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Tsunami

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Tsunami
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Ƙaramin ɓangare naNatural disaster da displacement (en) Fassara
Yana haddasaambaliya da rogue wave (en) Fassara
Karatun tailmin duwatsu, geophysics (en) Fassara da oceanology (en) Fassara
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Tsunami na Tekun Indiya na 2004 a Ao Nang, Lardin Krabi, Thailand

Tsunami (/ (t) suːˈnɑːmi, (t) sʊˈ-/ (t" soo-NAH-mee, (t" suu-;[1][2] daga Jafananci: 津波, lit.  'Rawan tashar jiragen ruwa', [3]jajamai suna []) jerin raƙuman ruwa ne a cikin ruwa wanda ya haifar da motsi na ruwa mai yawa, gabaɗaya a cikin teku ko babban tafkin. jaGirgizar ƙasa, fashewar dutsen wuta, fashewa a ƙarƙashin ruwa, rushewar ƙasa, tasirin kankara, Tasirin meteorite da sauran rikice-rikice a sama ko ƙasa duk suna da damar haifar da tsunami.[4] Ba kamar raƙuman ruwa na teku na yau da kullun ba, waɗanda iska ke haifar da su, ko raƙuman raƙuman ƙasa, waɗanda su ma suna haifar da jan hankali na Wata da Rana, tsunami yana haifar da motsi na ruwa daga babban taron. Raƙuman ruwa na Tsunami ba su yi kama da raƙuman ruwa ko raƙuman teku na yau da kullun ba saboda tsayin daka ya fi tsayi.[5] Maimakon bayyana a matsayin raƙuman ruwa, tsunami na iya zama kamar yadda ake tashi da sauri.[6] Saboda wannan dalili, galibi ana kiransa da raƙuman ruwa, kodayake wannan amfani ba ya son al'ummar kimiyya saboda yana iya ba da ra'ayi mara kyau na dangantaka tsakanin raƙuman sama da tsunamis. [7][8] Tsunami gabaɗaya suna ƙunshe da jerin raƙuman ruwa, waɗanda lokutan dawowarsu (periods) ke kasancewa daga ƴan mintuna zuwa sa’o’i, kuma suna zuwa a cikin abin da ake kira “jerin raƙuman ruwa” (wave train).[9]

Ana iya samun tsayin raƙuman ruwa da ya kai ɗaruruwan mita sakamakon manyan abubuwan da ke haddasa tsunami. Ko da yake tasirin tsunami ya fi taƙaita ne ga yankunan bakin teku, ƙarfin barnarsu na iya zama mai matuƙar yawa, kuma suna iya shafar faɗin kogunan teku gaba ɗaya.

Tsunamin Tekun Indiya na shekarar 2004 yana daga cikin masifu na halitta mafi muni a tarihin ɗan Adam, inda aƙalla mutane 230,000 suka mutu ko suka ɓace a ƙasashe 14 da ke kewaye da Tekun Indiya.

Masanin tarihin Girka na Dā Thucydides ya ba da shawarar a cikin karni na 5 BC Tarihin Yaƙin Peloponnesia cewa tsunamis suna da alaƙa da girgizar ƙasa ta ruwa, [10] amma fahimtar tsunamis ya kasance mai laushi har zuwa karni na 20, kuma yawancin ba a sani ba. Manyan fannoni na bincike na yanzu sun haɗa da ƙayyade dalilin da ya sa wasu manyan girgizar ƙasa ba sa haifar da tsunami yayin da wasu ƙananan suke yi. An tsara wannan binciken da ke gudana don taimakawa wajen hasashen yadda tsunami ke wucewa a fadin tekuna da kuma yadda raƙuman tsunami ke hulɗa da bakin teku.

Kalmomin

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  Kalmar “tsunami” kalma ce da aka aro daga harshen Jafananci tsunami (津波), wadda take nufin “raƙuman ruwa na tashar jiragen ruwa” (harbour wave).

