Garis besar filsafat

Filsafat adalah kajian tentang masalah-masalah umum dan mendasar yang berkaitan dengan hal-hal seperti keberadaan, pengetahuan, nilai, akal, budi, dan bahasa.^[1]^[2] Filsafat dibedakan dari cara-cara lain dalam menangani pertanyaan-pertanyaan mendasar (seperti mistisisme, mitos) melalui sifatnya yang kritis dan umumnya sistematis, serta ketergantungannya pada argumen rasional.^[3] Filsafat melibatkan analisis logis terhadap bahasa dan klarifikasi makna kata serta konsep.

Kata "filsafat" berasal dari bahasa Yunani philosophia (φιλοσοφία), yang secara harfiah berarti "cinta kebijaksanaan".^[4]^[5]^[6]

Cabang-cabang filsafat

Cabang-cabang filsafat dan subcabangnya yang digunakan dalam filsafat kontemporer adalah sebagai berikut.

Estetika

Estetika adalah kajian tentang sifat keindahan, seni, dan selera, serta penciptaan jenis kebenaran pribadi.

Epistemologi

Epistemologi adalah cabang filsafat yang mempelajari sumber, sifat, dan validitas pengetahuan.

Epistemologi sosial – penyelidikan terhadap aspek-aspek sosial dari pengetahuan.
Epistemologi formal – penerapan model-model formal untuk mempelajari pengetahuan.
Metaepistemologi – studi tentang landasan dari epistemologi itu sendiri.

Etika

Etika – kajian tentang nilai dan moralitas.

Etika terapan – pemeriksaan filosofis, dari sudut pandang moral, terhadap isu-isu tertentu dalam kehidupan pribadi dan publik yang menjadi masalah penilaian moral. Dengan demikian, ini merupakan upaya untuk menggunakan metode filosofis guna mengidentifikasi tindakan yang benar secara moral dalam berbagai bidang kehidupan manusia.
- Bioetika – analisis isu-isu etis kontroversial yang muncul dari kemajuan di bidang kedokteran.
- Etika lingkungan – mempelajari isu-isu etis mengenai dunia nonmanusia. Bidang ini berpengaruh pada berbagai disiplin ilmu termasuk hukum lingkungan, sosiologi lingkungan, ekoteologi, ekonomi ekologis, ekologi, dan geografi lingkungan.
- Etika kedokteran – mempelajari isu-isu etis mengenai kedokteran dan penelitian medis.
- Etika profesi – etika untuk meningkatkan profesionalisme.
Etika diskursus – penemuan prinsip-prinsip etis melalui studi bahasa.
Etika normatif – studi tentang teori-teori etis yang menetapkan bagaimana orang seharusnya bertindak.
Metaetika – cabang etika yang berusaha memahami sifat dari properti, pernyataan, sikap, dan penilaian etis.

Logika

Logika – studi sistematis tentang bentuk inferensi dan penalaran yang valid.

Juga dianggap sebagai ilmu formal tersendiri.

Metafisika

Metafisika – berkaitan dengan penjelasan tentang sifat mendasar dari keberadaan dan dunia yang melingkupinya.

Kosmologi – studi tentang sifat dan asal-usul alam semesta.

Ontologi – studi filosofis tentang sifat keberadaan, proses menjadi, eksistensi, atau realitas, serta kategori dasar dari keberadaan dan hubungannya.
- Meta-ontologi – studi tentang landasan ontologis dari ontologi itu sendiri.
Filsafat ruang dan waktu – cabang filsafat yang berkaitan dengan isu-isu seputar ontologi, epistemologi, dan karakter ruang dan waktu.

Tradisi filsafat berdasarkan wilayah

Variasi filsafat berdasarkan wilayah.

Filsafat Afrika

Filsafat Timur

Filsafat Timur Tengah

Filsafat penduduk asli Amerika

Filsafat Aztek

Sejarah filsafat

Sejarah filsafat dalam konteks ruang dan waktu tertentu.

Lini masa filsafat

Filsafat kuno dan klasik

Pemikiran filsafat selama sejarah kuno.

Filsafat Yunani dan Romawi kuno

Filsafat Tiongkok klasik

Ratusan Aliran Pemikiran

Filsafat India klasik

Mazhab Ortodoks
- Samkhya
- Yoga
- Nyaya
- Vaisheshika
- Mimamsa
- Vedanta
Mazhab Heterodoks

Filsafat abad pertengahan dan pascaklasik

Pemikiran filsafat selama sejarah pascaklasik.

