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Malaysia

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Malaysia
A blue rectangle with a gold star and crescent in the canton, with 14 horizontal red and white stripes on the rest of the flag
Menira
Shield showing the symbols of the Malaysian states with a star and crescent above and a motto below, supported by two tigers
Lambang menua
Rambai jaku: Bersekutu Bertambah Mutu[1]
برسکوتو برتمبه موتو‎ (Jawi)
"Beserakup Betambah Kualiti"
Anthem: "Negaraku"
"Menuaku"
Location of Malaysia (dark green)

– in Asia (dark gray & white)
– in ASEAN (dark gray)

Indu menua
enggau nengeri ke pemadu besai
Kuala Lumpur[fn 1]
3°8′N 101°41′E / 3.133°N 101.683°E / 3.133; 101.683
Palan perintahPutrajaya[fn 2]
2°56′N 101°42′E / 2.933°N 101.700°E / 2.933; 101.700
Jaku resmiJaku Melayu[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 2][lower-alpha 3]
Jaku ti diakuJaku Inggeris[lower-alpha 3]
Raban bansa
(2023)[2][3]
Pengarap
(2020)[5]
PerintahMonarki elektif bekonstitusyen parlimen federal
Ibrahim Iskandar
Anwar Ibrahim
Aum KaunsilParlimen
• Upper house
Diwan Menua (Senat)
• Lower house
Diwan Rayat (House of Representatives)
Meredeka 
ari United Kingdom
31 Ogos 1957[6]
22 Julai 1963
31 Ogos 1963[7]
16 September 1963
Menua
• Pemesai
330,803[8][9] km2 (127,724 bt2) (67th)
• Ai (%)
0.3
Penyampau tubuh
• Estimate
34,564,810[10] (43rd)
• Census
32,447,385[11]
• Pemayuh tubuh
101/km2 (261.6/sq mi) (116th)
GDP (PPP)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $1.306 trilion[12] (30th)
• Per capita
Increase $39,030[12] (53rd)
GDP (nominal)2024 estimate
• Total
Increase $445.519 billion[12] (36th)
• Per capita
Increase $13,315[12] (67th)
Gini (2021)Positive decrease 40.7[13]
sedang
HDI (2022)Increase 0.807[14]
amat tinggi · 63rd
Mata duitRinggit Malaysia (RM) (MYR)
Zon jamUTC+8 (JSM)
Date formatdd-mm-yyyy
Tisi deribaleft
Kod talipaun+60
Kod ISO 3166MY
TLD Internet.my

Malaysia siti menua raja federal konstitusyen ba Asia Tenggara ti ditubuhka ari 11 iti negeri ba Semenanjung Malaysia, 2 iti negeri ba Borneo enggau 3 iti Wilayah Persekutuan. Pemesai menua tu nyampau 330,803 km2. Malaysia bekunsi arih tanah enggau menua Thailand, Indonesia, enggau Brunei sereta arih tasik enggau Singapura enggau Filipina. Ba Malaysia bisi siti titik ti pemadu selatan urung semua tanah besai Eurasia, ianya Tanjung Piai.

Tuai menua Malaysia ianya Yang di-Pertuan Agong, raja elektif ti dipilih ari 9 iku raja negeri Melayu. Tuai eksekutif perintah ianya Menteri Besai. Kuala Lumpur nya indu menua Malaysia, Putrajaya nya pusat perintah federal. Malaysia siti menua perintis Serakup Menua-Menua Asia Tenggara enggau Serakup Aum Islam, sereta siti ari raban Saup Ekonomi Asia-Pasifik, Menua-Menua Komanwel, enggau Non-Alligned Movement.

Asal menua tu ari perintah-perintah orang Laut ti ulih ditemu ba Semenanjung Malaysia. Menua nya udah dijajah Empayar British ari abad ke-18. Begian menua keterubah ti udah dijajah British dikumbai Negeri-Negeri Selat. Maya Perang Dunya Kedua, British Malaya udah dijajah menua Jipun. Sepengudah perang nya, Semenanjung Malaysia ti dikelala enggau nama Tanah Melayu tauka Malaya maya nya, udah diserakup baruh siti komanwel maya taun 1946, sebedau nyadi Persekutuan Tanah Melayu maya taun 1948. Maya taun 1957 Semenanjung Malaysia udah meredika. Sepengudah nya, ba taun 1963, Tanah Melayu beserakup enggau Sabah, Sarawak, enggau Singapura ungkup nubuhka menua Malaysia. Singapura udah dipansutka ari federasyen lalu nyadi siti menua ti bibas maya taun 1965.

