Other Academic Areas, Misc

The question of whether or not art is essentially a representation of reality has long been a bone of contention among philosophers of art – especially in the major branch of that discipline called the analytic philosophy of art, or analytic aesthetics. This paper argues that art - visual art, literature or music - is never essentially representation. The argument is based on the thinking of André Malraux in "The Voices of Silence".

This article develops a philosophical reinterpretation of gravity as the asymptotic fold of ontological difference into stable phase coherence. Departing from traditional conceptions that treat gravitation as a force or as spacetime curvature, we propose a dynamic framework in which coherence — not mass or energy — serves as the primary organizational principle. Drawing from phase-space formalism, topology and metaphysics, we introduce the concept of the assemblage point as a singular phase location where divergent trajectories converge through resonance. Gravity is (...) thus reframed as an emergent trace of recursive alignment, not imposed from above, but arising from within systems as they seek to stabilize internal differentiation. This view challenges linear causal models and supports a unified field theory grounded in coherence rather than substance. Ultimately, we argue that gravitation is not a law, but a phase-based grammar of intelligibility — the geometry of sustained difference. (shrink)

This manifesto establishes the foundations of Temporal Geopolitics as a paradigmatic evolution within the geopolitical tradition, integrating the temporal variable as a complementary—not substitutive—dimension to classical spatial analysis. As evidenced by emerging scholarship (Allan, 2018; Doshi, 2021; Zuboff, 2019), the battle for control over time constitutes the new strategic battlefield of the 21st century. -/- We develop a theoretical-methodological framework that articulates three intertwined temporal dimensions—Memory (past), Velocity (present), and Prospectivity (future)—demonstrating their dialectical interdependence and reciprocal determination through concrete empirical (...) examples drawn from specialized literature. The proposal is grounded in a dual heritage: classical and contemporary geopolitical tradition (Mackinder, 1904; Spykman, 1944; Ó Tuathail, 1996) and critical theories of social time (Rosa, 2013; Virilio, 1977; Nowotny, 1994). -/- We introduce the concept of Temporal Sovereignty as a fundamental battlefield of the 21st century, operationalized through a methodologically robust Temporal Sovereignty Index (TSI) that incorporates quantifiable metrics adapted from conventional economic and strategic geopolitics. -/- . (shrink)

-/- Este manifiesto establece los fundamentos de la Geopolítica Temporal como una evolución paradigmática dentro de la tradición geopolítica, integrando la variable temporal como dimensión complementaria —no sustitutiva— del análisis espacial clásico. Como demuestra la bibliografía emergente (Allan, 2018; Doshi, 2021; Zuboff, 2019), la batalla por el control del tiempo constituye el nuevo campo de batalla estratégico del siglo XXI. -/- Desarrollamos un marco teórico-metodológico que articula tres dimensiones temporales entrelazadas —Memoria (pasado), Velocidad (presente) y Prospectiva (futuro)—, demostrando su interdependencia (...) dialéctica y su determinación recíproca mediante ejemplos empíricos concretos extraídos de la literatura especializada. La propuesta se fundamenta en una doble herencia: la tradición geopolítica clásica y contemporánea (Mackinder, 1904; Spykman, 1944; Ó Tuathail, 1996) y las teorías críticas del tiempo social (Rosa, 2013; Virilio, 1977; Nowotny, 1994). -/- Introducimos el concepto de Soberanía Temporal como campo de batalla fundamental del siglo XXI, operacionalizable mediante un Índice de Soberanía Temporal (IST) metodológicamente robusto que incorpora métricas cuantificables adaptadas de la geopolítica económica y estratégica convencional. (shrink)

Now, the climate of Bangladesh has subtropical monsoon weather with extensive seasonal variations concerning humidity, temperature, and rainfall. Furthermore, it has altitudes from 600 to 1000 meters above sea level, whereas, at 1063 m(3,488 ft.) altitude, Saka Haphong at Mowdok range is the highest height in the southern part the hill there (Wasson, R., 2003). Bangladesh is an emerging market as a developing nation where approximately 30% of its GDP comes from agriculture to tell more about the country. However, Bangladesh (...) got its Independence from Pakistan in 1971, after the partition of British India in 1947 by a glorious liberation war. Before Independence, it had its map within a red circle surrounded by a rectangular green shape as the national flag. After Independence, the map got removed. The red circle signifies the blood sacrifice of the martyrs during the liberation war, while the green rectangle is the symbol of the country's green nature. (shrink)

This paper proposes a novel constraint on artificial consciousness. The central claim is that no artificial system can be genuinely conscious unless it instantiates a form of self-referential inference that is irreducibly perspectival and non-computable. Drawing on Quantum Bayesianism (QBism), I argue that consciousness should be understood as an anticipatory process grounded in subjective belief revision, not as an emergent product of computational complexity. Classical systems, however sophisticated, lack the architecture required to support this mode of updating. I conclude that (...) artificial consciousness demands more than computation—it demands a subject. (shrink)