Filsafat Kristen

Filsafat Islam

Filsafat Yahudi

Filsafat Yahudi-Islam

Filsafat Tiongkok pascaklasik

Filsafat modern dan kontemporer

Pemikiran filsafat selama era modern.

Filsafat Renaisans

Filsafat modern awal

Filsafat kontemporer

Filsafat analitik
- Positivisme logis
- Logisisme
Filsafat kontinental
Filsafat Asia kontemporer
Filsafat Islam kontemporer
- Teosofi transenden
Mazhab Tradisionalis

Aliran pemikiran filosofis

Aliran pemikiran filosofis yang tidak terikat pada konteks sejarah tertentu.

Gerakan estetika

Teori etika

Sistem logika

Filsafat politik

Literatur filosofis

Karya referensi

Encyclopedia of Philosophy – one of the major English encyclopedias of philosophy. The second edition, edited by Donald M. Borchert, was published in ten volumes in 2006 by Thomson Gale. Volumes 1–9 contain alphabetically ordered articles.
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy – a free online encyclopedia on philosophical topics and philosophers founded by James Fieser in 1995. The current general editors are James Fieser (Professor of Philosophy at the University of Tennessee at Martin) and Bradley Dowden (Professor of Philosophy at California State University, Sacramento). The staff also includes numerous area editors as well as volunteers.
Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy – encyclopedia of philosophy edited by Edward Craig that was first published by Routledge in 1998 (ISBN 978-0415073103). Originally published in both 10 volumes of print and as a CD-ROM, in 2002 it was made available online on a subscription basis. The online version is regularly updated with new articles and revisions to existing articles. It has 1,300 contributors providing over 2,000 scholarly articles.
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy – combines an online encyclopedia of philosophy with peer reviewed publication of original papers in philosophy, freely-accessible to internet users. Each entry is written and maintained by an expert in the field, including professors from many academic institutions worldwide.
Chan, Wing-tsit (1963). A Source Book in Chinese Philosophy. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-01964-2. {{cite book}}: Ketidakcocokan ISBN / tanggal
Huang, Siu-chi (1999). Essentials of Neo-Confucianism: Eight Major Philosophers of the Song and Ming Periods. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-26449-8.
The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy by Robert Audi
Edwards, Paul, ed. (1967). The Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Macmillan & Free Press.; in 1996, a ninth supplemental volume appeared that updated the classic 1967 encyclopedia.
International Directory of Philosophy and Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
Directory of American Philosophers. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
Routledge History of Philosophy (10 vols.) edited by John Marenbon
History of Philosophy (9 vols.) by Frederick Copleston
A History of Western Philosophy (5 vols.) by W.T. Jones
History of Italian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Eugenio Garin. Translated from Italian and Edited by Giorgio Pinton. Introduction by Leon Pompa.
Encyclopaedia of Indian Philosophies (8 vols.), edited by Karl H. Potter et al. (first 6 volumes out of print)
Indian Philosophy (2 vols.) by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
A History of Indian Philosophy (5 vols.) by Surendranath Dasgupta
History of Chinese Philosophy (2 vols.) by Fung Yu-lan, Derk Bodde
Instructions for Practical Living and Other Neo-Confucian Writings by Wang Yang-ming by Chan, Wing-tsit
Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy edited by Antonio S. Cua
Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy and Religion by Ingrid Fischer-Schreiber, Franz-Karl Ehrhard, Kurt Friedrichs
Companion Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy by Brian Carr, Indira Mahalingam
A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English by John A. Grimes
History of Islamic Philosophy edited by Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Oliver Leaman
History of Jewish Philosophy edited by Daniel H. Frank, Oliver Leaman
A History of Russian Philosophy: From the Tenth to the Twentieth Centuries by Valerii Aleksandrovich Kuvakin
Ayer, A.J. et al., Ed. (1994) A Dictionary of Philosophical Quotations. Blackwell Reference Oxford. Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
Blackburn, S., Ed. (1996)The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Mautner, T., Ed. The Penguin Dictionary of Philosophy. London, Penguin Books.
Runes, D., ed. (1942). The Dictionary of Philosophy. New York: The Philosophical Library, Inc. Diarsipkan dari versi aslinya tanggal 24 April 2014. Diakses tanggal 27 Desember 2005.{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
Angeles, P.A., Ed. (1992). The HarperCollins Dictionary of Philosophy. New York, Harper Perennial.
Bunnin, Nicholas; Tsui-James, Eric, ed. (15 April 2008). The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-470-99787-1.{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
Hoffman, Eric, Ed. (1997) Guidebook for Publishing Philosophy. Charlottesville, Philosophy Documentation Center.
Popkin, R.H. (1999). The Columbia History of Western Philosophy. New York, Columbia University Press.
Bullock, Alan, and Oliver Stallybrass, jt. eds. The Harper Dictionary of Modern Thought. New York: Harper & Row, 1977. xix, 684 p. N.B.: First published in England under the title, "The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought". ISBN 978-0-06-010578-5
Reese, W.L. Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1980. iv, 644 p. ISBN 978-0-391-00688-1

