saldanha                  (b. 1542 - d. 1605)
1575/1576                  Duarte da Costa
15.. - 1586                Ant�nio de S�
1586 � 1590                Ant�nio Viegas
1591                       Gaspar da Silva 
1595 � 1600                Ant�nio de Andria       
1601 � 1603                Jer�nimo Correia da Silva   
1604 - 1605                Sebasti�o Pinheiro de Abreu
1605                       Jo�o Andr� Feio
1611 � 1613                Manuel Alvares 
1617 - 1618                Agostinho Lobato de Abreu 
1618 - 1619                Ant�nio de S�
1619                       Gon�alo Proen�a
1629                       Nuno �lvares Botelho
1632                       Francisco Pereira da Cunha 
1632 � 1634                Est�cio Pereira 
1634 � 1642                Francisco Fernandes
1642 � 1645                Ant�nio Carneiro de Sequeira  
1646 � 1647                Jo�o Cala�a Tenreiro
1647 - 1649                Ant�nio de S�o Jacinto
                             (in Cup�o)
1649 - 1652                Francisco Carneiro de Sequeira  
                             (in Cup�o)
1652 - 1665                Sim�o Lu�s                         (d. 1665)
Captains-major of Solor and Timor
1665                       Sim�o Lu�s                         (s.a.) 
1666 - 1669                Ant�nio da Hornay (1st time)       (b. 1613 - d. 1693)
                             (acting)
1669 - 1670                Fern�o Martins da Ponte (acting)
1671 - 1673                Mateus da Costa (acting)           (d. 1673)
1673                       Manuel da Costa Vieira (acting)
1673 - 1693                Ant�nio da Hornay (2nd time)       (s.a.)
                             (acting)
1680                       Jo�o Antunes Portugal
                             (refused by locals)
1693 - 1694                Ant�nio de Madre de Deus (acting)
1694 - 1696                Francisco da Hornay
1696 - 1697                Ant�nio de Mesquita Pimentel
1697                       Andr� Coelho Vieira
                             (did not take office)
1697 - Jun 1698            Francisco Rebelo da Fonseca        (d. 1698)
                             (acting)
Jun 1698 - 1702            Domingos da Costa (acting)
Governors of Timor
20 Feb 1702 - 1704         Ant�nio Coelho Guerreiro           (b. c.1650 - d. 17..) 
1704 - 1705                Pascoal de Mesquita Pimentel
                             (acting)
1705                       Manuel de Santo Ant�nio (acting)   (b. 1660 - d. 1733)
1705 - 1706                Louren�o Lopes (interim) 
1706 - 1708                Manuel Guerreiro de Almeida (acting)
1708 - 1710                J�come de Morais Sarmento          (b. c.1675 - d. 17..)
1710 - 1714                Manuel de Souto-Maior (Sotto-Mayor)
1714 - 1715                Manuel Ferreira de Almeida
1715 - 1718                Domingos da Costa (interim)        (d. 1722)
1718 - 1719                Francisco de Melo e Castro
                             (abandoned post)
1719 - 1722                Frei Manuel de Santo Ant�nio
                             (acting)
1722 - 1725                Ant�nio de Albuquerque de Coelho   (b. 1682 - d. 1745)
1725 - 1729                Ant�nio Moniz de Macedo (1st time)
1729 - 1731                Pedro de Melo                      (d. 1738)
1731 - 1734                Pedro de Rego Barreto da Gama 
                             e Castro
1734 - 1737                Ant�nio Moniz de Macedo (2nd time)
1737 - 1739                Governing Junta  
                           - Jo�o Hornay                      (d. 1757)
                           - Frei Jacinto da Concei��o        (d. 1761/62)
                             (1st time)  
                           (acting)
1739 - 1741                Manuel Doutel de Figueiredo
                             Sarmento (1st time)
1741                       Manuel Leon�s de Castro            (b c.1680 - d. 17..)
1741 - 1742                Frei Geraldo de S�o Jos�
1742 - 1746                Francisco Xavier Doutel            (d. 1748)
1746 - 1750                Manuel Correia de Lacerda          (b. 1679 - d. 1751)
1750 - 1751                Governing Junta  
                           - Frei Jacinto da Concei��o        (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)  
                           - Jo�o Hornay                      (s.a.)