Game da jam’in kalmar, ana iya bin tsarin Turancin da aka saba amfani da shi ta hanyar ƙara “s”, wato tsunamis, ko kuma a yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin jam’i ba tare da canza ta ba, kamar yadda ake yi a harshen Jafananci.[11]

Yawancin masu magana da Turanci suna sauya farkon sautin /ts/ na kalmar zuwa /s/ ta hanyar cire harafin “t”, saboda harshen Turanci ba ya saba da fara kalma da sautin /ts/. Amma a ainihin lafazin Jafananci, ana furta ta da /ts/. Kalmar ta zama sananniya kuma an karɓe ta sosai a cikin harshen Turanci, duk da cewa ma’anarta ta zahiri a Jafananci ba lallai ta bayyana ainihin yanayin waɗannan raƙuman ruwa ba, domin tsunami ba sa faruwa a tashoshin jiragen ruwa kaɗai.

Ruwa mai ƙarfi

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Sakamakon tsunami a Aceh, Indonesia, Disamba 2004

Tsunamis wani lokacin ana kiransu Raƙuman ruwa.[12] Wannan kalmar da a da ta kasance sananniya ta samo asali ne daga mafi yawan yadda tsunami ke bayyana, wato wani babban raƙuman ruwa na ambaliyar teku (tidal bore) mai tsananin girma.

Tsunami da kuma igiyar ruwa ta teku (tide) duk suna haifar da raƙuman ruwa waɗanda ke motsawa zuwa cikin ƙasa. Amma a yanayin tsunami, motsin ruwan zuwa cikin ƙasa na iya zama mai nisa sosai, har ya ba da alamar cewa igiyar ruwa ta teku tana da tsayi da ƙarfi ƙwarai.

A cikin ’yan shekarun nan, amfani da kalmar “tidal wave” (igiyar ruwa ta teku) ya ragu sosai, musamman a tsakanin masana kimiyya, saboda abubuwan da ke haddasa tsunami ba su da alaƙa da abubuwan da ke haddasa tides (igiyoyin ruwa na teku). Tides suna samuwa ne sakamakon ƙarfin jan hankali na wata da rana, ba wai saboda motsin ko turawar ruwa ba.

Kodayake ma’anar kalmar “tidal” tana iya haɗawa da ma’anar “mai kama da"[13] hawan ruwa, masu ilimin ƙasa da masu nazarin teku sun hana amfani da kalmar hawan ruwa[14]

Ruwa na teku

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Ana amfani da kalmar Raƙuman ruwa na teku don komawa ga abin da ya faru saboda raƙuman da suka fi haifar da ayyukan Girgizar ƙasa kamar girgizar kasa.[15] Kafin kalmar tsunami ta fara shahara wajen amfani da ita a harshen Turanci, masana kimiyya gabaɗaya sun ƙarfafa amfani da kalmar seismic sea wave, ma’ana “raƙuman ruwa na teku da girgizar ƙasa ta haddasa”, maimakon tidal wave.

Sai dai, kamar tidal wave, kalmar seismic sea wave ma ba cikakkiyar kalma ce da take bayyana tsunami daidai ba, domin wasu abubuwa ban da girgizar ƙasa na iya haifar da irin waɗannan raƙuman ruwa. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da zaftarewar ƙasa a ƙarƙashin ruwa, fashewar aman wuta, fashewar abubuwa a ƙarƙashin ruwa, zamewar ƙasa ko kankara zuwa cikin teku, bugun meteorite a teku, da kuma yanayi lokacin da matsin lambar iska ya sauya cikin sauri sosai.

Duk waɗannan abubuwa na iya haifar da irin waɗannan manyan raƙuman ruwa ta hanyar matsar da ruwa daga matsayinsa.[16][17]

Sauran kalmomi

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Amfani da kalmar Tsunami don raƙuman ruwa da aka kirkira ta hanyar rushewar ƙasa da ke shiga cikin ruwa ya zama yadu a duniya a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya da na gargajiya, kodayake irin waɗannan raƙuman suna da bambanci daga asalin manyan raƙuman da girgizar ƙasa ta haifar. Wannan bambancin wani lokaci yana haifar da amfani da wasu kalmomi don raƙuman ruwa da aka haifar, gami da Tsunami da ya haifar da rushewar ƙasa, raƙuman motsi, raƙukan da ba na girgizar ƙasa ba, raƙumin tasiri, kuma, a sauƙaƙe, babban raƙuman.[18]

Tsunami wanda ba za a iya danganta shi da girgizar ƙasa ba wani lokacin ana kiransa "tsunami marayu". Wannan na iya faruwa a cikin yanayin tsunami da aka haifar a baya, kafin sadarwa ta duniya, ta girgizar ƙasa mai nisa, kamar tsunami a Japan wanda girgizar kasa ta haifar a Amurka.

