Holy Roman Samrajya

Holy Roman Empire
*Sacrum Imperium Romanum* (Latin)
*Heiliges Römisches Reich* (German)
Holy Roman Empire of the
German Nation
*Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicae* (Latin)
*Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation* (German)
Holy Roman Empire; Sacrum Imperium Romanum (Latin); Heiliges Römisches Reich (German)Holy Roman Empire of the; German Nation; Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicae (Latin); Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation (German)
800/962–1806
	Imperial Banner; (c. 1430–1806) Coat of arms; (15th-century design)
	Quaternion Eagle (1510);
	The Holy Roman Empire c. 1618Template:Dubious
Capital	Multiple; see § Capitals and administrative centres
Common languages	German, Medieval Latin (administrative/liturgical/ceremonial); Various
Religion	Various official religions:; Latin Christianity; (800/962–1806); Lutheranism (1555–1806); Calvinism (1648–1806)
Government	Confederal elective monarchyConfederal mixed monarchy (after Imperial Reform)
Emperor
• 800–814	Charlemagne (first)
• 962–973	Otto I
• 1452–1493	Frederick III
• 1519–1556	Charles V
• 1792–1806	Francis II (last)
Legislature	Imperial Diet
Historical era	Middle Ages to early modern period
• Charlemagne crowned Emperor	25 December 800
• Otto I crowned Emperor	2 February 962
• Conrad II incorporates the Kingdom of Burgundy	2 February 1033
• Golden Bull of 1356	10 January and 25 December 1356
• Peace of Augsburg	25 September 1555
• Peace of Westphalia	24 October 1648
• Dissolution	6 August 1806
Area
in year 1150:	1,100,000 km2 (420,000 sq mi)
Population
• 1700	23,000,000
• 1800	29,000,000
Currency	Multiple: thaler, guilder, groschen, Reichsthaler
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	East Francia
	Kingdom of Italy
	Carolingian Empire
Confederation of the Rhine
Austrian Empire
Kingdom of Prussia
Old Swiss Confederacy
Kingdom of Sardinia
Duchy of Savoy
Dutch Republic
Kingdom of France
Today part of	France; Belgium; Netherlands; Germany; Italy; Luxembourg; Switzerland; Liechtenstein; Austria; Czech Republic; Slovenia; Poland

Holy Roman Empire (German: Heiliges Römisches Reich, nai to 15th century me: Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation), central Europe ke kuchh regions aur ajaad city rahaa jon ki ek emperor ke niche aais jiske uu jagha ke prince aur magistrate logan elect karat rahin. Jab Charlemagne mar gais tab uske Frankish Empire ke uske larrkan ke dewa gais aur iske tiin hissa me baata gais : West Francia, Lotharingia aur East Francia. Holy Empire uu time suruu bhais jab East Francia ke Otto I 962 me Holy Emperor banaa, aur ii 1806 me Napoleon khatam karis.

References

↑ "Charlemagne | Holy Roman emperor". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
↑ Kleinhenz 2004, p. 810; "Otto can be considered the first ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, though that term was used until the twelfth century".
↑ von Aretin, Karl Otmar Freiherr (31 December 1983). Schieder, Theodor; Brunn, Gerhard. eds. "Das Reich ohne Hauptstadt? Die Multizentralitat der Hauptstadtfunktionen im Reich bis 1806". Hauptstädte in europäischen Nationalstaaten: 5–14. doi:10.1515/9783486992878-003. ISBN 978-3-4869-9287-8. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783486992878-003/html.
↑ Whaley 2012a, p. 20.
↑ Žůrek 2014.
↑ Simon Duits (2021-06-09). "Holy Roman Empire". World History Encyclopedia. The Holy Roman Empire was not a unitary state, but a confederation of small and medium-sized political entities.
↑ "The example of the Holy Roman Empire". aprofed.nr. 2025-07-05. Some would go so far as to say that if the Holy Roman Empire was federal in nature, it was because it was powerless to break the regional stubbornness of the territories and therefore ended up as a formless confederation made up of several hundred small German-speaking principalities. After the Middle Ages, these states modernized their military, judicial and economic administrations, to the detriment of the imperial level, relegating the Emperor to the rank of a confederal figure without great political and military power. The term "Kleinstaaterei" (which would today be translated as balkanization) describes this absence of central organization in favor of a multitude of states that were virtually independent of each other.
↑ (Wilson 2016, pp. 171–72): "Europe's shift from a medieval to a modern sovereign state order coincided with the Empire's own reforms, consolidating it as a mixed monarchy where the emperor shared power with the imperial Estates. Sovereignty remained fragmented and shared, rather than becoming concentrated in a single, 'national' government."
1 2 Wilson 2016, p. 496.