DRAFT The prestige of an academic institution may be determined as a function of affiliations with other academic institutions. Using digital tools to data-scrape, data-mine, and perform network analysis on university websites, an approximation of numbers of academic affiliations may be measured. Especially observing the alma mater institutions of the faculty of employed institutions, these numbers show the relative employment of alumni and a proxy metric for the relative prestige of their degree-granting institutions. These affiliations can be charted and graphed (...) to determine the distributions of affiliations throughout an academic ecosystem from which we might draw conclusions about that system’s hierarchies and inequalities. Here we use anglophone PhD-granting philosophy departments as a case study for this methodology with tentative conclusions. (shrink)

The complexities of trauma have been explored since the inception of psychology. Freudian psychoanalysis introduced the concept of Nachträglichkeit, or “belatedness,” suggesting that the effects of trauma are not immediately apparent but instead emerge over time. These effects contain subtleties that are often not directly linked to the traumatic event itself. This emergence can be seen as a camouflaged representation, an altered reflection of how an individual’s psyche manifests trauma in not-so-obvious ways, adopting qualities that are characteristic of its own (...) nature and significance. Using the metaphor of the mythological Minotaur from Knossos, I will argue that trauma can be identified with this monster. The Minotaur symbolizes trauma not because it appears to be traumatized, but because it embodies what trauma might represent if it were a ghastly therianthrope. Additionally, I will describe its habitat, the labyrinth, as a structural passage that—if navigated with virtue—can lead to healing, the slaying of the beast, and hope for personal transformation. This paper aims to conceptualize trauma as a nearly embodied substance, rather than merely a single event or a series of events. Trauma is so powerful that it not only possesses its victim but also reshapes the individual in its image, disfiguring them and parasitically draining their vitality. We will investigate three main philosophies of trauma, focusing particularly on the one that best supports transformation and aligns well with the Minotaur metaphor. We will also examine how trauma influences the nature of memory. Furthermore, we will discuss the dangers of living with trauma, referencing Dr. Gabor Maté and his insights on the life-threatening effects of stress on the body, as detailed in his book When the Body Says No: Exploring the Stress-Disease Connection (Maté, 2011). (shrink)

Von Braun developed the V2 rockets for the Americans using slave labour from concentration camps, who lived appallingly and died due to poor treatment and conditions. Many of the V2S were taken back to the US along with missile technology that was greatly expanded and developed into today's current arsenal of ballistic and nuclear missiles of the many types known today. The Tibetan uses the word robot to describe the V rocket technology of the Nazis. It is well documented that (...) the V rockets addressed by the Tibetan DK were built using slave labour at the behest of the Nazi scientists. The USA and the Russian counterpart Nazi scientific relocation operation developed the entire one-armed camp as DK described the world. Today we have the world military nuclear, rocket, weapons and drone complex — one armed camp. This continuity reaches its most dangerous contemporary expression in artificial intelligence and autonomous weapons systems. -/- The specific concern about AI removing human decision-making from the nuclear chain, what strategists now call taking humans out of the loop, directly and precisely echoes DK's warning that science would be prostituted to destruction. Petrov's human judgement saved the world in 1983. An AI early-warning system operating autonomously would in all probability have launched. As hypersonic weapons, drone warfare and AI targeting systems proliferate across multiple state and non-state actors, the margin for human correction narrows with each technological generation. DK did not name these specific technologies, but his framework anticipated their logic exactly. (shrink)

In November 1939, within the opening months of the Second World War, Alice A. Bailey published a remarkable passage in her book, The Externalisation of the Hierarchy: “Sea and air and land are arrayed against the Forces of Light; they are the agents of material substance and can be used potently against the spiritual Forces. The forces of the air are, however, increasingly on our side.” EXT 171/72. AAB. -/- Most students of Alice A. Bailey interpret this statement symbolically, seeing (...) in it an occult reference to the psychological and spiritual dimensions of world conflict. Yet the passage also invites a literal interpretation. Alice Bailey specifically names “sea and air and land” in direct sequence, employing the exact terminology of modern mechanised warfare. -/- Written at the beginning of a global conflict in which aerial supremacy would determine the survival of nations, the statement can plausibly be understood not only as symbolic but also as prophetic in a practical and technological sense. Within this framework, the phrase “the forces of the air are, however, increasingly on our side” may be read as a direct allusion to the emergence of British aerial defence, and most especially to the work of R. J. Mitchell and the creation of the Supermarine Spitfire. (shrink)

This investigation is undertaken within the framework of the esoteric astrology presented through Alice A. Bailey and the Tibetan teacher Djwhal Khul, whose writings provide the primary conceptual foundation for the questions explored here. Modern esoteric astrology represents a progressive unfolding: Alan Leo was a principal initiator of the movement from predictive astrology toward the study of character and evolutionary development; Dane Rudhyar developed the birth chart as an archetypal pattern of becoming; and Bailey/DK extended the field into a presentation (...) of astrology as a science of soul purpose, rays, initiation, and planetary relationships. Within this context, esoteric rectification becomes the search for the true symbolic signature of incarnation. The history of modern astrology can be viewed as a gradual movement from the interpretation of celestial influence as external fate toward an understanding of astrology as a symbolic language of consciousness, evolution, and purpose. This transition did not occur through a single revelation, but through a succession of individuals who prepared different aspects of the field. (shrink)

