Вест
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Вест (ијек. вијест), најкраћи је, најједноставнији и најпопуларнији облик писане или говорне и визуелне информације о неком догађају, појави, друштвеном понашању или некој личности. Преувеличана или лажна вест у медијима назива се „новинска патка“.
Вест је главни жанр новинарског обликовања новости; отуда и назив многих дневних листова и информативних емисија. Сама реч вест потиче из језика старих Словена када је значила – „знање“. Под утицајем Словена пруска реч weist значи исто што и пољски облик wiešć. Тиме се вест дефинише као знање; ново – а постаје и комуниколошка дефиниција да је информација свако ново сазнање. Трећи српски лист штампан у Бечу 1792. имао је име „Славено-сербскија вједомости“.
Значење
[уреди | уреди извор]Етимологија
[уреди | уреди извор]Енглеска реч news развијена је у 14. веку као специјални вид употребе множине речи „new”. У средњоенглеском језику, еквивалентна реч је била newes, као што је у француском nouvelles и у немачком Neues. Слични развојни путеви присутни су у словенским језицима, чешка и словачка реч noviny (од nový, „ново”), што је когнат пољског nowiny, бугарског novini и руског новости - и у келтским језицима: велшко newyddion (од newydd) и корнско nowodhow (од nowydh).[1][2]
Џесики Гарецон Fинч се придају заслуге за формирање фразе „актуелни догађаји” (engl. current events) док је предавала на Барнард колеџу током 1890-их.[3]
Новост
[уреди | уреди извор]Као што произилази из имена, „вести” обично конотирају презентацију нових информација.[4][5] Новина вестима даје неизвестан квалитет који је разликује од пажљивијег истраживања историје или других научних дисциплина.[5][6][7] Док историчари имају тенденцију да догађаје посматрају као узрочно повезане манифестације основних процеса, вести углавном описују догађаје изоловано и искључују расправу о односима међу њима.[8] Вести типично описују свет у садашњости или у непосредној прошлости, чак и кад су се најважнији аспекти вести догодили давно у прошлости - или се очекује да ће се они појавити у будућности. Да би се оформила вест, процес који је у току мора да има неки „исказ”, догађај у времену који га усидрава на садашњи тренутак.[8][9] Слично томе, вести се често баве аспектима стварности који изгледају необично, девијантно или необично.[10] Отуда чувени изрека да „пас уједа човека” није вест, док „човек уједа пса” јесте.[11]
Још једна последица новости вести је да, како нова технологија омогућава новим медијима брже ширење вести, „споријим” облицима комуникације остаје могућност да се удаље од „вести” и усредсреде на „анализу”.[12]
Роба
[уреди | уреди извор]Према неким теоријама, „вести” су све што индустрија вести проје.[13] Новинарство, широко схваћено на исти начин, је чин или занимање прикупљања и пружања вести.[14][15] Са комерцијалне перспективе, вести су једноставно један улаз, заједно са папиром (или електронским сервером) неопходан за припрему коначног производа за дистрибуцију.[16] Новинска агенција овај ресурс испоручује „на велико”, а издавачи га побољшавају за малопродају.[17][18]
Референце
[уреди | уреди извор]- ^ „News”. Oxford English Dictionary.. accessed online, 5 March 2015. "Etymology: Spec. use of plural of new n., after Middle French nouvelles (see novel n.), or classical Latin nova new things, in post-classical Latin also news (from late 13th cent. in British sources), use as noun of neuter plural of novus new (compare classical Latin rēs nova (feminine singular) a new development, a fresh turn of events). Compare later novel n."
- ^ „Online Etymology Dictionary”. Приступљено 7. 7. 2012.
- ^ „Mrs. John Cosgrave Is Dead Founded Finch Junior College: Was Institution's President Nearly 50 Years; Coined 'Current Events' Phrase”. New York Herald Tribune. 1. 11. 1949.
- ^ Stephens (1988). History of News. стр. 13.