1 2 3 Some historians mark the beginning of the Empire as 800, with the coronation of Frankish king Charlemagne ("Charles the Great").^[1] Others mark the beginning as the coronation of Otto the Great in 962.^[2]
↑ Other common languages according to Whaley (2012): French, Dutch, Frisian, Sorbian, Czech, Slovene, Italian, Ladin, Rhaeto-Romanic.^[4]
According to the Golden Bull of 1356 the sons of prince-electors were recommended to learn the languages of German, Latin, Italian and Czech.^[5]
↑ According to the perspective of the Eastern Orthodox Church, before the c. Great Schism of 1054 (a gradual process), the Holy Roman Empire (along with the rest of Western Europe) was Orthodox Christian, being under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Rome before Pope Leo IX broke communion with the other churches. As a prime example, Emperor Henry II (†1024) ruled the state and died shortly before the Schism, yet is venerated as a Saint by both Roman Catholics and Orthodox. For the neutral purposes of this article, "Latin" designates the Empire's official faith before and after the Schism.
↑ Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named "Area".

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[1] "Charlemagne | Holy Roman emperor". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 16 October 2023.

[FOOTNOTEKleinhenz2004810;_"Otto_can_be_considered_the_first_ruler_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire,_though_that_term_was_used_until_the_twelfth_century"-2] Kleinhenz 2004, p. 810; "Otto can be considered the first ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, though that term was used until the twelfth century".

[4] von Aretin, Karl Otmar Freiherr (31 December 1983). Schieder, Theodor; Brunn, Gerhard. eds. "Das Reich ohne Hauptstadt? Die Multizentralitat der Hauptstadtfunktionen im Reich bis 1806". Hauptstädte in europäischen Nationalstaaten: 5–14. doi:10.1515/9783486992878-003. ISBN 978-3-4869-9287-8. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783486992878-003/html.

[FOOTNOTEWhaley2012a20-5] Whaley 2012a, p. 20.

[FOOTNOTEŽůrek2014-6] Žůrek 2014.

[9] Simon Duits (2021-06-09). "Holy Roman Empire". World History Encyclopedia. The Holy Roman Empire was not a unitary state, but a confederation of small and medium-sized political entities.

[10] "The example of the Holy Roman Empire". aprofed.nr. 2025-07-05. Some would go so far as to say that if the Holy Roman Empire was federal in nature, it was because it was powerless to break the regional stubbornness of the territories and therefore ended up as a formless confederation made up of several hundred small German-speaking principalities. After the Middle Ages, these states modernized their military, judicial and economic administrations, to the detriment of the imperial level, relegating the Emperor to the rank of a confederal figure without great political and military power. The term "Kleinstaaterei" (which would today be translated as balkanization) describes this absence of central organization in favor of a multitude of states that were virtually independent of each other.

[11] (Wilson 2016, pp. 171–72): "Europe's shift from a medieval to a modern sovereign state order coincided with the Empire's own reforms, consolidating it as a mixed monarchy where the emperor shared power with the imperial Estates. Sovereignty remained fragmented and shared, rather than becoming concentrated in a single, 'national' government."

[FOOTNOTEWilson2016496-13] 1 2 Wilson 2016, p. 496.

[Charlemagne-3] 1 2 3 Some historians mark the beginning of the Empire as 800, with the coronation of Frankish king Charlemagne ("Charles the Great").^[1] Others mark the beginning as the coronation of Otto the Great in 962.^[2]

[7] Other common languages according to Whaley (2012): French, Dutch, Frisian, Sorbian, Czech, Slovene, Italian, Ladin, Rhaeto-Romanic.^[4]
According to the Golden Bull of 1356 the sons of prince-electors were recommended to learn the languages of German, Latin, Italian and Czech.^[5]

[8] According to the perspective of the Eastern Orthodox Church, before the c. Great Schism of 1054 (a gradual process), the Holy Roman Empire (along with the rest of Western Europe) was Orthodox Christian, being under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Rome before Pope Leo IX broke communion with the other churches. As a prime example, Emperor Henry II (†1024) ruled the state and died shortly before the Schism, yet is venerated as a Saint by both Roman Catholics and Orthodox. For the neutral purposes of this article, "Latin" designates the Empire's official faith before and after the Schism.

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