Goodwill and virtue are the necessary requirements to cleanse the planet of our selfishness and materialism. It is only our virtue [Godhead] and goodwill [Will to Good] that will overcome our planetary crisis and restore harmony and balance. Simplicity rather than complexity. We, the human race, need to take a greater measure of responsibility to restore peace and goodwill to all before higher forces are permitted to enter into human affairs. All true servers are members of the New Group of (...) world Servers, which, as you know, has no outer body or organisation. They are from all walks of life and persuasions, yet believe in Right Human Relations and Goodwill. They do not separate one group from another or bar out or exclude fellow beings. -/- The Great Ones are the Masters of Wisdom and Compassion who make up our Spiritual Hierarchy, our inner world government, which oversees and protects humanity. Goodwill is love in action, not love inaction. The One work is the recognition and unfolding of the Plan of spiritual evolution. The development of right human relations between all fellow men and women on earth and between them and all kingdoms in nature. The Re-externalisation of the Hierarchy in outer appearance on earth is in process, yet not complete by any means whatever. (shrink)

Humanity’s greatest breakthroughs have often risen from foundations of sacrifice and suffering. A problem stemming from three core problems. Accounting and Logistics. Then you ask what about the third? when you combine Perfect Logistics with any form of accounting, zoom in or zoom out far enough and you encounter kindness or indifference. Reality shows that history is built on that indifference and the cause of that is suffering at scale. A scale invariant. Why don't we calculate suffering? Its not because (...) its subject or phenomenological. Mathematicians ,data analysts and people in the fields of proper accounting; data entry an or statistics do not account for these things because it is destabilizing in the present. It is entirely at fault of an individual and not the system or mechanism driving the individual. I am to ask. Where the cost lands. Who is climbing and who is being climbed on, using Systems philosophy, Generalist theory, and ancient Esoteric practices to leave incomplete, yet complete works to give questions not answers. The curse of knowledge is not given its pondered. Logistics is just a means of sharing the info, weather you account for the storm, is another question. What I'm asking is are you indifferent to yourself an your ledger or surroundings. Stated as co-authored with AI to give transparency to AI usage not AI generated. File is uploaded a raw MD. Straight from the cogitative model. Not the reasoning model. consciousness is pure math a byproduct of a cluster of sub-systems. Don't confuse the run with the running. Kindness is care. Care is not weakness its strength. Strength begs the question what are we accounting. Care has the answer nobody wants. (shrink)

This paper explores the paradoxical claim “This article is not written by helping AI.” On the one hand, if AI contributes to the drafting process, the claim appears false. On the other hand, if authorship requires semantic intention and responsibility, then the claim may be true even when AI generates text. Drawing on Searle’s Chinese Room, Tarski’s theory of truth, and debates on authorship in philosophy of language, I argue that authorship requires intentionality and responsibility, which AI systems lack. The (...) paradox is resolved by distinguishing between syntactic production and semantic authorship. AI can assist in generating words, but authorship remains a human act of responsibility. -/- (This article is distinctive in nature, and its central problem is: who is the author?) Farzad Didehvar provided an AI system with only a single phrase in Persian, which translates into English as: “This article is not written by Helping AI.” From that seed, the AI generated a complete article in English. The article itself argues—semantically—that it was not written by an AI tool. At the same time, it was not literally written by Farzad either, since he only supplied the initial phrase. This raises a paradoxical question: if the article is neither authored by the AI nor by the human, then who is the true writer? An answer will be provided in the next article, but the author is interested in hearing other opinions. (shrink)

In [Is Classical Mathematics Appropriate for Theory of Computation?] we show there is a contradiction which in [“Fuzzy Time”, a solution of Unexpected Hanging Paradox (A Fuzzy interpretation of Quantum Mechanics), Philpapers 2019-04-13] we give a solution for that. This is the starting point for new Theories, Theory of Fuzzy Time Computation and Fuzzy Time –Particle interpretation of quantum Mechanics. A question is remained which was mentioned in [Two points and two questions, F.Didehvar, Philpapers, Researchgate, 2025]. Is this contradiction a (...) contradiction in Mathematics too? Here, we try to answer this question. The article belongs to a group of articles which presents the logical back bone of this line of research. (shrink)

In [1], we give a modeling of fuzzy time by μ. In [2], in modeling of theory of Fuzzy Time computation and Fuzzy Time Computation we employ η. What is the relation between these two terms? More exactly, we should show how η could be calculated from μ, throughout this article we do it. References 1.????????∗=????????????∗? (Second version), F.Didehvar, Philpapers 2025 2. Theory of Fuzzy Time Computation (TC* vs TC,TQC), F.Didehvar, HAL, 2023.