                           (acting)
1751 - 1756                Manuel Doutel de Figueiredo
                             Sarmento (2nd time)
1756 - 1759                Vicente Ferreira de Carvalho
1759 - 1760                Padre Sebasti�o de Azevedo e Brito
1760 - 1762                Governing Junta  
                           - Frei Jacinto da Concei��o        (s.a.)
                             (3rd time)
                           - Vicente Ferreira de Carvalho
                           - Jos�, r�gulo de Alas             (d. 1762)     
                           (acting)
1762 - 1763                Frei Francisco da Purifica��o
                           + Francisco Hornay
                           (acting)
1763 - 1765                Dion�sio Gon�alves Galv�o e Rebelo (d. 1765)
1765 - 1768                Governing Junta  
                           - Frei Ant�nio de S�o Boaventura
                           - Jo�o Rodrigues Pereira
                           (acting)
1768 - 1776                Ant�nio Jos� Teles de Meneses
1776 - 1779                Caetano de Lemos Teles de Meneses  (b. 1739 - d. 1795)
1779 - 1782                Louren�o de Brito Correia
1782 - 1785                Jos� Anselmo de Almeida Soares
1785 - 1788                Jo�o Baptists Vieira Godinho       (b. 1742 - d. 1811)
1788 - 1790                Feliciano Ant�nio Nogueira Lisboa
1790 - 1794                Joaquim Xavier de Morais Sarmento
Jan 1794 - 1800            Jo�o Baptista Vesquaim             (b. 17.. - d. 1800)
                             (= Jean-Baptiste Verquin)
1800 - 1804                Jos� Joaquim de Sousa
1804 � 14 Apr 1807         Jo�o Vicente Soares da Veiga       (b. 1769 - d. 1839)
14 Apr 1807 � 14 Apr 1810  Ant�nio de Mendon�a C�rte-Real     (b. 1755 - d. 18..)
14 Apr 1810 �  2 Jun 1810  Ant�nio Botelho Homem Bernardes    (b. 1749 - d. 1810)
                             Pessoa (acting)
1810 �  7 Mar 1812         Governing Junta  
                           - Frei Jos� da Anuncia��o          (d. 1818)
                           - Greg�rio Rodrigues Pereira
                              (1st time)
                           - Joaquim Ant�nio Duarte da Silva  (b. c.1740 - d. 18..)
                               Veloso
                           (acting)
 7 Mar 1812 � 22 May 1815  Vitorino Freire da Cunha Gusm�o    (b. 1757 - d. 18..)
22 May 1815 - 13 Nov 1819  Jos� Pinto Alcoforado de Azevedo
                             e Sousa                          (d. 1819)
13 Nov 1819 � 13 Mar 1821  Governing Junta  
                           - Greg�rio Rodrigues Pereira
                              (2nd time)
                           - Frei Bartolomeu Pereira
                           - Ant�nio Caetano Dinis
                           (acting)
13 Mar 1821 - 14 Apr 1832  Manuel Joaquim de Matos e G�is     (b. 1781 - d. 1832)
14 Apr 1832 � 16 Apr 1832  Governing Junta  
                           - Frei Vicente Ferreira Varela
                               (1st time)
                           - Jos� Pereira de Azevedo (1st time)    
                           - Francisco In�cio de Seabra
                               (1st time)
                           (acting)
16 Apr 1832 - 26 May 1832  Miguel Carlos da Cunha da Silveira (b. 1775 - d. 1832)
                             e Lorena
26 May 1832 �  3 Jun 1834  Governing Junta
                           - Frei Vicente Ferreira Varela
                               (2nd time)
                           - Jos� Pereira de Azevedo (2nd time)   
                           - Francisco In�cio de Seabra
                               (2nd time) 
                           (acting)
 3 Jun 1834 � 22 Jan 1839  Jos� Maria Marques
22 Jan 1839 �  7 Feb 1844  Frederico Le�o Cabreira de Brito   (b. 1800 - d. 1880)
                             e Alvelos Drago Valente
 7 Feb 1844 � 22 Aug 1848  Juli�o Jos� da Silva Vieira        (b. 1793 - d. 1855)
22 Aug 1848 - 24 Mar 1851  Ant�nio Olavo Monteiro T�rres      (d. 1851)
24 Mar 1851 � 23 Jun 1851  Governing Junta
                           - Gregorio Barreto
                           - Ant�nio Pereira 
                           - Manuel Pereira da Costa
                           - Mariano F. Pias 
                           (acting)
23 Jun 1851 �  8 Sep 1852  Jos� Joaquim Lopes de Lima         (b. c.1797 - d. 1852)
 8 Sep 1852 - 1856         Manuel de Saldanha da Gama         (b. 1820 - d. 1875)
1856 �  8 Sep 1858         Lu�s Augusto de Almeida Macedo
 8 Sep 1858 � 1861         Afonso de Castro (1st time)        (b. 1824 - d. 1885)
1861 � 1862                Duarte Le�o Cabreira (acting)      (b. 1811 - d. 1881)
1862 � 11 Apr 1863         Afonso de Castro (2nd time)        (s.a.)