- ^ а б Smith, The Newspaper: An International History, стр. 7 In the information which [the newspaper] chose to supply, and in the many sources of information which it took over and reorganized, it contained a bias towards recency or newness; to its readers, it offered regularity of publication. It had to be filled with whatever was available, unable to wait until information of greater clarity or certainty or of wider perspective had accumulated., 1979
- ^ Salmon (1923), The Newspaper and the Historian, стр. 10, . Salmon quotes Théophraste Renaudot: "History is the record of things accomplished. A Gazette is the reflection of feelings and rumors of the time which may or may not be true."
- ^ Pettegree, The Invention of News, стр. 3 Even as news became more plentiful in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the problem of establishing the veracity of news reports remained acute. The news market—and by the sixteenth century it was a real market—was humming with conflicting reports, some incredible, some all too plausible: lives, fortunes, even the fate of kingdoms could depend upon acting on the right information., 2014
- ^ а б Park (1940). News as a Form of Knowledge. стр. 675—676.. "News is not history because, for one thing among others, it deals, on the whole, with isolated events and does not seek to relate them to one another either in the form of causal or in the form of teleological sequences."
- ^ Schudson, "When? Deadlines, Datelines, and History"; in Reading The News, 1986, стр. 81—82, ed. Manoff & Schudson. .
- ^ Shoemaker; Cohen (2006). News Around the World. стр. 13–14.
- ^ Park 1940, стр. 678 harvnb грешка: више циљева (3×): CITEREFPark1940 (help)
- ^ Stephens (1988), History of News, стр. 56, „It is axiomatic in journalism that the fastest medium with the largest potential audience will disseminate the bulk of a community's breaking news. Today that race is being won by television and radio. Consequently, daily newspapers are beginning to underplay breaking news about yesterday's events (already old news to much of their audience) in favor of more analytical perspectives on those events. In other words, dailies are now moving in the direction toward which weeklies retreated when dailies were introduced.”
- ^ Heyd, Reading newspapers, стр. 35, 82 ... newspapers were defining what news was, categorizing and expanding their domain on the fly. Indeed, Somerville argues that 'news' is not an objective 'historical' concept but one that is defined by the news industry as it creates a commodity sold by publishers to the public., 2012
- ^ Stephens (1988), History of News, стр. 3, „The term journalism is used broadly here and elsewhere in the book to refer to more than just the production of printed 'journals'; it is the most succinct term we have for the activity of gathering and disseminating news.”
- ^ Shoemaker; Cohen (2006), News Around the World, стр. 7, „[...] for the journalist the assessment of newsworthiness is an operationalization based on the aforementioned conditions. In other words, the practitioner typically constructs a method for fulfilling the daily job requirements. He or she rarely has an underlying theoretical understanding of what defining something or someone as newsworthy entails. To be sure, individual journalists may engage in more abstract musings about their work, but the profession as a whole is content to apply these conditions and does not care that the theory behind the application is not widely understood. Hall (1981, 147) calls news a 'slippery' concept, with journalists defining newsworthiness as those things that get into the news media.”
- ^ Pettegree (2014), The Invention of News, стр. 6, „News fitted ideally into the expanding market for cheap print, and it swiftly became an important commodity.”
- ^ Boyd-Barrett & Rantanen (1998), The Globalization of News, стр. 6, „News agency news is considered 'wholesale' resource material, something that has to be worked upon, smelted, reconfigured, for conversion into a news report that is suitable for consumption by ordinary readers. It has also suited the news agencies to be thus presented: they have needed to seem credible to extensive networks of 'retail' clients of many different political and cultural shades and hues. They have wanted to avoid controversy, to maintain an image of plain, almost dull, but completely dependable professionalism.”
- ^ Phil MacGregor, Fowler-Watt & Allan, ур. (2013). „International News Agencies: Global eyes that never blink”. Journalism..
Литература
[уреди | уреди извор]- Park (1940). News as a Form of Knowledge.
- Allan, Stuart (2004). News Culture (2nd изд.). McGraw Hill Open University Press. ISBN 0-335-21074-0.
- Ayalon, Ami (1995). The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History. Oxford UP. ISBN 0-19-508780-1.