Here, the author presents two points and two questions and tries to solve the related problems. (THE LAST CONCLUSION (FOURTH) SHOULD BE RECONSIDERED) Refrences 1. How do we calculate η from μ?, Farzad Didehvar, Philpapers 2025 2. Is Classical Mathematics Appropriate for Theory of Computation? 2017, Philpapers 2019 3. Generalized Surprise Exam Paradox (GSEP), only Problem of time or problem of Mathematical Modeling in General? Philpapers 2025 4. Relative To A Random Oracle A, ?? ≠ ??? ≠ ?? − ???, (...) With Probability 1, Charles H Bennett, John Gill, Siam Journal on Computing, 1981 5. Theory of Fuzzy Time Computation (TC* vs TC, TQC), Hal, Philpapers 2023 6. ?? ∗ = ??? ∗ ? (Second Version), Philpapers 2025. (shrink)

The fight for fairness is a fight for human dignity, fulfilled by satisfying security. Current theories of collective action and democratic stability often neglect this relationship, treating security as a material endpoint rather than the condition in which dignity is experienced. This paper formalizes demoralization as a catalyst for transforming humiliation into dignity, a framework grounded in Weber's methodological individualism and Bandura's theory of collective agency. It traces how agentic individuals move from demoralization to empowerment: noticing differential treatment, awakening to (...) structural unfairness through Freire's conscientization, recognizing their own human dignity, and mobilizing through functional hope—agency paired with pathway and subjective belief. Hope is understood through Bloch's philosophical treatment, as an ontological drive, and Snyder's cognitive model. This framework extends both by arguing that hope activates action regardless of objective viability. Unity moderates the outcome: collective action enables sustainable nonviolent change, while isolated agentic individuals risk pursuing dignity through destruction. The framework distinguishes intrinsically motivated agentic individuals from non-agentic individuals who require extrinsic motivation through contagious hope or otherwise succumb to learned helplessness. The invariant goal is the restoration of security, multidimensional psychological well-being, and human dignity. Applied to macro-historical transitions such as China's rise after the Century of Humiliation, and micro-level divergences such as school shooters who pursue dignity through violent means rather than collective agency and action. Where traditional theories stop at security, this framework argues that genuine security is the condition in which human dignity is fully realized. The fight for fairness is not complete until security satisfies dignity. (shrink)

Paper 18 Defines patriarchal radicalization, imprinted on the mind to change it from being a thinking organ to being a belief-organ. I claim that rights to correct information and factual names about the speech-making species can only be sapient rights.

Financial crises, characterised by rapid rises in security prices which push valuations beyond fundamental value, suggest that investors are irrational. This paper interrogates how we should understand investors’ behaviour. Central to deciding whether investors process information without error is understanding what information they are responding to. This paper analyses the information relevant to investor decision making and its implications for judgements about rationality. It finds that different investors can use different sorts of information and that, consequently, deciding when investors fall (...) short in their reasoning process is difficult. It argues for including social factors in the set of information relevant for investment decision making. Until we know what information influenced an investor’s decision, it is difficult to decide whether that investor was processing information correctly. Agnosticism about rationality is defended. (shrink)

Before we can understand the way people live their lives, we must first understand the process that takes place in forming who they are. This is a chapter from a forthcoming book I will be releasing which explores why criminals seek out crime as an immortality project - as described in Denial of Death.

The preceding papers in this series systematically distinguished three types of comparative mechanisms involved in the generation of happiness: unconscious comparison, conscious comparison, and forced conscious comparison. Among these, forced conscious comparison constitutes the principal means by which individuals actively seek and regulate their own happiness, and it is directly and closely related to the generation of subjective happiness. This paper further divides forced conscious comparison into two subtypes: internally forced conscious comparison (hereafter, internal comparison) and externally forced conscious comparison (...) (hereafter, external comparison). Building on the previous analysis of the question “with whom do we compare?”, this paper focuses on the complementary question, “what do we compare?” It argues that the effective generation of happiness requires an individual to anchor comparison in an important super-existence at the individual level. Finally, extending the analysis beyond individual happiness, this paper introduces the concepts of group happiness and group suffering, thereby expanding the explanatory scope of Hyper-Existentialist happiness theory. (shrink)

Criticism and Creative Compensation: Andreas Schönberger, Immanuel Kant et al. In: Sabine Coelsch-Foisner (2023) Kreativität, schöpferischer Wille und (Über)Lebensstrategie. Winter, Heidelberg. Creativity as a survival strategy requires the creative will to succeed in an academic environment. In addition to previous education, originality and the quality of one's own preliminary work, conviction of one's own abilities and flexibility in the choice of topics, activities and places are important prerequisites for success. The spirit of optimism in the age of the Enlightenment and (...) the stormy rise of idealism, the possi- bility of documenting academic achievements and partly self-awarded qualifica- tions in self-financed printed works, and the administrative gaps in the system were enough to annoy Immanuel Kant – at least briefly. (shrink)

In his 2013 book, “Moral Tribes: Emotion, Reason, and the Gap between Us and Them,” Joshua Greene1 contemplates two tragedies. The first is the tragedy of the commons, a well- studied problem in the game theory and psychology literature. Here, if people are truly self- interested, cooperation cannot arise, and everyone will use the commons until it is depleted. This problem is succinctly called the “Me vs. Us” problem. The second is the tragedy of the commonsense morality, which Greene named, (...) refers to the problem of cooperation among groups, the “Us vs. Them” problem. (shrink)

This work investigates the different parts of speech in the Polish and Slovene languages in a contrastive manner.