Nama

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English Map of Southeast Asia, "MALAYSIA" typeset horizontally so that the letters run across the northernmost corner of Borneo and pass just south of the Philippines.
"Malaysia" dikena nyadi label ke Pulau Melayu ba kar taun 1914 dalam atlas Amerika Serikat

Nama "Malaysia" datai ari dua leka jaku iya nya "Malays" enggau penambah pengujung jaku Latin-Gerika "-ia"/"-ία"[15] ke ulih dikalih jaku nyadi "tanah orang Melayu".[16] Asal leka jaku 'Melayu' ngembuan mayuh macham teori. Bisi pelaba leka jaku tu datai ari jaku Sanskrit iya nya "Himalaya", ti nujuka kandang menua ke tinggi sereta begunung, tauka leka jaku "Malaiyur-pura", ti mai reti "nengeri gunung".[17] Teori bukai madahka asal penatai leka jaku tu ari jaku Tamil "malai" enggau "ur" ke mai reti "gunung" enggau "nengeri, tanah".[18][19][20] Siti agi penemu iya nya bepun ari peristiwa Pamalayu ti mai reti Ekspedisyen Melayu. Siti penemu iya nya iya datai ari leka jaku Jawa "mlaya" enggau "mlayu" ti mai reti "belanda", ari sungai, iya nya Sungai Melayu, ti diberi nama ketegal arus iya.[17] Varian mega bisi ayan dalam rikud ke tuai agi ari abad ke-11, nyadi toponim ungkup kandang endur di Sumatera tauka nunjukka pelilih menua ke besai agi ngelingi Selat Melaka.[21] Teks Sanskrit Vayu Purana, ti dipelabaka udah bisi kenyau ari milenium keterubah, nyebut pasal tanah ti dikumbai ‘Malayadvipa’ ti dikelala sekeda pakar nyadi semenanjung Melayu moden.[22][23][24][25][26] Rikud bukai iya nya Geografi Ptolemy abad ke-2 ti ngena nama Malayu Kulon ungkup pantai barat Semenanjung Emas, enggau rikud Yijing abad ke-7 pasal Malayu.[21]

Bisi sekali, Perintah Melayu ngambi nama ari Sungai Melayu.[17][27] 'Melayu' lalu dipaut ngagai Srivijaya,[21] lalu mengkang begulai enggau mayuh bengkah endur di Sumatera, nyengkaum Palembang, endur ke dipelaba orang asal penumbuh Kesultanan Melaka.[28] Iya dipelabaka mansang nyadi etnonim laban Melaka nyadi kuasa pelilih menua dalam abad ke-15. Islam nempa identiti etnik pengarap di Melaka, enggau leka jaku ‘Melayu’ pansut. Engka enggau spesifik ngenang pasal orang ke bejaku Melayu setempat ti dianggap taluk ngagai Sultan Melaka. Pengawa orang Portugis ngena penambah jaku Malayos ulih nunjukka orang ke bekuasa di Melaka. Pengelebih orang dagang ari Melaka ngasuh bansa ‘Melayu’ begulai enggau orang dagang ti bepengarap Islam, lalu ari nya sida dikaul enggau raban budaya enggau jaku ti lebih luas.[21] Melaka lalu udah nya Johor ngumbai diri nyadi pusat budaya Melayu, siti penuduk ti disukung British.[28]

Pengudah ekspedisyen pelayar Peranchis Jules Dumont d'Urville ngagai Oceania maya taun 1826, siku pakar Jereman Johann Friedrich Blumenbach merambu leka jaku "Malaysia", "Mikronesia" enggau "Melanesia" ngagai Société de Géographie maya taun 1831, midaka budaya enggau raban pulau Pasifik tu ari leka jaku ke udah bisi iya nya "Polinesia". Dumont d'Urville nerangka Malaysia nyadi "kandang menua ti suah dikelala enggau nama Hindia Timur".[29] Maya taun 1850, raban etnologi British, George Samuel Windsor Earl, nulis dalam Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia, merambu deka meri nama ngagai pulau-pulau di Asia Tenggara nya “Melayunesia” tauka “Indunesia”, nitihka nama ke dulu suba.[30] Nama Malaysia berengkah dikena ngelabel endur ti nyadi Pulau Melayu.[31]