11 Apr 1863 -  8 Apr 1864  Jos� Manuel Pereira de Almeida
1864 - 1865                Jos� Eduardo da Costa Meneses
1865                       Government Council  
12 Sep 1865 - 24 Apr 1869  Francisco Teixeira da Silva        (b. 1826 - d. 1894)
24 Apr 1869 - 23 Aug 1870  Ant�nio Joaquim Garcia             (b. 1835 - d. 1919)
1870                       Pedro Carlos de Aguiar Craveiro    (b. 1834 - d. ....) 
                             Lopes (did not take office)
23 Aug 1870 � 1871         Jo�o Cl�maco de Carvalho (interim) (b. 1856 - d. 1873)
1871 � 30 Aug 1873         Manuel de Castro Sampaio           (b. 1827 - d. 1875)
30 Aug 1873 �  7 Nov 1876  Hugo Goodair de Lacerda Castelo    (b. 1836 - d. 1930) 
                             Branco (1st time)
 7 Nov 1876 � 18 Jan 1878  Joaquim Ant�nio da Silva Ferr�o    (d. 1878)
1878 �  3 Jul 1878         Jos� Alves da Costa (acting)
 3 Jul 1878 �  1 Sep 1880  Hugo Goodair de Lacerda Castelo    (s.a.)
                             Branco (2nd time)
 1 Sep 1880 � 30 Dec 1881  Augusto C�sar Cardoso de Carvalho  (b. 1836 - d. 1905)
30 Dec 1881 � 1882         Jos� dos Santos Vaquinhas (interim)(d. 1888)
 3 Mar 1882 - 1883         Bento da Fran�a Pinto de Oliveira  (b. 1833 - d. 1889)
1883                       Porf�rio Zeferino de Sousa         (b. 1838 - d. 1898)
                             (1st time) (interim)
1883                       Francisco de Paula da Cruz         (b. 18.. - d. 1915)
                             (interim) 
 4 Mar 1883 -  3 Jun 1885  Jo�o Maria Pereira                 (b. 1846 - d. ....)
1885                       Cipriano Forjaz de Sampaio         (b. 1848 - d. ....)
                             (1st time)(interim)
26 Sep 1885 -  3 Mar 1887  Alfredo de Lacerda Maia            (b. 1850 - d. 1887)
1887                       Adriano Augusto de Barros e Rego   (b. 1877 - d. 1966) 
                             (interim)
1887                       Ant�nio Joaquim Garcia (interim)   (b. 1835 - d. 1919)
 1 Aug 1887 - 1888         Ant�nio Francisco da Costa         (d. 1924)
 4 Oct 1888 -  4 Mar 1890  Raphael J�come Lopes de Andrade    (b. 1851 - d. 1900)
1890 - 1891                Porf�rio Zeferino de Sousa         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (interim)