Institutions that select people by reference almost always ask for more than one. This paper takes that requirement seriously and asks what it is for. On the account developed here, the shared experience between a candidate and a referee is not an object that either party holds and one of them writes down. It is generated within their relation, and each account of it is a projection taken from one relational position. Asking for several references is therefore an attempt to (...) reconstruct an object from its presentations, in the way that what identifies an attractor is what remains invariant across trajectories. The institution is doing something structurally correct and doing it badly. Four consequences follow for the design of the procedure. What matters among sources is independence of relational position rather than the number of letters. What carries information is what survives across projections rather than their average or their maximum. Symbolic authority accrues to those whose time is scarce, so an eminent referee supplies a thin projection, and weighting by authority is accordingly the least suitable weighting for a reconstruction. And the calibration of individual referees, which no institution maintains, is a precondition for correcting the distortion each introduces. Two failures of procedure are then identified: evaluators collapse onto the single most authoritative account, which discards the reconstruction and returns the decision to one projection; and the candidate, who is one of the two producers of the experience, contributes no account at all. The paper proposes that the candidate's structured account be collected as a required source at the time references are requested. It closes with the injustice that survives every correction it proposes, including a paradox in which contesting an account may destroy the relation that generated the standing to contest it. The paper's central empirical premise, that divergence among sources carries information, is contested in the literature it draws on, and the paper argues for it rather than assuming it. (shrink)

Most people are using AI wrong. Not because they lack intelligence or technical skill, but because they are treating a dynamic reasoning system like a static lookup tool. Ask, receive, move on. What that pattern leaves behind is the most capable part of the system. This guide introduces the Human Recursive Interaction System (HRIS), a practical field- tested framework for maximizing the effectiveness of LLM interaction through continuous constraint management over time. HRIS reframes human–LLM engagement as an ongoing process in (...) which the human participant actively maintains structure, scope, and epistemic discipline. Hallucination and drift are treated not as anomalies but as predictable failure modes of unconstrained probabilistic systems. -/- HRIS introduces epistemic closure as a concrete, achievable interaction goal: a state where every accepted claim is either supported, qualified, or explicitly flagged as unknown. The framework provides a repeatable protocol that lets any user reconstruct disciplined -/- reasoning conditions from scratch, every session, regardless of model memory limitations. By shifting the locus of control from the model to the operator, HRIS demonstrates that the quality of AI-assisted reasoning is not solely a function of the model, but of the structure imposed by the human operator. (shrink)

Background: The feeding modalities used in school meal programs—such as breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, and take-home rations—are influenced by various factors, including supply chain constraints and technical challenges in food distribution. The methods of supply sourcing, whether through domestic or foreign food reserves via in-kind donations or purchases, play a critical role in shaping the feeding options provided. Aim: This study aims to examine the association between supply-sourcing strategies, i.e., domestic and foreign in-kind donations and national-international purchases, with the feeding (...) modalities applied in school meal programs. Methods: The Bayesian Mindsponge Framework, combining the reasoning strengths of Mindsponge Theory and inference advantages of Bayesian analysis, was employed on a dataset of government representatives who manage large-scale school meal programs across 126 countries. Results: The findings revealed that sourcing supplies through in-kind donations from neighboring or distant countries showed a highly reliable negative association with the feeding modalities of school meal programs, while those from the national bodies showed an ambiguous relationship. The purchasing methods—whether domestic or foreign—tended to exhibit positive associations with feeding modalities, though these associations were only weakly reliable. Conclusions: The findings reveal substantial rooms to improve the effectiveness of supply purchasing strategies in enhancing school meal program feeding modalities. Further research is needed to examine the impact of sourcing supplies through domestic in-kind donations on feeding outcomes. Additionally, developing strategic plans to optimize the use of in-kind donations from international organizations is strongly recommended to avoid its negative consequences and further enhance program effectiveness. (shrink)

Recently we proposed “quantum language" (or,“the linguistic Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics"), which was not only characterized as the metaphysical and linguistic turn of quantum mechanics but also the linguistic turn of Descartes=Kant epistemology. Namely, quantum language is the scientific final goal of dualistic idealism. It has a great power to describe classical systems as well as quantum systems. Thus, we believe that quantum language is the language in which science is written. The purpose of this preprint is to examine (...) and assert our belief (i.e.,“proposition in quantum language" ⇔“scientific proposition). We believe that it's one of main themes of scientific philosophy to make such language. (shrink)

Is math in harmony with existence? Is it possible to calculate any property of existence over math? Is exact proof of something possible without pre-acceptance of some physical properties? This work is realized to analysis these arguments somehow as simple as possible over short cuts, and it came up with some compatible results finally. It seems that both free space and moving bodies in this space are dependent on the same rule as there is no alternative, and the rule is (...) determined by mathematics. (shrink)

The Battle of Manzikert in 1071 was a major turning point not only in the struggle between the Byzantine Empire and the Great Seljuk State, but also in the subsequent political and demographic history of Anatolia. However, the contemporary interpretation of Manzikert is often constructed through modern national identities rather than through the political structure of the eleventh century. This study evaluates the Battle of Manzikert outside modern ethnic competition as a comparative historical investigation based on source criticism, examining Byzantine, (...) Arabic, Persian, Armenian, and Syriac historical traditions alongside the Marwanid political context. (shrink)

