Khanate of Khiva
The Khanate of Khiva (Persian: خاننشین خیوه) (Uzbek: Xiva xonligi) was a state in Central Asia. It lasted from 1511 until 1920. The capital was Khiva. The khanate included lands that are today part of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Kazakhstan.
The Khanate of Khiva was founded by Ilbars I in 1511. It was ruled by the Shibanid dynasty, who were descendants of Genghis Khan. Later, the Qungrat dynasty took power in the 18th century. The khanate often fought with the Khanate of Bukhara and the Kokand Khanate.[1]
Khiva was an important center of trade on the Silk Road. Merchants came from Persia, Russia, and India. The khans built mosques, madrasas, and palaces. The old city of Khiva, called Itchan Kala, is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[2]
The khanate was also known for slavery. Many Persians, Russians, and Kazakhs were captured and sold in Khiva’s slave markets.[3] This caused wars with Russia in the 18th and 19th centuries. Russian armies invaded several times, and in 1873 Khiva became a protectorate of the Russian Empire.[4]
In 1920, the last khan was removed by the Red Army. The khanate was replaced by the Khorezm People’s Soviet Republic, which later became part of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic.[5]
References
[change | change source]- ↑ Edward Allworth, The Modern Uzbeks: From the Fourteenth Century to the Present, Hoover Institution Press, 1990, pp. 61–65.
- ↑ UNESCO World Heritage Centre, “Itchan Kala,” 1990.
- ↑ Peter Golden, Central Asia in World History, Oxford University Press, 2011, pp. 115–118.
- ↑ Alexander Morrison, Russian Rule in Samarkand, 1868–1910, Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 45–47.
- ↑ Adeeb Khalid, Central Asia: A New History from the Imperial Conquests to the Present, Princeton University Press, 2021, pp. 122–125.