Tarihi

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Girgizar ƙasa da tsunami na Lisbon a watan Nuwamba 1755

Japan tana da tarihin tsunami mafi tsawo.

Tun daga farkon 426 BC masanin tarihin Girka Thucydides ya yi tambaya a cikin littafinsa Tarihin Yaƙin Peloponnesia game da abubuwan da ke haifar da tsunami, kuma shi ne na farko da ya yi jayayya cewa girgizar ƙasa ta teku dole ne ta zama dalilin.[10] Tsohon rikodin ɗan adam na tsunami ya samo asali ne daga 479 KZ, a cikin mulkin mallaka na Girka na Potidaea, wanda ake zaton girgizar ƙasa ce ta haifar da shi. Tsunami na iya ceton mulkin mallaka daga mamayewar Daular Achaemenid.[10]

Dalilin, a ganina, dole ne a nemi wannan sabon abu a girgizar kasa. A inda girgizarta ta kasance mafi yawan tashin hankali ana fitar da teku, kuma ba zato ba tsammani ta koma baya da karfi mai yawa, ta haifar da ambaliyar ruwa. Ba tare da girgizar ƙasa ba ban ga yadda irin wannan hadarin zai iya faruwa ba.

Masanin tarihin Roman Ammianus Marcellinus (Res Gestae 26.10.15-19) ya bayyana tsarin tsunami, gami da girgizar ƙasa da ta fara, koma baya kwatsam na teku da kuma babban guguwa mai zuwa, bayan Tsunami na 365 AD ya lalata Alexandria.[19]

Tsunamis sau da yawa haɗari ne da ba a la'akari da shi ba a cikin Bahar Rum da wasu sassan Turai. Muhimmancin tarihi da na yanzu (dangane da haɗarin haɗari) shine girgizar ƙasa da tsunami na Lisbon na 1755, girgizar ƙasar Calabrian ta 1783, kowannensu ya haifar da dubban mutuwar da girgizar kasa da tsunami ta Messina ta 1908. Tsunami din ya yi ikirarin rayuka sama da 123,000 a Sicily da Calabria kuma yana daga cikin bala'o'i mafi muni a Turai ta zamani. Storegga Slide a cikin Tekun Norway da wasu misalai na Tsunami da ke shafar tsibirin Burtaniya suna nufin rushewar ƙasa da meteotsunami, galibi kuma ƙasa da raƙuman ruwa da girgizar ƙasa ta haifar.

Halakar da girgizar kasa da tsunami ta 2004 ta haifar a Tekun Indiya ta nuna shi a matsayin mafi lalacewa a cikin zamani, ya kashe kusan mutane 230,000. Yankin Sumatra kuma ya saba da tsunami, saboda girgizar ƙasa iri-iri da ke faruwa akai-akai a bakin tekun tsibirin.

Dalilan da suka haifar

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Babban tsarin tsara na tsunami shine motsi na ruwa mai yawa ko rikicewar teku.[20] Wannan motsi na ruwa yawanci ana haifar da girgizar ƙasa, [21] amma kuma ana iya danganta shi da rushewar ƙasa, fashewar dutsen wuta, ƙuƙwalwar kankara ko kuma mafi ƙarancin meteorites da gwaje-gwajen nukiliya.[22][23] Koyaya, ana muhawara game da yiwuwar meteorite da ke haifar da tsunami.