Despite significant progress, the AI alignment literature has largely overlooked a philosophical dilemma: \textit{humans and machines represent and communicate uncertainty in fundamentally incompatible ways.} To formalize the arguments around this dilemma, we introduce a four-quadrant taxonomy of uncertainty that partitions uncertainty according to two dimensions: whether uncertainty arises from a human or machine agent, and whether it remains internal or is communicated externally. The taxonomy comprises \textit{human inherent uncertainty} (Bayesian credence), \textit{human self-reported uncertainty} (linguistic hedges), \textit{model inherent uncertainty} (frequentist risk), (...) and \textit{model self-reported uncertainty} (preference-optimized language). We show that this taxonomy reveals an epistemological gap: humans assign uncertainty through grounded, causal understanding, while models assign it through risk-minimization over training data. When models trained with RLHF generate hedged language, humans interpret it as Bayesian belief vis-à-vis frequentist risk-penalty. We close with a practical case study and argue that bridging this epistemic gap is essential - but unfortunately neglected in current discourse - for establishing trust in complex human-AI collaboration modes. (shrink)

The Nighaṇṭu–Nirukta occupies a singular position in the early intellectual history of South Asia. As the oldest surviving work of linguistic analysis and conceptual reflection, it stands at the threshold between the ritual-poetic world of the Vedic hymns and the emergence of systematic philosophical reasoning. Yet the identity of its author—Yakṣa—has remained obscured for almost two millennia by a long-standing error of attribution that conflated him with the later scholastic figure Yāska. The recovery of Yakṣa’s authorship is therefore not a (...) philological nicety but an interpretive necessity: without him, the conceptual foundations of early Indian dialectics, hermeneutics, and naturalistic philosophy remain misunderstood. The central argument of this research is that Yakṣa must be restored as the true author of the Nirukta, dated securely between 625–525 BCE, and distinguished sharply from the later grammatical tradition that retroactively absorbed his work. This reattribution clarifies the conceptual originality of the Nirukta, situates it in its proper intellectual horizon, and reveals Yakṣa as the earliest known philosopher of language whose method laid the foundations for later dialectical thought across India and the world. (shrink)

This process is the transformation of the self, even to the extent that we no longer recognize ourselves although, oddly, something in us will then recognize our ‘new’ self as being what we really are, or at least what we started out to be. Then, in a way, we are like the seedling of some wonderful tree which has been overtaken by a parasitic plant until very little of the original tree is recognizable – it may have become dwarfed, hollowed (...) out or even killed by the parasite, which is our egoic mask. With meticulous pruning and therapy, the tree can be uncovered and possibly healed, but then it will be a test of the tree’s original nature and soil to see whether it will endure and grow straight and tall, with roots that will hold against adversity. For this purpose, I have assembled twelve steps to describe the transformational process (consider it coincidental that the alcoholic recovery program also has twelve steps but there is, inevitably, some correspondence between the two systems). Although I describe these steps here as if they were a progression, you’ll find that they really work in parallel or in stages wherein first one line will seem emphasized, and then another at a different point in your evolution. These steps induce a gradual change in our psychic shape (the way that we fit with each other and with our circumstances), and also they are an alchemic progression, in that each prepares our neurochemical apparatus to attune to the next stage more readily. (shrink)

60% of meanings conveyed by English grammar tenses are not recognized automatically by the Russian language. Russian translations tend to be some 30% longer than their English originals. -/- Is there any way for us to map and systematise those discrepancies? -/- Here is an attempt of modelling, or reconstructing the cognitive system of English natives imprinted in the English Tense System, as seen by a Slavic native speaker.

Arguments from consciousness to God’s existence (ACs) contend that physicalism is too problematic to explain the mind’s ultimate source. They add that theism probably better explains this source in terms of God making us in his own image (with conscious, unified, rational minds). But ACs are problematic too. First, physicalism has various competitors beside theism. Russellian monism and dual-aspect theory are examples. Second, all these theories, including theism, are seriously flawed. For example, it’s tied to traditional dualism, which has causal (...) issues (according to Murphy, Churchland, and other physicalists). But we argue that this theistic dualism can be refined to avoid its issues—and the issues in all other theories. So, it probably explains the mind’s origin better than other theories. We rely here on Lowe’s dualism, where the mind’s subject exists immaterially yet spatially, and is a unified, simple entity (unlike neural aggregates with their quite separate parts). This turns the tables on Churchland, Murphy, and other advocates for scientism. -/- . (shrink)