 5 Feb 1891 - 19 Apr 1894  Cipriano Forjaz de Sampaio         (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
1894                       Porf�rio Zeferino de Sousa         (s.a.)
                             (3rd time) (interim)
11 May 1894 - 16 Jun 1908  Jos� Celestino da Silva            (b. 1849 - d. 1911)
1895 - 1912                Dom Boaventura of Manufahi
                             (in rebellion)
16 Jun 1908 - 30 Aug 1908  Jaime Augusto Vieira da Rocha      (b. 1867 - d. 1947)
                             (acting)
30 Aug 1908 - 27 Aug 1909  Eduardo Augusto Marques            (b. 1867 - d. 1944)
27 Aug 1909 - 25 Feb 1910  Gon�alo Pereira Pimenta de Castro  (b. 1868 - d. 1952)
                             (1st time) (interim)
25 Feb 1910 - 26 Nov 1910  Alfredo Cardoso de Soveral Martins (b. 1869 - d. 1938)
26 Nov 1910 - 13 Dec 1910  Anselmo Augusto Coelho de Carvalho (b. 1871 - d. 19..)
                             (acting)
13 Dec 1910 - 22 Jan 1911  Jos� Carrazedo de Sousa Caldas     (b. 1867 - d. 19..)
                             Viana e Andrade
22 Jan 1911 - 18 Aug 1913  Filomeno da C�mara de Melo Cabral  (b. 1873 - d. 1934)
                             (1st time)
18 Aug 1913 - 22 Jan 1914  Gon�alo Pereira Pimenta de Castro  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (interim)
22 Jan 1914 - 14 Feb 1914  Ant�nio Baptista Justo (1st time)
                             (acting)
15 Feb 1914 - 28 Sep 1917  Filomeno da C�mara de Melo Cabral  (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
28 Sep 1917 - 29 Oct 1917  C�sar Augusto Rocha de Abreu
                             Castelo Branco (interim)
29 Oct 1917 - 18 Mar 1918  Jos� Machado Duarte J�nior         (b. 1880 - d. 1945)
                             (interim)
18 Mar 1918 -  1 Apr 1919  Lu�s Augusto de Oliveira Franco
                             (1st time) (interim)
 1 Apr 1919 � 11 Oct 1919  Manuel Jos� de Meneses Fernandes   (b. 1893 - d. 19..)
                             Costa (1st time)(acting)     
11 Oct 1919 - 14 Feb 1920  Manuel Paulo de Sousa Gentil       (b. 1870 - d. 1937)
14 Feb 1920 - 11 Jun 1921  Lu�s Augusto de Oliveira Franco
                             (2nd time) (acting)
11 Jun 1921 -  7 Jul 1921  Manuel Jos� de Meneses Fernandes   (s.a.)
                             Costa (2nd time) (acting)
 7 Jul 1921 - 11 Jul 1921  Jos� de Paiva Gomes (1st time)     (b. 1876 - d. 1933)
                             (acting)
11 Jul 1921 -  9 Nov 1921  Manuel Jos� de Meneses Fernandes   (s.a.)
                             Costa (3rd time)(acting)
 9 Nov 1921 - 14 Nov 1921  Humberto Jos� dos Santos Leit�o    (b. 1885 - d. 1974)
                             (1st time) (acting)
14 Nov 1921 - 27 Apr 1923  Jos� de Paiva Gomes (2nd time)     (s.a.)
27 Apr 1923 - 16 Oct 1924  Humberto Jos� dos Santos Leit�o    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
16 Oct 1924 �  1 Jul 1926  Raimundo Enes Meira                (b. 1866 - d. 1946)
 1 Jul 1926 � 30 Sep 1926  Eduardo Rodrigues Areosa Feio      (b. 1890 - d. 1969)
                             (acting) 
30 Sep 1926 - 22 Dec 1928  Te�filo Duarte                     (b. 1898 - d. 1958)
22 Dec 1928 � 12 Apr 1929  Abel Teixeira da Costa Tavares     (b. 1881 - d. 1973)
                             (1st time) (acting)   
12 Apr 1929 -  2 Nov 1930  Ces�rio Augusto de Almeida Viana   (b. c.1880 - d. 19..)
 2 Nov 1930 -  5 Dec 1930  Abel Teixeira da Costa Tavares     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (acting)
 5 Dec 1930 - 23 Mar 1933  Ant�nio Baptista Justo (2nd time)
23 Mar 1933 - 14 Jun 1933  Miguel Xavier dos M�rtires Dias    (b. 1896 - d. 1933)
                             (acting)
