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History
Ancient History

Some Remarks on Qulḫa

Profile image of Levan GordezianiLevan Gordeziani

2019, Over the Mountains and Far Away. Studies presented to Mirjo Salvini

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9 pages

Abstract

Cover image: Mheri duṛ/Meher kapısı. General view of the 'Gate of Ḫaldi' (9th century BC) All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners.

Key takeaways
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  1. Qulḫa appears four times in Urartian texts, specifically in Sarduri II's campaigns of 749 and 746 BC.
  2. Sarduri II's campaign against Qulḫa resulted in the capture and destruction of Ildamuša, the royal city.
  3. Scholars unanimously identify Qulḫa with Greek Colchis, despite variations in its historical references.
  4. The Cimmerian invasion significantly altered the ethno-political landscape of the region, impacting Qulḫa's identification.
  5. This article aims to propose hypotheses for Qulḫa's historical context and its relation to Diauḫi.

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References (38)

  1. invading Qulḫa, the Urartian campaign in the South Caucasus changed direction and concentrated on the territory of the present-day Republic of Armenia. The reasons for this 15 Cf. Harutyunyan (Arutjunjan) 2001: 508.
  2. For the countries integrated into the unity of Diauhi, see e.g. Harutyunyan (Arutjunjan) 2001: 503.
  3. Armenian and Georgian Artanuj, Turkish Ardanuç. Kapancyan 1948: 16; Harutyunyan (Arutjunjan) 2001: 509; cf. Diakonoff and Kashkai 1981: 44.
  4. See e.g. Diakonoff and Kashkai 1981: 48. For the discussions regarding localisation, see also Harutyunyan (Arutjunjan) 2001: 512; Gordeziani 2011: 35ff.
  5. Harutyunyan (Arutjunjan) 2001: 519.
  6. While attempting to restore the order of the events described in the Annals, Melikishvili (1960: 242ff.) came to a conclusion that Argishti campaigned twice against Diauḫi, in his second and nineteenth years. Although Melikishvili's reconstruction of the events is justly rejected by Salvini (1995: 58ff.), the probability of Argishti's second campaign should not be ruled out. Cf. Grekyan 2015: 108, which likewise mentions two campaigns, in the sixth and eighth years. 21 Full identity of these pairs of names may raise doubts but it is certain that they are almost synonymous. Cf. Bryce 1998: 160ff.; del Monte and Tischler 1978: 59-60; Melikishvili 1960: 7ff.; Salvini 1995: 18ff.
  7. If Babilu truly refers to Babylon; cf. Diakonoff and Kashkai 1981: 18.
  8. Melikishvili 1960: 424; Diakonoff and Kashkai 1981: 26; Salvini 1995: 55; Harutyunyan (Arutjunjan) 2001: 503.
  9. Diakonoff 1968: 209ff.; Kemertelidze 2001: 13; Kavtaradze 2005: 106; Kavtaradze 2006: 39.
  10. Kavtaradze 2005: 106, with bibliography; Gordeziani 2014: 58.
  11. Asatiani 2011: 130ff.
  12. For the conflict between Minua and Uṭupurši see Gordeziani (forthcoming).
  13. Cf. Gordeziani 2009: 81ff. Bibliography
  14. Asatiani, S. 2011. The Kingdom of Aietes, in Acts of the International Kartvelological Conference: 130-133. Tbilisi.
  15. Bryce, T. 1998. The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  16. del Monte, G. and J. Tischler 1978. Die Orts-und Gewässernamen der hethitischen Texte (Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes 6). Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert.
  17. Diakonoff, I.M. 1968. Predystorija armjanskogo naroda. Istorija Armjanskogo nagor'ja s 1500 po 500 g. do n.ē. xurrity, luvijcy, protoarmjane. Yerevan: Izdatel'stvo AN Armjanskoj SSR.
  18. Diakonoff, I.M. and Kashkai, S.M. 1981. Geographical Names according to Urartian Texts (Répertoire Géographique des Textes Cunéiformes 9). Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert.