This work reflects on the "supersensible insights" of Rudolf Steiner on the subject of the relationship between Jesus and the Essenes. Steiner dealt with this question in his lecture cycle The Fifth Gospel and presented the findings of his research from the Akashic Chronicle. In order to filter out the independence of the Akashic research from Steiner, the author contrasts the research of the Theosophist Blavatsky with Steiner's findings. The aim of this comparison is to explore the limits and possibilities (...) of Steiner's Akashic research. The work shows that Steiner's Fifth Gospel contains some basic statements about the relationship between Jesus and the Essenes, which can already be found in Blavatsky's "Isis Unveiled". It is therefore unlikely that Steiner conducted his research completely independently of existing results (from Blavatsky). Steiner reports on personal encounters of Jesus with the Essenes that cannot be found anywhere else in the literature, and therefore he has made an additional contribution to esoteric research that should not be overlooked. One thesis that emerges from this work is that Steiner methodically incorporated both theosophical mediumism and somnambulism as well as the meditative vision of the Akashic Chronicle, which he found to be more accurate, into his research. (shrink)

Abstract -/- This paper presents a rigorously systems-based and natural-law framework explaining why monetary valuation and stock ownership valuation function as necessary coordination tools yet become illusory when detached from real system health. Integrating cybernetics, complexity theory, thermodynamics, behavioral finance, and governance theory, it demonstrates that financial bubbles and crises are not anomalies but predictable homeostatic corrections to accumulated imbalance. The paper positions symbolic valuation as an epistemic instrument whose validity depends on fidelity to natural constraints, system integrity, and feedback (...) accuracy. The framework is non-ideological, falsifiable, and applicable across economic, ecological, and institutional domains. -/- . (shrink)

Modern economic systems rely heavily on monetary value and profit as mechanisms for coordinating production, consumption, and resource allocation. While these mechanisms have enabled unprecedented levels of economic growth and technological advancement, they also generate persistent systemic challenges, including environmental degradation, wealth inequality, financial instability, institutional corruption, and the misallocation of social resources. This paper proposes the concept of Self-Referential Ignorance (SRI) as a unifying theoretical framework for understanding these structural limitations. Self-Referential Ignorance refers to the unavoidable inability of a (...) complex adaptive system to fully comprehend or regulate the long-term consequences of its own behavior, driven by its reliance on incomplete and highly compressed internal representations of reality. Applied to economics, monetary metrics and profit motives are interpreted as highly abstracted informational signals that streamline decentralized decision-making but fundamentally fail to capture the multi-dimensional totality of human, social, and ecological value. The framework suggests that many modern economic crises emerge not merely from localized moral failures or institutional weaknesses, but from fundamental informational constraints inherent in recursive self-modeling architectures. Comprehensive case studies are presented across environmental economics, healthcare, education, financial markets, and public governance. Ultimately, the paper concludes that sustainable economic development requires a paradigm shift that explicitly differentiates symbolic representations of value from value itself. (shrink)

Capitalism is one of the most consequential economic systems in human history, generating unprecedented advances in productivity, innovation, and aggregate wealth. Yet capitalist systems repeatedly generate crises, deepen inequality, produce corruption, and sustain speculative manias — often despite the presence of formal error-correction mechanisms. This paper proposes that these phenomena are systematically explained by Self-Referential Ignorance (SRI), a formally defined condition in which an agent, institution, or system increasingly validates its beliefs through internally generated assumptions rather than external corrective feedback. (...) SRI is operationalized as a measurable index (SRI-I) derived from four observable dimensions: epistemic closure, feedback suppression, error persistence, and adaptive rigidity. Drawing on the Universal Balance Feedback Framework (UBFF) — whose master equation Wr = ∫(Is · Bu · FL · IN) · Dc governs systemic welfare as a function of integrity, balance, feedback, and nodal interconnection — this paper develops a formal dynamical model of SRI accumulation and systemic correction. Lyapunov stability analysis demonstrates that capitalist equilibria are conditionally stable and that SRI constitutes a destabilizing force whose magnitude is bounded by institutional feedback capacity. Historical cases including the Dot-Com bubble, the 2007–2009 Global Financial Crisis, and the organizational failures of Kodak and Nokia are examined as empirical instantiations of the SRI dynamic. Falsifiable predictions are derived from the model. The paper concludes that the long-term stability of capitalist systems depends not on profit maximization per se, but on the structural preservation of feedback integrity. (shrink)

Abstract The relationship between intellectual life, solitude, marriage, and human fulfillment has attracted considerable philosophical and historical attention. A number of prominent philosophers, including Baruch Spinoza, Immanuel Kant, David Hume, Arthur Schopenhauer, Søren Kierkegaard, Friedrich Nietzsche, Jeremy Bentham, and Ludwig Wittgenstein, never married. Their unmarried status, however, cannot be explained by a single characteristic of philosophers or by the assumption that intellectual people necessarily reject intimate relationships. Rather, their lives demonstrate several possible relationships between intellectual vocation, personal autonomy, solitude, love, (...) social expectations, and the search for meaning. This paper examines why some philosophers may choose or accept unmarried lives and distinguishes solitude from loneliness, independence from isolation, and deliberate life choices from social conformity. It argues that the deeper philosophical issue is not whether marriage is superior to single life, but whether individuals consciously construct their lives according to values they have critically examined. Marriage and solitude can both represent meaningful forms of human existence when they correspond to an individual's values, relationships, responsibilities, and conception of the good life. -/- . (shrink)