Menua ti merdeka ari British dalam taun 1957 ngambi nama “Persekutuan Tanah Melayu” nyadika pilih ari nama bukai ti bisi potensial baka “Langkasuka”, udah bekau perintah besejarah ti bepalan ba tuchung Semenanjung Melayu.[32][33] Bala orang politik di Filipina kala berunding deka nukar nama menua sida "Malaysia" sebedau menua "moden" nya ngambi nama tu.[34]

Sejarah

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Artikel batang: Sejarah Malaysia
Map showing the extent of the Malacca Sultanate, covering much of the Malay Peninsula and some of Sumatra
Kesultanan Melaka bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti besai dalam ngerembaika Islam ngagai serata Pulau-pulau Melayu.

Bukti endur mensia moden diau di Malaysia berengkah ari taun 40,000 taun ke udah.[35] Ba Semenanjung Melayu, orang keterubah diau dia dipelabaka bansa Negritos.[36][37] Kandang menua Malaysia bisi ngambi bagi ba Jalai Batu Permata Gadung Maritim entara taun 2000 SM ngagai 1000 AD.[38][39][40][41] Bala orang dagang enggau orang ke diau mendam ari India enggau China datai kenyau ari kurun keterubah AD, numbuhka palan penyangkai kapal dagang enggau mengeri tebing tasik ba abad kedua enggau ketiga. Penatai sida ngujungka pengaruh India enggau China ti tegap ba budaya menua nya, lalu orang Semenanjung Tanah Melayu ngemeranka pengarap Hindu enggau Buddha. Inskripsyen jaku Sanskrit bisi ayan kenyau ari kurun keempat tauka kelima.[42] Perintah Langkasuka nyadi urung kurun kedua ba kandang menua utara Semenanjung Tanah Melayu, lalu meruan nyentuk urung kurun ke-15.[32] Entara kurun ke-7 enggau ke-13, mayuh kandang menua selatan Semenanjung Tanah Melayu nyadi sebagi ari empayar maritim Srivijaya. Datai ba kurun ke-13 enggau ke-14, empayar Majapahit udah mujur ngerampas kuasa ba tebal agi semenanjung enggau Pulau-pulau Melayu ari Srivijaya.[43] Ba pun kurun ke-15, Parameswara, siku raja ke lari ari menua Perintah Singapura ke suba ke bisi kaul enggau istana lama Srivijayan, numbuhka Kesultanan Melaka.[44] Penyampau pengarap Islam majak ngerembai berindik ari Parameswara ke masuk pengarap nya. Melaka nyadi palan dagang ti beguna maya tu, narit dagang ari serata kandang menua nya.[45]

Dutch fleet vs Portuguese armada
Armada Belanda beperang enggau armada Portugis nyadi sebagi ari Perang Belanda–Portugis dalam taun 1606 dikena nguasa Melaka.

Dalam taun 1511, Melaka dipegai Portugal,[46] udah nya diambi Belanda dalam taun 1641. Dalam taun 1786, Empayar British numbuhka palan di Malaya, lebuh Sultan Kedah nyuwa pulau Pulau Pinang ngagai Kompeni Hindia Timur British. British ngulihka mengeri Singapura dalam taun 1819,[47] lalu dalam taun 1824 ngambi kuasa Melaka nitihka Sempekat Inggeris-Belanda. Datai ba taun 1826, British nguasa terus Pulau Pinang, Melaka, Singapura, enggau pulau Labuan, ti ditumbuhka sida nyadi koloni mahkota Kandang Pendiau Selat. Datai ba kurun ke-20, negeri Pahang, Selangor, Perak, enggau Negeri Sembilan, ke dikelala begulai enggau nama Negeri Melayu Beserakup, bisi residen British ke dipadu meri jaku lalau ngagai pemerintah Melayu, ke alai bala pemerintah patut nangguhka timpuh nengah sempekat.[48] Lima bengkah negeri ke bukai ba semenanjung nya, ke dikelala enggau nama Negeri Melayu Enda Beserakup, taja pan ukai terus di baruh pegai British, tang mega nerima penyanding penemu British urung pun abad ke-20. Pemansang ba semenanjung enggau Borneo umum iya bebida nyentuk ngagai abad ke-19. Di baruh pegai British pengawa pindah orang China enggau India nyadi kuli diperansang.[49] Kandang menua ke diatu nyadi Sabah nyadi baruh kuasa British nyadi Borneo Utara lebuh kededua Sultan Brunei enggau Sultan Sulu mindahka hak ngempu kandang menua sida empu, entara taun 1877 enggau 1878.[50] Dalam taun 1842, Sarawak diserahka Sultan Brunei ngagai James Brooke, ke nganti iya merintah nyadi Rajah Putih atas perintah meredeka nyentuk ngagai taun 1946, lebuh iya nyadi koloni mahkota.[51]