Girgizar ƙasa

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Tsunamis za a iya samar da su lokacin da kasa ta teku ta lalace ba zato ba tsammani kuma ta kawar da ruwa mai zurfi. Girgizar ƙasa ta tectonic wani nau'i ne na girgizar ƙasa wanda ke da alaƙa da lalacewar ƙasa ta Duniya; lokacin da waɗannan girgizar ƙasar suka faru a ƙarƙashin teku, ruwan da ke sama da yankin da ya lalace yana motsawa daga matsayinsa na daidaituwa.[24] Fiye da haka, ana iya samar da tsunami lokacin da kuskuren turawa da ke da alaƙa da iyakar farantin ko lalacewa ke motsawa ba zato ba tsammani, wanda ke haifar da motsi na ruwa, saboda ɓangaren tsaye na motsi da ke ciki. Motsi a kan kuskuren al'ada (mai tsawo) na iya haifar da motsi na zurfin teku, amma kawai mafi girma daga cikin irin waɗannan abubuwan (yawanci suna da alaƙa da karkatarwa a cikin rami na waje) suna haifar da isasshen motsi don haifar da tsunami mai mahimmanci, kamar abubuwan Sumba na 1977 da Sanriku na 1933.[25][26]

Tsunamis suna da karamin tsawo na raƙuman ruwa teku, da kuma tsawo mai tsawo (sau da yawa daruruwan kilomita, yayin da raƙuman teku na yau da kullun suna da tsawo na mita 30 ko 40 kawai), wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yawanci suna wucewa ba tare da an lura da su ba a teku, suna samar da ɗan ƙaramin kumbura yawanci game da millimeters (12 in) sama da yanayin teku na yau. Suna girma a tsawo lokacin da suka kai ruwa mai zurfi, a cikin tsarin raƙuman ruwa da aka bayyana a ƙasa. Tsunami na iya faruwa a kowane yanayin ruwa kuma har ma a lokacin da ruwa ya ragu har yanzu yana iya mamaye yankunan bakin teku.

A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1946, girgizar kasa ta 8.6 Aleutian Islands ta faru tare da matsakaicin Ƙarfin Mercalli na VI (Ƙarfi). Ya haifar da tsunami wanda ya mamaye Hilo a tsibirin Hawaii tare da hauhawar mita 14 (46 . Tsakanin 165 da 173 an kashe su. Har ila yau, ya lalata ƙauyen a cikin kwarin Halawa na Molokai, kodayake mazauna sun gudu zuwa ƙasa mafi girma lokacin da wasu suka ga teku ta koma baya, kuma sun buga kararrawar ƙararrawa, don haka babu wanda aka kashe, kodayake an shafe ƙauyen. Yankin da girgizar kasa ta faru shine inda kasa ta Tekun Pacific ke raguwa (ko kuma ana tura shi ƙasa) a ƙarƙashin Alaska.

Misalan tsunamis da suka samo asali a wurare da ke nesa da iyakokin haɗuwa sun haɗa da Storegga kimanin shekaru 8,000 da suka gabata, Grand Banks a 1929, da Papua New Guinea a 1998 (Tappin, 2001). Tsuntsaye na Grand Banks da Papua New Guinea sun fito ne daga girgizar ƙasa wanda ya lalata turɓaya, wanda ya sa su gudana cikin teku kuma su haifar da tsunami. Sun ɓace kafin su yi tafiya a nesa.

Ba a san dalilin gazawar Storegga ba. Abubuwan da za su iya samu sun haɗa da yawan kayan da ke cikin ƙasa, girgizar ƙasa ko sakin gas hydrates (methane da sauransu).

Girgizar ƙasa ta 1960 ta Valdivia ([./<i id= w">w">w">M'_magnitude_scale" id="mwAYg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Moment magnitude scale">Mw] 9.5), girgizar ƙasa ce ta 1964 ta Alaska (Mw 9.2), girgizar ƙasar Tekun Indiya ta 2004 (Mw 9.2) da girgizar kasa ta 2011 ta Tōhoku (Mw9.0) misalai ne na baya-bayan nan na girgizar duniya mai ƙarfi wanda ya haifar da tsunami (wanda aka sani da teletsunami) wanda zai iya haye dukkan teku. Ƙananan girgizar ƙasa (w">M 4.2) a Japan na iya haifar da tsunamis (wanda ake kira tsunami na gida da na yanki) wanda zai iya lalata yankunan bakin teku, amma zai iya yin hakan a cikin 'yan mintoci kaɗan a lokaci guda.

Rushewar ƙasa

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Taron Tauredunum babban tsunami ne a kan Tafkin Geneva a cikin 563 AZ, wanda ya haifar da ajiyar da aka lalata ta hanyar rushewar ƙasa.

