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Annual Review of Clinical Psychology

Volume 20, 2024

The Alternative Model of Personality Disorders: Assessment, Convergent and Discriminant Validity, and a Look to the Future

  • Luis F. García1,2, Fernando Gutiérrez3,4, Oscar García2,5 and Anton Aluja2,6
  • 1Department of Biological and Health Psychology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; email: [email protected] 2Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida Dr. Pifarré Foundation, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain 3Personality Disorder Unit, Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain 4Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain 5Department of Psychology, European University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain 6Department of Psychology, University of Lleida, Lleida, Catalonia, Spain
  • Vol. 20:431-455 (Volume publication date July 2024)
  • First published as a Review in Advance on January 11, 2024
  • Copyright © 2024 by the author(s).
    This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. See credit lines of images or other third-party material in this article for license information.

  • Luis F. García, Fernando Gutiérrez, Oscar García, Anton Aluja. 2024. The Alternative Model of Personality Disorders: Assessment, Convergent and Discriminant Validity, and a Look to the Future. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 20:431-455. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-081122-010709

Abstract

The Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) is a dimensional, empirically based diagnostic system developed to overcome the serious limitations of traditional categories. We review the mounting evidence on its convergent and discriminant validity, with an incursion into the less-studied ICD-11 system. In the literature, the AMPD's Pathological Trait Model (Criterion B) shows excellent convergence with normal personality traits, and it could be useful as an organizing framework for mental disorders. In contrast, Personality Functioning (Criterion A) cannot be distinguished from personality traits, lacks both discriminant and incremental validity, and has a shaky theoretical background. We offer some suggestions with a view to the future. These include removing Criterion A, using the real-life consequences of traits as indicators of severity, delving into the dynamic mechanisms underlying traits, and furthering the integration of currently disengaged psychological paradigms that can shape a sounder clinical science.

Keyword(s): Alternative Model of Personality Disorders, ICD-11 dimensional model, mental disorders, personality psychology, personalized assessment and treatment
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