Perang Klang (1867–1874) berengkah nyadi penyarut entara Raja Abdullah enggau Raja Mahadi ketegal nyadi tuai rumah Klang, enggau Mahadi nulak pengawa Sultan Abdul Samad ari Selangor ti udah nyiri Abdullah. Penyarut nya narit gerempung resia China ke bepekit—Ghee Hin Kongsi ke mayuh nyukung Mahadi enggau Gerempung Resia Hai San nyukung Abdullah—serta tuai-tuai peturun Bugis enggau Melayu ke ngumbai Mahadi lebih sah. Perang ngerembai sepengudah Mahadi ngerampas Kubu Klang lalu Abdullah rari ke Melaka, ngachau pengawa ngasilka timah, jalai dagang, enggau pemerat komersial British ba Lembak Klang. Berebak enggau nya, Perang Larut ti nyadi ba kandang menua ke besepiak (1861–1874) entara Hai San enggau Ghee Hin di Perak sama ngasuh pelilih menua ke kaya enggau timah enda entap sereta ngasuh orang dagang British irau. Apil ari tuai-tuai Melayu minta pengawa nyadi pengantara begulai enggau pengirau ati British bekaul enggau penyarut pelilih menua muka jalai ngagai pengawa campur tangan formal, ti ngujungka Sempekat Pangkor taun 1874 ti numbuhka sistem peranak British ba negeri-negeri Melayu.[52] Baka ti ditulis Frank Swettenham udah nya, "Iya nya taja pan gaya utai ti nyadi begunaka campur tangan, kami datai ngagai Negeri-Negeri Melayu ketegal kangau Pemerintah Melayu, ngajar sida chara administrasyen ti manah agi."[53][54]

Dalam Perang Dunya Kedua, Soldadu Jipun nyerang sereta nguasa Malaya, Borneo Utara, Sarawak, enggau Singapura lebih ari tiga taun.[55] Dalam timpuh tu, penyarut entara bansa nyadi lalu nasionalisme majak nambah.[56] Sukung rayat ngagai meredeka majak nambah pengudah Malaya dipegai baru ulih soldadu Serakup.[57] Perambu British pengudah perang deka nyerakupka administrasyen Malaya ari baruh siti koloni mahkota ti dikumbai Serakup Malaya napi bantah ti balat ari bansa Melayu, ti mantah pengelemi pemerintah Melayu enggau meri peranak menua ngagai raban bansa China. Serakup Malaya, ti ditumbuhka dalam taun 1946, lalu mungkur semua reta tengkira British di Semenanjung Tanah Melayu kelimpah ari Singapura, jampat dibuai lalu diganti enggau Federasyen Malaya kena 1 Februari 1948, ti mulaika autonomi pemerintah negeri-negeri Melayu ti dijaga British.[58]

Pemesai polis Malaya benung nanya siku periman bebansa China maya Penusah Darurat Malaya taun 1949

Dalam timpuh tu, raban pemberontak ke tebal agi bebansa China ari baruh iring Parti Kominis Malaya ngepunka operasyen gerila ke digaga dikena mejal British pansut ari Malaya. Darurat Malaya (1948–1960) ngaul kimpin anti-penyarut ti lama dipejalaika soldadu Komanwel di Malaya.[59] Kena 31 Ogos 1957, Malaya nyadi kaban meredeka dalam Komanwel Bansa.[60] Udah nya, pelin ti komprehensif diperambu dikena nyerakupka Malaya enggau koloni mahkota Borneo Utara (dikelala enggau nama Sabah lebuh begulai), Sarawak, enggau Singapura. Persekutuan ti diperambu nya asal iya deka diatur kena 31 Ogos 1963, beserimbai enggau hari pengingat meredeka Malaya. Taja pia, ketegal ti patut ngaga pansik pasal tikas sukung ngagai gerempung nya di Sabah enggau Sarawak ari Gerempung Bansa Beserakup, baka ti dipinta orang ti ngelaban gerempung nya baka Sukarno ari Indonesia enggau Parti Rayat Beserakup Sarawak, haribulan gerempung nya ditangguh nyentuk ngagai 16 September 1963.[61][62]