  19. Gigineishvili, B. 2016. Historical-etymological dictionary of the Georgian language, vol.1, a-m. Tbilisi: Georgian National Academy of Sciences.
  20. Gordeziani, L. 2009. Studies in Ancient History. Tbilisi: Logos. Gordeziani, L. 2011. To the Interpretation of CTU A 3-4. Phasis: Greek and Roman Studies 13-14: 31-41.
  21. Gordeziani, L. forthcoming. Traces of a Treaty in Urartian Texts? in Acts of the IX. International Congress of Hittitology, 01-07 September 2014, Çorum. Ankara.
  22. Gordeziani, R. 2007. Mediterranea-Kartvelica, vol. III. Tbilisi: Logos.
  23. Gordeziani, R. 2014. Aia, in: Caucasus Antiquus, Encyclios disciplina, vol. II, 1: 58-59. Tbilisi: Logos.
  24. Grekyan, E. 2015. The Regnal Years of the Urartian Kings Argišti Menuaḫi and Sarduri Argištiḫi, Aramazd: Armenian Journal of Near Eastern Studies 9/1: 91-124.
  25. Harutyunyan (Arutjunjan), N.V. 2001. Korpus urartskix klinoobraznyx nadpisej (KUKN). Yerevan: Izdatel'stvo 'Gitut˓yun' AN RA.
  26. Inadze, M. 2009. Problems of the History of Ancient Colchis. Tbilisi: Artanuji.
  27. Kapancyan, G. 1948. Hayasa -kolybel' armjan. Yerevan: Izdatel'stvo AN Armjanskoj SSR.
  28. Kavtaradze, G.L. 2005. The Ancient Country of Taokhians and the Beginnings of Georgian Statehood. Sprache und Kultur 5-6: 92-114.
  29. Kavtaradze, G.L. 2006. The Issues of the Developement of Georgian Statehood. Tbilisi: Universal.
  30. Kemertelidze, T. 2001. The Ethnic Identity of the South-West Trans-Caucasian Population in the Late Bronze Age, in The Essays of Academician Shalva Amiranashvili State Museum of Art, 7. Tbilisi: 11-15.
  31. Lordkipanidze, O. 2002. The Origins of Georgian Civilisation. Tbilisi: Tbilisi University Press.
  32. Melikishvili, G.A. 1950. Diauḫi. Vestnik drevnei istorii 4: 26-42.
  33. Melikishvili, G.A. 1960. Urartskie klinoobraznye nadpisi (UKN). Moscow: Nauka.
  34. Piotrovskij, B.B. 1944. Urartu. Yerevan: Izdatel'stvo AN Armjanskoj SSR.
  35. Salvini, M. 1995. Geschichte und Kultur der Urartäer. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft.
  36. Salvini, M. 2008. Corpus dei testi urartei (CTU), vol. I-III (Documenta Asiana VIII/1-3). Roma: Istituto di studi sulle civilità dell'egeo e del vicino oriente.
  37. Salvini, M. and I. Wegner 2014. Einführung in die urartäische Sprache. Wiesbaden: Harrasowitz Verlag.
  38. Tsereteli, M. v. 1928. Die neuen ḫaldischen Inschriften König Sardurs von Urartu (um 750 v. Chr.), Ein Beitrag zur Entzifferung des Ḫaldischen. Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, Heidelberg (Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-Historische Klasse, Bd. XVIII, Jahrgang 1927-1928).

FAQs

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AI

What key references discuss Qulḫa in historical texts?add

Qulḫa is referenced four times in the Annals of Sarduri II, notably during campaigns in 749 and 746 BC.

How does Qulḫa correlate with the territory of Colchis?add

Contemporary scholarship unanimously identifies Qulḫa with Greek Colchis, supported by evidence from inscriptions and geographical context.

What evidence supports the localization of Qulḫa and its political significance?add

The capture of Ildamuša, the capital of King Meša of Qulḫa, and subsequent destruction signify its relevance in Urartian military campaigns.

What implications arose from the Cimmerian invasion for Qulḫa?add

The Cimmerian invasion at the end of the 8th century BC significantly altered the ethno-political landscape of the region, impacting Qulḫa's status.

How do ancient names relate to modern geographical identifications in this context?add

The term Qulḫa lacks equivalents in Greek or other contemporary languages, with links to modern areas but uncertain references in classical texts.

About the author
Levan Gordeziani
Tbilisi State University, Faculty Member
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