A cikin shekarun 1950, an gano cewa tsunamis da suka fi girma fiye da yadda aka yi imani da su a baya zasu iya haifar da manyan rushewar ruwa. Wadannan manyan nau'ikan ruwa masu saurin canza wutar lantarki a cikin sauri fiye da yadda ruwa zai iya sha. An tabbatar da wanzuwarsu a shekara ta 1958, lokacin da babban rushewar ƙasa a Lituya Bay, Alaska, ya haifar da raƙuman ruwa mafi girma da aka taɓa yin rikodin, wanda ke da tsawo na mita 524 (1,719 . [27] Raƙuman ruwa ba su yi tafiya mai nisa ba yayin da suka bugi ƙasa kusan nan take. Ruwa ya bugi jiragen ruwa uku - kowannensu yana da mutane biyu a cikin - wanda aka rataye a cikin bay. Ɗaya daga cikin jirgi ya tashi daga cikin raƙuman ruwa, amma raƙuman sun nutse sauran biyu, sun kashe mutane biyu a cikin ɗaya daga cikinsu.[28][29][30]

Wani abin da ya faru na rushewar ƙasa ya faru a 1963 lokacin da babban rushewar daga Monte Toc ya shiga tafkin a bayan Madatsar ruwan Vajont a Italiya. Ruwa da ya haifar ya tashi a kan madatsar ruwa mai tsayi 262 da mita 250 (820 kuma ya lalata garuruwa da yawa. Kimanin mutane 2,000 ne suka mutu.[31][32] Masana kimiyya sun kira wadannan raƙuman ruwa megatsunami.

Wasu masana kimiyyar ƙasa suna da'awar cewa manyan rushewar ƙasa daga tsibirai masu fashewa, misali Cumbre Vieja a kan La Palma (Cumbre Vieja tsunami hazard) a cikin Tsibirin Canary, na iya haifar da megatsunamis wanda zai iya haye teku, amma wasu da yawa suna jayayya da wannan.

Gabaɗaya, rushewar ƙasa tana haifar da motsi galibi a cikin ƙananan sassan bakin teku, kuma akwai hasashe game da yanayin manyan rushewar da ke shiga cikin ruwa. An nuna wannan ya shafi ruwa a cikin koguna da tabkuna da aka rufe, amma rushewar ƙasa mai girma don haifar da tsunami ba ta faru a cikin tarihin da aka rubuta ba. An yi imanin cewa Wutar masu iya ganewa sune Hawaii_(island)" id="mwAcQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hawaii (island)">Babban Tsibirin Hawaii, Fogo a cikin Tsibirin Cape Verde, La Reunion a cikin Tekun Indiya, da Cumbre Vieja a tsibirin La Palma a cikin Tsibirin Canary; Taron da sauran tsibirai na teku. Wannan shi ne saboda yawancin kayan dutsen da ba a haɗa su ba suna faruwa a gefen kuma a wasu lokuta ana imanin cewa jiragen sama suna tasowa. Koyaya, akwai rikice-rikice masu tasowa game da yadda waɗannan gangaren suke da haɗari.[33]

Fashewar dutse

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Baya ga rushewar ƙasa ko rushewar bangaren, tsaunuka masu fitattun wuta na iya haifar da raƙuman ruwa ta hanyar nutsewar ruwa, rushewar caldera, ko fashewar ruwa.[34] Tsunamis sun haifar da fashewar dutse da yawa. Mafi sanannun shine watakila babbar tsunami da ta haifar da fashewar dutsen mai fitattun wuta na Santorini a kusa da 1600 BC, wanda galibi ana ambaton shi azaman haifar da lalacewar tashar jiragen ruwa da yawa a yankin kuma a ƙarshe raguwar wayewar Minoan - tambaya har yanzu tana ƙarƙashin muhawara. Sauran sun hada da fashewar Krakatoa ta 1883, da fashewa ta Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai ta 2022. Fiye da kashi 20% na duk mutuwar da ta haifar da dutsen wuta a cikin shekaru 250 da suka gabata an kiyasta cewa tsunamis ne suka haifar da dutse.[35]