Federasyen nya mai penyarut ti majak balat nyengkaum penyarut enggau Indonesia kelimpah ari penyarut ti enda ngetu nyadi ngelaban Kominis di Borneo enggau Semenanjung Melayu, ti majak balat ngagai Penyarut Kominis Sarawak enggau Darurat Malaya Kedua begulai enggau sekeda isu bukai baka serang lanun Moro ari pulau-pulau selatan Filipina meraka garis entara menua ba Sabah, penyerara Singapura ari Federasyen dalam taun 1965,[63][64][65] enggau laya bansa. Penyarut tu ngujungka penyarut bansa 13 Me dalam taun 1969.[66] Pengudah penyarut nya nyadi, Polisi Ekonomi Baru ti kontroversial nya dikelancharka Menteri Besai Tun Abdul Razak, nguji nambahka bagi ekonomi ti dipegai raban bumiputera.[67] Di baruh pegai Menteri Besai Mahathir Mohamad bisi timpuh penumbuh ekonomi enggau urbanisasyen ti jampat berengkah ari taun 1980-an. Ekonomi ngalih ari bepelasarka pengawa betanam betupi ngagai bepelasarka pengawa ngaga enggau industri. Mayuh bengkah projek besai udah tembu digaga, baka Menara Petronas, Jalai Ekspres Utara–Selatan, Koridor Super Multimedia, enggau indu nengeri pentadbiran perintah besai baru Putrajaya.[35][68]

Ba ujung taun 1990-an, krisis wang Asia meri empas ngagai menua nya, nyau deka ngasuh makit mata duit, saham, enggau reta tengkira sida runtuh; taja pia, sida udah nya gerai.[69] Skandal 1MDB nya skandal makai suap global ti besai ti ngaul Menteri Besai maya nya Najib Razak dalam taun 2015.[70] Skandal nya nyadika ubah keterubah ba parti politik ke megai perintah kenyau ari merdeka ba pengawa bepilih besai 2018.[71] Dalam taun 2020-an, menua tu dipegai krisis politik ti beserimbai enggau krisis pengerai enggau ekonomi ketegal pandemik COVID-19.[72] Tu udah nya ditangkan enggau pengawa bepilih besai tumu agi dalam bulan November 2022, ti ngujungka parlimen gantung keterubah dalam sejarah menua tu.[73] Kena 24 Nobember 2022, Anwar Ibrahim ngangkat sumpah nyadi Menteri Besai Malaysia ke-10, nguluka perintah gempung besai.[74]

Demografi

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Artikel batang: Demografi Malaysia
A map of Malaysia depicting the expected 2010 estimated population density.
Pemadat mensia (orang per km2) maya 2010
Percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group, 2010
The percentage distribution of Malaysian population by ethnic group based on 2010 census

Nitihka penerang ari Opis Statistik Malaysia, penyampau tubuh peranak menua tu manggai 32,447,385 iku ba taun 2020,[75] nyadika menua ke-42 pemadu mayuh mensia. Nitihka anggar taun 2012, penyampau tubuh majak nambah 1.54 peratus setaun. Malaysia ngembuan pemadat pemayuh tubuh 96 iku per km2, ba penuduk lumur 116 ba dunya ungkup pemadat mensia. Orang dalam kandang umur 15–64 taun nyadi 69.5 peratus ari penyampau tubuh; raban umur 0–14 taun setipak enggau 24.5 peratus; lalu orang tuai ke beumur 65 taun ke atas manggai 6.0 peratus. Dalam taun 1960, lebuh pengawa ngitung tubuh enggau rasmi keterubah iya dirikod di Malaysia, penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh bisi 8.11 juta iku. 91.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh peranak menua Malaysia.[76]