14 Jun 1933 �  1 Jan 1934  Jos� Lu�s Fontoura de Sequeira     (b. c.1905 - d. ....)
                             (acting)
 1 Jan 1934 -  3 Jul 1936  Ra�l d'Antas Manso Preto Mendes    (b. 1893 - d. 1945)
                             Cruz
 3 Jul 1936 � 11 Sep 1937  Eduardo Bernardo L�pido Loureiro   (b. 1895 - d. 1961)
                             (acting)
11 Sep 1937 - 10 May 1940  �lvaro Eug�nio Neves de Fontoura   (b. 1891 - d. 1975)
30 Mar 1939 - 10 May 1940  Ant�nio Jacinto Magro (acting)     (b. 1899 - d. 1970)
10 May 1940 -  7 Dec 1945  Manuel de Abreu Ferreira de        (b. 1893 - d. 1968)
                             Carvalho 
                            (considered himself a prisoner during allied rule
                             Dec 1941-Feb 1942, Japanese prisoner Feb 1942-1 Sep 1945)
Allied Commanders
17 Dec 1941 - 20 Feb 1942  William Watt Leggatt               (b. 1894 - d. 1968) 
                             (commander of Australian forces)
                           + Nico Leonard Willem van Straten  (b. 1897 - d. 1968)
                             (commander of Dutch forces)
Commanders of the Japanese Occupation Forces
20 Feb 1941                Takeo Itō                          (b. 1889 - d. 1965)
                             (commander of Japanese landing forces)
20 Feb 1942 - Aug 1942     Sadashichi Doi                     (b. 1889 - d. 1968)
Aug 1942 - 22 Nov 1944     Yūitsu Tsuchihashi                 (b. 1891 - d. 1975)
22 Nov 1944 - 11 Sep 1945  Kunitarō Yamada                    (b. 1894 - d. 1984)
Governors
 7 Dec 1945 -  8 Jun 1950  �scar Freire de Vasconcelos Ruas   (b. 1899 - d. 1982)
 8 Jun 1950 - 13 Jun 1950  Ant�nio da Cunha Arag�o (acting)   (b. 1904 - d. 1974)
13 Jun 1950 - 31 Dec 1950  Arnaldo Dion�sio Carneiro de Sousa (b. 1903 - d. 1970)
                             e Meneses (acting)
31 Dec 1950 - 14 Jul 1958  C�sar Maria de Serpa Rosa          (b. 1899 - d. 1968)
14 Jul 1958 - 20 Jun 1959  Manuel Albuquerque Gon�alves de    (b. 1909 - d. 1981)
                             Aguiar (acting)
22 Jun 1959 -  3 Apr 1963  Filipe Jos� Freire Temudo Barata   (b. 1919 - d. 2003)
 9 Apr 1961 - Apr 1961     Maoclao (in rebellion)
 3 Apr 1963 - 12 Jun 1963  Francisco Ant�nio Pires Barata     (b. 1907 - d. 1987)
                             (acting)    
12 Jun 1963 - 27 May 1967  Jos� Alberty Correia               (b. 1917 - d. 2011)
27 May 1967 -  6 Feb 1968  Manuel Fernandes (acting)
 6 Feb 1968 - 23 Sep 1971  Jos� Nogueira Valente Pires        (b. 1914 - d. 2010)
23 Sep 1971 - 15 Jul 1974  Fernando Alves Aldeia              (b. 1925 - d. 1993)
                             (acting to 26 Feb 1972)
15 Jul 1974 � 18 Nov 1974  N�vio Jos� Ramos Herdade (acting)  (b. 1922 - d. 2006)
18 Nov 1974 - 24 Oct 1975  M�rio Lemos Pires                  (b. 1931 - d. 2009) 
                             (moves to Ata�ro Island on 27 Aug 1975)
24 Oct 1975 -  7 Dec 1975  Jos� �ngelo Teixeira de Magalh�es  (b. 1908 - d. 1999)
                             (acting)(on Ata�ro Island)
Presidents (from 7 Dec 1975, in rebellion against Indonesian rule)
28 Nov 1975 - 29 Sep 1978  Francisco Xavier do Amaral         (b. 1937 - d. 2012)  Fretilin
29 Sep 1978 - 31 Dec 1978  Nicolau dos Reis Lobato (interim)  (b. 1946 - d. 1978)  Fretilin
President of the Provisional Government
17 Dec 1975 - 17 Jul 1976  Arnaldo dos Reis Ara�jo            (b. 1913 - d. 1988)  Apodeti
Governors of Timur Timur
1976 - 1978                Arnaldo dos Reis Ara�jo            (s.a.) 