Pengantar umum

Aristotle (1941). Richard McKeon (ed.). The Basic Works of Aristotle. New York: Random House.
Blumenau, Ralph. Philosophy and Living. ISBN 978-0-907845-33-1
Craig, Edward. Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 978-0-19-285421-6
Harrison-Barbet, Anthony, Mastering Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-333-69343-8
Russell, Bertrand. The Problems of Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-19-511552-9
Sinclair, Alistair J. What is Philosophy? An Introduction, 2008, ISBN 978-1-903765-94-4
Sober, Elliott. (2001). Core Questions in Philosophy: A Text with Readings. Upper Saddle River, Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-189869-1
Solomon, Robert C. Big Questions: A Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-534-16708-0
Warburton, Nigel. Philosophy: The Basics. ISBN 978-0-415-14694-4
Nagel, Thomas. What Does It All Mean? A Very Short Introduction to Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-19-505292-3
Classics of Philosophy (Vols. 1, 2, & 3) by Louis P. Pojman
Cottingham, John. Western Philosophy: An Anthology. 2nd ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell Pub., 2008. Print. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies.
Tarnas, Richard. The Passion of the Western Mind: Understanding the Ideas That Have Shaped Our World View. ISBN 978-0-345-36809-6

Pengantar topikal

Afrika

Imbo, Samuel Oluoch. An Introduction to African Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-8476-8841-8

Timur

A Source Book in Indian Philosophy by Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Charles A. Moore
Hamilton, Sue. Indian Philosophy: a Very Short Introduction. ISBN 978-0-19-285374-5
Kupperman, Joel J. Classic Asian Philosophy: A Guide to the Essential Texts. ISBN 978-0-19-513335-6
Lee, Joe and Powell, Jim. Eastern Philosophy For Beginners. ISBN 978-0-86316-282-4
Smart, Ninian. World Philosophies. ISBN 978-0-415-22852-7
Copleston, Frederick. Philosophy in Russia: From Herzen to Lenin and Berdyaev. ISBN 978-0-268-01569-5

Islam

Medieval Islamic Philosophical Writings edited by Muhammad Ali Khalidi
Leaman, Oliver (2000-04-14). A Brief Introduction to Islamic Philosophy. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-7456-1960-6.
Corbin, Henry (23 Juni 2014) [1993]. History Of Islamic Philosophy. Diterjemahkan oleh Sherrard, Liadain; Sherrard, Philip. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-135-19888-6.{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)
Aminrazavi, Mehdi Amin Razavi; Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Nasr, PH.D., Seyyed Hossein (16 Desember 2013). The Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-78105-6.{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link)

Pengantar sejarah

Umum

Oizerman, Teodor (1988). The Main Trends in Philosophy. A Theoretical Analysis of the History of Philosophy (PDF). translated by H. Campbell Creighton, M.A., Oxon (Edisi 2nd). Moscow: Progress Publishers. ISBN 978-5-01-000506-1. Diarsipkan dari asli (DjVu, etc.) tanggal 2012-03-06. Diakses tanggal 20 Januari 2011.{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) File not found 2026-10-23. First published in Russian as Главные философские направления.
Higgins, Kathleen M. and Solomon, Robert C. A Short History of Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-19-510196-6
Durant, Will, Story of Philosophy: The Lives and Opinions of the World's Greatest Philosophers, Pocket, 1991, ISBN 978-0-671-73916-4
Oizerman, Teodor (1973). Problems of the History of Philosophy. translated from Russian by Robert Daglish (Edisi 1st). Moscow: Progress Publishers. Diarsipkan dari versi asli pada 6 Juli 2011. Diakses tanggal 20 Januari 2011.{{cite book}}: Pemeliharaan CS1: Tanggal diterjemahkan otomatis (link) First published in Russian as Проблемы историко-философской науки.