Peranak Malaysia dibagi nitihka garis etnik setempat, enggau 69.7 peratus dianggap bumiputera.[77] Raban bumiputera ke pemadu mayuh iya nya bansa Melayu, ke ditukuka dalam konstitusyen nyadi orang Islam ke ngemeranka adat enggau budaya Melayu. Sida bejalaika tanggungpengawa ti dominan ba politik.[78] Status Bumiputera mega diberi ngagai raban bansa asal ukai Melayu Sabah enggau Sarawak: ti nyengkaum bansa Dayak (Iban, Bidayuh, Orang Ulu), Kadazan-Dusun, Melanau, Bajau sereta ke bukai. Bumiputera ukai Melayu mungkur lebih setengah ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sarawak enggau lebih dua pertiga ari penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah.[79][80] Bisi mega raban bansa asal tauka orang asal ke jauh mimit agi ba semenanjung, ke alai sida begulai dikelala enggau nama Orang Asli.[81] Undang-undang pasal sapa ke bulih status bumiputera bebida entara negeri.[82]

Pia mega bisi dua bengkah etnik setempat bukai ke ukai Bumiputera. 22.8 peratus ari penyampau tubuh nya bansa China Malaysia, lalu 6.8 peratus bansa India Malaysia.[77] Raban bansa China setempat ari suba udah lebih dominan dalam komuniti dagang. Orang India setempat tebal agi bebansa Tamil.[83][84] Peranak menua Malaysia ukai automatik diberi ngagai sida ke ada di Malaysia, tang diberi ngagai anak mit ke ada ari dua iku apai indai peranak Malaysia di luar Malaysia. Dua peranak menua enda dikemendarka nitihka undang-undang menua tu.[85] Peranak menua di nengeri Sabah enggau Sarawak di Kalimantan Malaysia bebida enggau peranak menua di Semenanjung Malaysia ungkup tuju imigresyen. Tetiap rayat dikeluarka kad pengelala chip pintar biometrik ti dikelala enggau nama MyKad maya umur 12 taun, lalu mesti mai kad nya belama.[86]

Penyampau tubuh mensia mayuh ba Semenanjung Malaysia,[87] ke alai 20 juta ari urung 28 juta iku rayat Malaysia diau.[88] 70 persin orang diau ba nengeri.[89] Berindik ari peniki industri ti begunaka pengereja pengawa,[90] menua tu dipelabaka ngembuan lebih 3 juta iku pengereja pengawa migran; urung 10 peratus ari penyampau tubuh.[91] Bala NGO ke bepalan ba Sabah melabaka ari 3 juta iku ke nyadi penyampau tubuh peranak Sabah, 2 juta iku nya PATI.[92] Malaysia nyadi tuai rumah ngagai penyampau tubuh pelarian enggau orang ke minta suaka urung 171,500 iku. Ari penyampau tubuh tu, urung 79,000 iku ari Burma, 72,400 iku ari Filipina, lalu 17,700 iku ari Indonesia. Bala pemesai Malaysia diripotka udah nyerahka orang ti dibuai terus ngagai orang ti mai mensia enggau chara belalai dalam taun 2007, lalu Malaysia ngambi RELA, sebengkah raban militia sukarelawan ti ngembuan sejarah kontroversi, dikena neritka undang-undang imigresyen sida.[93]

Pengarap

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Artikel batang: Pengarap ba Malaysia
A Map of Malaysia showing religious statistics by state
Pengarap ti dominan di Malaysia nitihka pengawa ngitung tubuh taun 2020:[94]Gadung tuai: Majoriti Islam > 50%
Gadung muda: Pluraliti Islam < 50%
Biru: Majoriti Kristian > 50%

Konstitusyen meri pengelepas pengarap, seraya numbuhka Islam nyadi "agama Persekutuan".[95][96] Nitihka angka Pengirau Penduduk enggau Pengawa Berumah 2020, etnik enggau pengarap bisi kaul ke tinggi. Kira-kira 63.5% ari penyampau tubuh ngemeranka pengarap Islam, 18.7% ngemeranka pengarap Buddha, 9.1% pengarap Kristian, 6.1% pengarap Hindu enggau 1.3% ngemeranka pengarap Konfusianisme, Taoisme enggau pengarap tradisional China ke bukai. 2.7% madahka nadai pengarap tauka ngemeranka pengarap bukai tauka nadai meri sebarang penerang.[75] Negeri Sarawak, Pulau Pinang enggau kandang menua perintah besai Kuala Lumpur ngembuan majoriti ukai Islam.[97][98]