1978 - 1982                Guilherme Maria Gon�alves          (b. 1919 - d. 1999)
18 Sep 1982 - 18 Sep 1992  M�rio Viegas Carrascal�o           (b. 1937 - d. 2017)
18 Sep 1992 - 25 Oct 1999  Ab�lio Jos� Os�rio Soares          (b. 1947 - d. 2007)
Administrators of United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)
25 Oct 1999 - 16 Nov 1999  Ian Martin (U.K.) (acting)         (b. 1946)
17 Nov 1999 - 19 May 2002  S�rgio Vieira de Mello (Brazil)    (b. 1948 - d. 2003)
                            (special representative of the Secretary-General for East Timor)
Presidents
20 May 2002 - 20 May 2007  Xanana Gusm�o                      (b. 1946)            Non-party
                             (= Jos� Alexandre Gusm�o)
20 May 2007 - 20 May 2012  Jos� Manuel Ramos-Horta (1st time) (b. 1949)            Non-party
11 Feb 2008 - 13 Feb 2008  Vicente da Silva Guterres          (b. 1955)            CNRT
                             (acting for incapacitated Ramos-Horta)
13 Feb 2008 - 17 Apr 2008  Fernando "La Sama" de Ara�jo       (b. 1963 - d. 2015)  PD
                             (acting for incapacitated Ramos-Horta)
20 May 2012 - 20 May 2017  Taur Matan Ruak                    (b. 1956)            Non-party
                             (= Jos� Maria Vasconcelos)     
20 May 2017 - 20 May 2022  Francisco "L�-Olo" Guterres        (b. 1954 - d. 2026)  Fretilin
20 May 2022 -              Jos� Manuel Ramos-Horta (2nd time) (s.a.)               CNRT

Prime ministers (from 7 Dec 1975, in rebellion against Indonesian rule)
28 Nov 1975 - Oct 1977     Nicolau dos Reis Lobato            (s.a.)               Fretilin
Oct 1977 -  2 Feb 1979     Ant�nio Duarte Carvarino           (b. 1949 - d. 1979)  Fretilin
Chief minister
20 Sep 2001 - 20 May 2002  Mari bin Amude Alkatiri            (b. 1949)            Fretilin
Prime ministers
20 May 2002 - 26 Jun 2006  Mari bin Amude Alkatiri (1st time) (s.a.)               Fretilin
26 Jun 2006 - 19 May 2007  Jos� Manuel Ramos-Horta            (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (acting, cabinet coordinator to 10 Jul 2006)
19 May 2007 -  8 Aug 2007  Estanislau da Concei��o da Silva   (b. 1952)            Fretilin
 8 Aug 2007 - 16 Feb 2015  Xanana Gusm�o (1st time)           (s.a.)               CNRT
16 Feb 2015 - 15 Sep 2017  Rui Maria de Ara�jo                (b. 1964)            Fretilin
15 Sep 2017 - 22 Jun 2018  Mari bin Amude Alkatiri (2nd time) (s.a.)               Fretilin
22 Jun 2018 -  1 Jul 2023  Taur Matan Ruak                    (s.a.)               PLP
                             (= Jos� Maria Vasconcelos)
 1 Jul 2023 -              Xanana Gusm�o (2nd time)           (s.a.)               CNRT

East Timor (in rebellion)

Presidents of National Council of Maubere Resistance (CNRM) 
 1 Jan 1988 - 27 Apr 1998  Xanana Gusm�o                      (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (= Jos� Alexandre Gusm�o)
                             (Indonesian prisoner 20 Nov 1992 - Feb 1999)
Nov 1992 - 27 Apr 1998     Jos� Manuel Ramos-Horta            (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (special representative, acting for Gusm�o)
Presidents of National Council for Timorese Resistance (CNRT) 
27 Apr 1998 -  9 Jun 2001  Xanana Gusm�o                      (s.a.)               Non-party
27 Apr 1998 -  7 Sep 1999  Jos� Manuel Ramos-Horta            (s.a.)               Non-party