Kuno

Knight, Kelvin. Aristotelian Philosophy: Ethics and Politics from Aristotle to MacIntyre. ISBN 978-0-7456-1977-4

Abad pertengahan

The Phenomenology Reader by Dermot Moran, Timothy Mooney
Kim, J. and Ernest Sosa, Ed. (1999). Metaphysics: An Anthology. Blackwell Philosophy Anthologies. Oxford, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Husserl, Edmund; Welton, Donn (1999). The Essential Husserl: Basic Writings in Transcendental Phenomenology. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-21273-3.

Modern dan kontemporer

The English Philosophers from Bacon to Mill by Edwin Arthur
European Philosophers from Descartes to Nietzsche by Monroe Beardsley
Existentialism: Basic Writings (Second Edition) by Charles Guignon, Derk Pereboom
Curley, Edwin, A Spinoza Reader, Princeton, 1994, ISBN 978-0-691-00067-1
Bullock, Alan, R.B. Woodings, and John Cumming, eds. The Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thinkers, in series, Fontana Original[s]. Hammersmith, Eng.: Fontana Press, 1992 [1983]. xxv, 867 p. ISBN 978-0-00-636965-3
Scruton, Roger. A Short History of Modern Philosophy. ISBN 978-0-415-26763-2
Contemporary Analytic Philosophy: Core Readings by James Baillie
Appiah, Kwame Anthony. Thinking it Through – An Introduction to Contemporary Philosophy, 2003, ISBN 978-0-19-513458-2
Critchley, Simon. Continental Philosophy: A Very Short Introduction. ISBN 978-0-19-285359-2

Daftar

Lihat pula

Referensi

↑ Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C. Evans, Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), p. 1: "Philosophy is a study of problems which are ultimate, abstract and very general. These problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason and human purpose."
↑ A.C. Grayling, Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."
↑ Anthony Quinton, in T. Honderich (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 666: "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved."
↑ Philosophia, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus
↑ Online Etymology Dictionary
↑ The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe". Webster's New World Dictionary (Edisi Second College).

Pranala luar

Cari tahu mengenai Filsafat pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya:
	Definisi dan terjemahan dari Wiktionary
	Gambar dan media dari Commons
	Berita dari Wikinews
	Kutipan dari Wikiquote
	Teks sumber dari Wikisource
	Buku dari Wikibuku

Taxonomy of Philosophy – topic outline developed by David Chalmers as the category structure for the table of contents of the PhilPapers academic directory.
PhilPapers – comprehensive directory of online philosophical articles and books.
Dictionary of Philosophical Terms and Names
Guide to Philosophy on the Internet Diarsipkan 2007-06-09 di Wayback Machine
The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
The Ism Book
Introducing Philosophy Series. By Paul Newall (for beginners) Diarsipkan 2007-03-08 di Wayback Machine
Philosophical positions (philosophy, movement, school, theory, etc.)
The Problems of Philosophy, by Bertrand Russell (links provided to full text)
Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

[1] Jenny Teichmann and Katherine C. Evans, Philosophy: A Beginner's Guide (Blackwell Publishing, 1999), p. 1: "Philosophy is a study of problems which are ultimate, abstract and very general. These problems are concerned with the nature of existence, knowledge, morality, reason and human purpose."

[2] A.C. Grayling, Philosophy 1: A Guide through the Subject (Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 1: "The aim of philosophical inquiry is to gain insight into questions about knowledge, truth, reason, reality, meaning, mind, and value."

[3] Anthony Quinton, in T. Honderich (ed.), The Oxford Companion to Philosophy (Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 666: "Philosophy is rationally critical thinking, of a more or less systematic kind about the general nature of the world (metaphysics or theory of existence), the justification of belief (epistemology or theory of knowledge), and the conduct of life (ethics or theory of value). Each of the three elements in this list has a non-philosophical counterpart, from which it is distinguished by its explicitly rational and critical way of proceeding and by its systematic nature. Everyone has some general conception of the nature of the world in which they live and of their place in it. Metaphysics replaces the unargued assumptions embodied in such a conception with a rational and organized body of beliefs about the world as a whole. Everyone has occasion to doubt and question beliefs, their own or those of others, with more or less success and without any theory of what they are doing. Epistemology seeks by argument to make explicit the rules of correct belief formation. Everyone governs their conduct by directing it to desired or valued ends. Ethics, or moral philosophy, in its most inclusive sense, seeks to articulate, in rationally systematic form, the rules or principles involved."

[4] Philosophia, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, at Perseus

[5] Online Etymology Dictionary

[6] The definition of philosophy is: "1.orig., love of, or the search for, wisdom or knowledge 2.theory or logical analysis of the principles underlying conduct, thought, knowledge, and the nature of the universe". Webster's New World Dictionary (Edisi Second College).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]