Islam Sunni ari mazhab Shafi'i nya pampang Islam ti dominan di Malaysia,[99][100] lalu 18% orang Islam Malaysia nadai bemazhab.[101] Konstitusyen Malaysia terit netapka nama utai ti ngasuh orang nyadi "Melayu", ngira Melayu sida ti bepengarap Islam, bejaku Melayu enggau tetap, ngemeranka adat Melayu, sereta diau tauka bisi aki ini ari Brunei, Malaysia enggau Singapura.[102] Statistik ari Pengitung Penyampau Mensia 2010 nunjukka 83.6% ari penyampau tubuh China ngelala diri nyadi pengarap Buddha, enggau penyampau ke signifikan nitihka pengarap Taoisme (3.4%) enggau Kristian (11.1%), begulai enggau penyampau tubuh Islam ke mit ba kandang endur baka Pulau Pinang. Majoriti peranak India nitihka pengarap Hindu (86.2%), enggau minoriti ke signifikan ngelala diri nyadi orang Kristian (6.0%) tauka Islam (4.1%). Pengarap Kristian nyadi pengarap ke tebal agi ba komuniti bumiputera ukai Melayu (46.5%) enggau tambah 40.4% ngelala diri nyadi orang Islam.[75]

Orang Islam diwajibka nitihka pemutus Kort Syariah dalam pekara ti bekaul enggau pengarap sida. Bala akim Islam disadang nitihka sekula undang-undang Islam Shafi’i, iya nya mazhab besai Malaysia.[99] Bidang kuasa kort Syariah semina diungkupka ngagai orang Islam dalam pekara baka tikah, pesaka, sarak, murtad, nukar pengarap, enggau hak ngibun anak enggau ke bukai. Nadai penyalah jenayah tauka sivil bukai di baruh kuasa kort Syariah, ti ngembuan hierarki ti sebaka enggau Kort Sivil. Kort Sivil enda mendingka pekara ti bekaul enggau pengawa Islam.[103]

Jaku

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Artikel batang: Jaku ba Malaysia
Agih ruang bilik jaku Malaysia ti dipandangka ngena chura:
  Melayik
  Borneo
  Asli
  Dayak Darat
  Sama–Bajaw
  Philippine
  Chinese
  Kandang menua enggau mayuh iti jaku

Jaku rasmi enggau bansa menua Malaysia iya nya jaku Melayu Malaysia,[89] siti tukuh standard jaku Melayu.[104] Terminologi rasmi sebedau tu iya nya Bahasa Malaysia (Jaku Malaysia)[105][106][107] tang diatu polisi perintah ngena "Bahasa Melayu" (Jaku Melayu) deka nujuka jaku resmi[108] lalu kededua leka jaku nya mengkang dikena.[109][110] Akta Bahasa Kebangsaan 1967 netapka urup Latin (Rumi) nyadi tulis rasmi jaku bansa, tang nadai nagang ngena urup Jawi.[111]

Jaku English mengkang nyadi jaku kedua ti aktif, enggau guna iya dikemendarka ungkup sekeda tuju rasmi ari baruh Akta Jaku Nasional 1967.[111] Ba Sarawak, Jaku English nyadi jaku rasmi negeri begulai enggau jaku Melayu.[112][113][114] Ari segi sejarah, jaku English nyadi jaku perintah de facto; Jaku Melayu nyadi dominan pengudah penyarut bansa 1969 (insiden 13 Mei).[115] Jaku English tauka dikumbai jaku English Malaysia iya nya siti tukuh jaku English ti datai ari jaku English British. Jaku English Malaysia mayuh dikena dalam pengawa dagang, begulai enggau jaku Manglish, iya nya jaku English ti dikena sehari-hari enggau pengaruh jaku Melayu, China, enggau Tamil ti berat. Perintah enda meransang ngena jaku Melayu ti enda standard tang nadai kuasa ngeluarka kompaun tauka ukum ngagai sida ti ngena utai ti dianggap enda menuku jaku Melayu ba iklan sida.[116][117]