                            (vice-president, acting for Gusm�o)
                            (in Australia and U.S. exile to 1 Dec 1999)

Commanders-in-chief of Falintil
20 Aug 1975 - 31 Dec 1978  Nicolau dos Reis Lobato            (s.a.)               Fretilin
Mar 1981 - 20 Nov 1992     Xanana Gusm�o                      (s.a.)        Fretilin/Non-party
                             (Indonesian prisoner from 20 Nov 1992)
Nov 1992 -  5 Apr 1993     Ma'huno Bulerek Karathayano        (b. 1949)            Non-party
                             (= Jos� Ant�nio Gomes da Costa)
Apr 1993 - 11 Mar 1998     Nino Konis Santana                 (b. 1959 - d. 1998)  Non-party
                             (= Jos� Conisso Ant�nio Santana)
11 Mar 1998 -  1 Feb 2001  Taur Matan Ruak                    (s.a.)               Non-party
                             (= Jose Maria Vasconcelos)

Commander of International Force in East Timor (INTERFET)
20 Sep 1999 - 28 Feb 2000  Peter Cosgrave (Australia)         (b. 1947)
Force Commanders of United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET)
28 Feb 2000 - Jul 2000     Jaime de los Santos (Philippines)  (b. 1946)
19 Jul 2000 - 31 Aug 2001  Boonsrang Niumpradit (Thailand)    (b. 1948)
 1 Sep 2001 - 20 May 2002  Winai Phattiyakul (Thailand)       (b. 1948)
Heads of the UN Mission of Support to East Timor (UNMISET); from 20 May 2005,
United Nations Office in Timor-Leste (UNOTIL)
May 2002 - May 2004        Kamalesh Sharma (India)            (b. 1941)
                            (special representative of the Secretary-General for East Timor)
21 May 2004 - 20 Aug 2006  Sukehiro Hasegawa (Japan)          (b. 1942)
                            (special representative of the Secretary-General for East Timor)
Commanders UN Mission of Support to East Timor (UNMISET)
20 May 2002 - Aug 2002     Winai Phattiyakul (Thailand)       (s.a.)
Aug 2002 - Aug 2003        Huck Gim Tan (Singapore)           (b. 1955)
Aug 2003 - 20 May 2005     Khairuddin Mat Yusof (Malaysia)    (b. 1949)
Commanders of International Stabilisation Force in East Timor (ISF)
(all from Australia)
25 May 2006 - 26 Oct 2006  Michael "Mick" Slater              (b. 1958)
26 Oct 2006 -  1 Aug 2007  Mal Rerden                         (b. 1958)
 1 Aug 2007 - 30 Jan 2008  John M.B. Hutcheson                (b. 1963)
31 Jan 2008 - 30 Jul 2008  James Baker
30 Jul 2008 - 16 Jan 2009  Mark Holmes                        (b. 1959)
16 Jan 2009 - 23 Oct 2009  William "Bill" Timothy Bolton Sowry(b. 1962?)
23 Oct 2009 - 25 Feb 2010  Stuart Campbell Mayer              (b. 1965?)
25 Feb 2010 -  9 Oct 2010  Simon Stuart                       (b. 1968)
 9 Oct 2010 - 27 Jun 2011  Michael "Mick" Reilly 
27 Jun 2011 - 26 Sep 2012  Luke Foster
26 Sep 2012 - 27 Mar 2013  Mick Sasse 

Territorial Disputes: Three stretches of land borders with Indonesia have yet to be delimited, two of which are in the Oecussi exclave area, and no maritime or Economic Exclusion Zone (EEZ) boundaries have been established between the countries; maritime boundaries with Indonesia remain unresolved; between 2005 and 2015, 500 border landmarks were placed and another 200 were proposed; Timor-Leste and Australia reached agreement on a treaty delimiting a permanent maritime boundary in Mar 2018; both countries ratified the treaty in Aug 2019.