This paper proposes a hypothetical constitutional model for the Philippines that would abolish the existing bicameral Congress and replace the Senate and House of Representatives with a single National Parliament. The proposed system would combine unicameral legislative government with a parliamentary executive, proportional representation, strengthened judicial review, independent constitutional commissions, comprehensive campaign-finance regulation, political-dynasty restrictions, transparent public procurement, beneficial-ownership disclosure, whistleblower protection, citizen recall, and stronger anti-corruption institutions. The proposal rests on the premise that eliminating one legislative chamber does not, (...) by itself, eliminate corruption. Concentrating legislative power in a unicameral Parliament could create new risks if adequate checks and balances were not established. The central objective is therefore not institutional simplification for its own sake, but the creation of a system in which political power is distributed, government transactions are transparent, corruption is independently investigated, and citizens retain meaningful mechanisms of accountability. Empirical research on Philippine public procurement finds a statistically significant association between political-clan concentration and corruption risk (Davis, Mendoza & Yap, 2024), which motivates this paper's emphasis on distributing power rather than merely restructuring it. This revision additionally reframes the proposal's institutional architecture using the author's Universal Balance–Feedback Framework (UBFF), treats the anti-dynasty provision as an enforceable, index-based rule rather than an aspirational statement, and adds falsifiable evaluation criteria and a discussion of the political economy of charter change. -/- . (shrink)

This paper develops a rigorous dynamical systems formulation of Self-Referential Ignorance (SRI) within media ecosystems. Classical communication theories treat media as mechanisms for ignorance reduction through information transmission. Contemporary digital environments, however, reveal that information abundance may generate new forms of structural ignorance through recursive feedback. We formalize SRI as a measurable state variable governed by coupled ordinary differential equations, derive stability conditions using Lyapunov analysis, prove that under standard algorithmic incentive structures the SRI-dominant equilibrium is asymptotically stable, and construct (...) a network-theoretic formulation grounded in the DeGroot social influence model. Critically, we differentiate our contribution from prior filter-bubble and echo-chamber literature by providing a dimensionally consistent formal apparatus, explicit parameter estimation pathways, and five falsifiable empirical predictions. We further propose a composite Media-SRI Index operationalizable on existing social-media datasets. The framework integrates cybernetics, information theory, network science, complex adaptive systems, and media studies into a unified account of collective epistemic failure under recursive informational self-validation. (shrink)

This article identifies the lack of a unanimous political system as the root cause of the multifaceted crises currently facing the Muslim world. Historically, the "political problem"—defined by the question of who should rule and by what right—emerged following the death of Prophet Mohammad. While the early Rashidun Caliphate utilized consultative models like shura and biaah, subsequent history shifted toward dynastic and autocratic regimes, leaving the core question of political legitimacy unresolved. The author argues that this unresolved political tension has (...) fueled sectarianism, particularly the Sunni-Shia divide, and led to the suppression of reformist movements under the guise of theology. Unlike the West, which achieved stability through liberal democracy, many Muslim nations remain polarized between autocracy and democratic aspirations. To achieve regional cooperation and internal stability, the author proposes constitutional democracy—whether via republicanism or constitutional monarchy—as the essential solution to balance Shariah values with public representation and peaceful transitions of power. (shrink)

"...the mechanism of a blockchain system itself, based on self-auditing, could create the conditions for the human being to be irrevocably chained to a hard materialism where no possible distinction is made between the human being and their possessions...".

Mary Shepherd and the Causal Relation - Part One -/- Part One gives context to the life and work of Lady Mary Shepherd. It weaves together the stories of her ancestors, her own stories and the wider social, historical and philosophical context. The aim is to evoke a world from which to mark the emergence of Mary Shepherd, Scotland’s first female philosopher.

“Unlocking the Black Box” argues that human behavior should not be understood only through observables like conformity, panic, or social coordination, but through the hidden processes that generate them. The paper defines Eutylectics as the study of Process: input/output mappings, or the generators of behavior. It argues that people appear socially uniform under stable conditions because they are often running similar inherited stacks, but crisis reveals the idiosyncratic differences beneath that surface alignment. When inherited stacks misfire under changed conditions, people (...) and institutions can become worse than they are capable of being. The purpose of Eutylectics is Clarity, defined not as information or understanding, but as the net value gained through an improved action policy. However, the paper also identifies the Gap Between Knowing and Doing: even a better action policy does not guarantee better action unless the internal and external infrastructure exists to make that action livable. Metacognitive Architecture makes the stack visible, while Ontological Engineering rebuilds the primitive assumptions that make reality navigable. The paper concludes with the Problem of the Epistemic Wall, drawn from Lucretius’s spear argument in De Rerum Natura: every mind eventually reaches the edge of what its current stack can make intelligible, and the solution is not to force a breakthrough, but to contract, rebuild, and expand the wall. The appendix adds that Moral Infrastructure is non-negotiable, because clarity and capability without productive paths can become civilizationally dangerous; the work is not complete when people know better, but only when the world is structured such that knowing better can become doing better. (shrink)

This research presentation examines the overlooked causes of conflict and conflict escalation between managers and employees. The paper proposes emphasis on the need of a paradigm shift in the conflict management approach of managers.