Mayuh jaku bukai dikena di Malaysia, ti ngundan orang ti bejaku 137 bansa jaku ti idup.[118] Semenanjung Malaysia ngundan orang ke bejaku ngena 41 iti jaku tu.[119] Suku bansa asal Malaysia Timur bisi jaku kediri empu ti bekaul enggau, tang mudah dibida enggau, jaku Melayu. Jaku Iban nyadi batang jaku suku bansa di Sarawak seraya jaku Dusunik enggau Kadazan dikena orang asal di Sabah.[120] Rayat Malaysia China tebal agi bejaku ngena dialek China ari bagi menua selatan China. Jaku China ke suah agi ditemu ba menua tu iya nya jaku Mandarin, Kanton, Hokkien, enggau ke bukai.[121] Jaku Tamil tu tebal dikena majoriti bansa India Malaysia.[122] Sekeda rayat Malaysia ngembuan peturun Eropah lalu bejaku ngena jaku kreol, baka jaku Kristang ti bepelasarka jaku Portugis,[123] enggau jaku Chavacano ti bepelasarka jaku Sepanyol.[124]

Nota

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  1. ↑ Constitutional capital, ceremonial and legislative
  2. ↑ administrative and judicial
  1. ↑ Section 9 of the Akta Jaku Nasional 1963/67 states that "The script of the national language shall be the Rumi script: provided that this shall not prohibit the use of the Malay script, more commonly known as the Jawi script, of the national language".
  2. ↑ Section 2 of the National Language Act 1963/67 states that "Save as provided in this Act and subject to the safeguards contained in Article 152(1) of the Constitution relating to any other language and the language of any other community in Malaysia the national language shall be used for official purposes".
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 See Article 152 of the Federal Constitution of Malaysia and National Language Act 1963/67.

Kereban sanding

[edit | edit bunsu]
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  2. ↑ "Minister: Census shows Malaysia's oldest man and woman aged 120 and 118; preliminary census findings to be released in Feb 2022". Malaymail. 17 January 2022. Archived from the original on 17 January 2022. Retrieved 17 January 2022.
  3. ↑ Department of Statistics Malaysia (2021). "Current population and estimates, Malaysia 2021 Group". Archived from the original on 1 February 2022. Retrieved 1 February 2022.
  4. ↑ "The States, Religion and Law of the Federation" (PDF). Constitution of Malaysia. Judicial Appointments Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 June 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2017. Islam is the religion of the Federation; but other religions may be practised in peace and harmony in any part of the Federation.
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  115. ↑ Andaya, Barbara Watson; Andaya, Leonard Y. (1982). A History of Malaysia. MacMillan. pp. 26–28, 61, 151–152, 242–243, 254–256, 274, 278. ISBN 978-0-333-27672-3.
  116. ↑ Zimmer, Benjamin (5 October 2006). "Language Log: Malaysia cracks down on "salad language"". University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 20 June 2010. Retrieved 14 September 2010.
  117. ↑ "Dewan Bahasa champions use of BM in ads". New Straits Times. Kuala Lumpur. 14 October 2013. Archived from the original on 24 October 2013. Retrieved 16 October 2013.
  118. ↑ "Ethnologue report for Malaysia". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  119. ↑ "Ethnologue report for Malaysia (Peninsular)". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 10 May 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
  120. ↑ Adelaar, Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus P. (2005). The Austronesian languages of Asia and Madagascar. Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 56, 397. ISBN 978-0-7007-1286-1. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 2 June 2020.
  121. ↑ Gerhard, Leitner; Azirah, Hashim; Hans-Georg, Wolf; Xiaomei, W. (2016). "The Chinese language in the Asian diaspora: A Malaysian experience". Communicating with Asia: The Future of English as a Global Language. Cambridge University Press. pp. 205–215. doi:10.1017/CBO9781107477186.014. ISBN 978-1-107-06261-0. Archived from the original on 4 December 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  122. ↑ Schiffman, Harold F. (31 December 1998). "Malaysian Tamils and Tamil Linguistic Culture". University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 13 June 2022.
  123. ↑ Hancock, I. F. (1975). "Malaysian Creole Portuguese: Asian, African or European?". Anthropological Linguistics. 17 (5): 211–236. JSTOR 30027570.
  124. ↑ Michaelis, Susanne (2008). Roots of Creole structures. John Benjamins Publishing Co. p. 279. ISBN 978-90-272-5255-5.

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