- Bakker, Gerben (2011). „Trading Facts: Arrow's Fundamental Paradox and the Origins of Global News Networks”. International Communication and Global News Networks: Historical Perspectives (PDF). Hampton Press.
- Berkowitz, Daniel A., ур. (11. 3. 1997). Social Meanings of News: A Text Reader. SAGE Publications. ISBN 0-7619-0075-6.
- Boyd-Barrett, Oliver, and Tehri Rantanen (ур.). The Globalization of News. ISBN 0-7619-5386-8.. (SAGE, 1998. ).
- Chakravartty, Paula, and Katharine Sarikakis (5. 9. 2006). Media Policy and Globalization. Palgrave Macmillan US. ISBN 1-4039-7738-0.
- Cloud, Barbara (2008). The Coming of the Frontier Press: How the West Was Really Won. Northwestern University Press. ISBN 978-0-8101-2508-7.
- Cranfield, G.A. (1978). The Press and Society: From Caxton to Northcliffe. London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-48983-0..
- Dayan, Daniel, and Elihu Katz (1992). Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-55955-X..
- Distelrath, Günther (March 2000). „The Development of the Information and Communication Systems in Germany and Japan up to the End of the Nineteenth Century”. Senri Ethnological Studies. 52. Архивирано из оригинала 02. 04. 2015. г.. Проверите вредност парамет(а)ра за датум:
|access-date=(помоћ) - Fang, Irving (1997). A History of Mass Communication: Six Information Revolutions. Boston: Focal Press. ISBN 0-240-80254-3.(Butterworth-Heineman), 1997.
- Fosu, Modestus (2014), The Press and Political Participation: Newspapers and the Politics of Linguistic Exclusion and Inclusion in Ghana, University of Leeds. Dissertation accepted at University of Leeds Institute of Communication Studies, June 2004.
- Fowler-Watt, Karen, and Stuart Allan (2013). Journalism: New Challenges. Centre for Journalism & Communication Research, Bournemouth University. ISBN 978-1-910042-00-7. v. 1.02. Centre for Journalism & Communications, Bournemouth University, 2013.
- Geniets, Anne (2013). The Global News Challenge: Market Strategies of International Broadcasting Organizations in Developing Countries. New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-415-64066-4.(Routledge),
- Hachten, William A, with Harva Hachten (1996). The World News Prism: Changing Media of International Communication. Iowa State University Press. ISBN 0-8138-1571-1.. Fourth edition. , 1996.
- Heyd, Uriel (2012). Reading newspapers: press and public in eighteenth-century Britain and America.. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. ISBN 978-0-7294-1042-7..
- Hills, Jill (2002). The Struggle for Control of Global Communication: The Formative Century. University of Illinois Press. ISBN 0-252-02757-4..
- John, Richard R., and Jonathan Silberstein-Loeb, (eds). Making News: The Political Economy of Journalism in Britain and America from the Glorious Revolution to the Internet. 2015..
- Kallioinen, Mika (2004). „Information, communication technology, and business in the nineteenth century: The case of a Finnish merchant house”. Scandinavian Economic History Review. 52 (1): 19—33. doi:10.1080/03585522.2004.10404617..
- Kessler, Karlhenz, 'Royal Roads' and Other Questions of the Neo-Assyrian Communication System (PDF), Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 05. 12. 2021. г., Приступљено 30. 06. 2020. Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary Symposium of the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project: Helsinki, 7–11 September 1995.
- Lampe, Markus, and Florian Ploeckl (2014). „Spanning the Globe: The Rise of Global Communications Systems and First Globalization”. Australian Economic History Review. 54 (3). doi:10.1111/aehr.12048.. November
- Lim, Hyunyang Kim. (2006), 'Take Writing': News, Information, And Documentary Culture in Late Medieval England. Dissertation accepted at University of Maryland,
- Manoff, Robert Karl, and Michael Schudson, ур. (1986). Reading The News: A Pantheon Guide to Popular Culture. New York: Pantheon Books. ISBN 0-394-54362-9..
- McCusker, J.J., & C. Gravesteijn (1991). The Beginnings of Commercial and Financial Journalism: The Commodity Price Currents, Exchange Rate Currents, and Money Currents of Early Modern Europe. Amsterdam: Neha. ISBN 90-71617-27-0..
- McNair, Brian (2006). Cultural Chaos: Journalism, news and power in a globalised world. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-33913-1.. (Informa), 2006.
- Milner, Stephen J (јесен 2013). „'Fanno bandire, notificare, et expressamente comandare': Town Criers and the Information Economy of Renaissance Florence.”. I Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance. 16 (1): 2..
- Mohammadi, Ali, ур. (1997). International Communication and Globalization: A Critical Introduction. London: SAGE. ISBN 0-7619-5553-4..
- Neiger, Motti, Oren Myers, and Eyal Zandberg (28. 4. 2011). On Media Memory: Collective Memory in a New Media Age. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-0-230-27568-3.. Houndsmills, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.
- Parenti, Michael (1993). Inventing Reality: The Politics of News Media. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-08629-6.
- Park, Robert E. (1940). „News as a Form of Knowledge: A Chapter in the Sociology of Knowledge”. American Journal of Sociology. 45 (5): 669—686. doi:10.1086/218445.. March
- Parsons, Wayne (1989). The Power of the Financial Press: Journalism and economic opinion in Britain and America. Aldershot, England: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. ISBN 1-85278-039-8.
- Perse, Elizabeth M (2001). Media Effects And Society. L. Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 0-8058-2505-3.. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbau Associates, 2001.
- Pettegree, Andrew (2014). The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know About Itself. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-17908-8..
- Rampton, Sheldon, and John Stauber (2001). Trust Us, We're Experts: How Industry Manipulates Science and Gambles With Your Future. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam. ISBN 1-58542-059-X..
- Salmon, Lucy Maynard (1923). The Newspaper and the Historian. New York: Oxford University Press.: (American Branch),
- Schudson, Michael (1978). Discovering the News: A Social History of American Newspapers. New York: Basic Books, Inc.. ISBN 0-465-01669-3., 1978.
- Shoemaker, Pamela J. and Akiba A. Cohen (eds.). Shoemaker, Pamela J.; Cohen, Akiba A. (2006). News Around the World: Content, Practitioners, and the Public.. New York. ISBN 0-415-97505-0.. Routledge, 2006.
- Silberstein-Loeb, Jonathan (2014). The International Distribution of News: The Associated Press, Press Association, and Reuters, 1848–1947.
- Silverblatt, Art, and Nikolai Zlobin (2004). International Communications: A Media Literacy Approach. M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0-7656-0974-6.. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 2004.
- Smith, Anthony (1979). The Newspaper: An International History. London: Thames & Hudson..
- Starr, Paul (2004). The Creation of the Media: Political Origins of Modern Communication. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-08193-2..
- Stephens, Mitchell (1988). A History of News: From the Drum to the Satellite. New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-81378-8..
- Straubhaar, Joseph, and Robert LaRose (1997). Communications Media in the Information Society. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company. ISBN 0-534-52128-2.. Updated edition(Thompson), 1997.
- Wenzlhuemer, Roland (2013). Connecting the Nineteenth-Century World: The Telegraph and Globalization. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-02528-8..
- Wolfe, Thomas C (2005). Governing Soviet Journalism: The Press and the Socialist Person After Stalin. Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-34589-8..
- Wood, James (1992). History of International Broadcasting. London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd. ISBN 0-86341-281-5..
- Zhang, Xiantao (2007). The Origins of the Modern Chinese Press: The influence of the Protestant missionary press in late Qing China.. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-38066-9. Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2007.
- Zhong, Bu (16. 5. 2006), Searching for Meaning: Multi-Level Cognitive Processing of News Decision Making Among U.S. and Chinese Journalists. Dissertation accepted at University of Maryland, College Park, 2006.
Спољашње везе
[уреди | уреди извор]
- News media by country на веб-сајту Curlie (језик: енглески)