Tattaunawar ta ci gaba game da asalin da hanyoyin tushen irin waɗannan tsunamis kamar waɗanda Krakatoa ya haifar a 1883, [35] kuma sun kasance ba a fahimta ba fiye da danginsu masu girgizar ƙasa. Wannan ya haifar da babbar matsala ta wayar da kan jama'a da shirye-shirye, kamar yadda aka kwatanta da fashewa da rushewar Anak Krakatoa a cikin 2018, wanda ya kashe 426 kuma ya ji rauni dubban lokacin da babu gargadi. A kowane hali, haɓaka ingantaccen samfuran hasashen tsunami da kimanta haɗarin ga yankunan bakin teku masu yawan jama'a da tsunami mai tsanani zai buge shi lamari ne na fifiko na duniya.

Har yanzu ana ɗaukar cewa rushewar ƙasa da shigar da teku na pyroclastic suna iya haifar da raƙuman ruwa mafi girma da haɗari daga dutsen wuta; duk da haka, binciken filin taron Tongan, da kuma ci gaba a cikin hanyoyin ƙididdigar lambobi, a halin yanzu suna da niyyar fadada fahimtar sauran hanyoyin tushe. [36][37]

Yanayin yanayi

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Wasu yanayi na yanayi, musamman sauye-sauye masu sauri a matsin lamba, kamar yadda aka gani tare da wucewar gaba, na iya kawar da ruwa mai isa don haifar da jiragen ruwa na raƙuman ruwa tare da tsawo. Wadannan suna kama da tsunami na girgizar ƙasa, amma yawanci tare da ƙaramin kuzari. Ainihin, suna da daidaituwa da tsunami na girgizar ƙasa, bambance-bambance kawai shine 1) cewa meteotsunamis ba su da isar da manyan tsunami na girjiyar ƙasa, da 2) cewa ƙarfin da ke motsa ruwa yana ci gaba a tsawon lokaci don haka ba za a iya tsara meteotsunami kamar yadda aka haifar da shi nan take ba. Duk da ƙananan kuzari, a kan iyakar inda za'a iya kara su ta hanyar resonance, wani lokacin suna da iko sosai don haifar da lalacewar yanki da yiwuwar asarar rai. An rubuta su a wurare da yawa, gami da Great Lakes, Aegean Sea, English Channel, da Balearic Islands, inda suka zama ruwan dare don samun sunan gida, rissaga. A Sicily ana kiransu marubbio kuma a Nagasaki Bay, ana kiransu abiki. Wasu misalai na meteotsunamis masu lalacewa sun haɗa da 31 Maris 1979 a Nagasaki da 15 Yuni 2006 a Menorca, ƙarshen ya haifar da lalacewa a cikin dubban miliyoyin Yuro.[38]

Tsunami da mutum ya yi ko ya haifar

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Fashewar Halifax ta haɗari a cikin 1917 ta haifar da tsunami mai mita 18 (59 a tashar jiragen ruwa a Halifax, Nova Scotia, Kanada.[39][40]

An yi nazarin yiwuwar amfani da fashewa don haifar da tsunamis a matsayin makami na tectonic. Tun da farko a yakin duniya na biyu (1939-1945), an bincika yin amfani da fashewa na al'ada, kuma New Zealand Defence Force">Sojojin New Zealand sun fara aikin hatimi, wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya haifar da ƙananan tsunamis tare da fashewar a yankin abin da ke yanzu Shakespeare Regional Park a ƙarshen Whangaparāoa Peninsula a Yankin Auckland na New Zealand; yunkurin ya gaza.[41]

An yi hasashe mai yawa game da yiwuwar amfani da makaman nukiliya don haifar da tsunami a kusa da bakin tekun abokan gaba. Gwajin nukiliya a cikin Pacific Proving Ground ta Amurka ya haifar da sakamako mara kyau. A cikin Operation Crossroads a watan Yulin 1946, an fashe bama-bamai biyu na 20 kilotonnes of TNT (84 TJ) , daya a cikin iska kuma daya a karkashin ruwa a cikin ruwa mai zurfi na tafkin mai zurfi mai mita 50 (164 a Bikini Atoll. Bamai sun fashe kusan kilomita 6 kilometres (3.7 mi; 3.2 nmi) (3.7 daga tsibirin da ya fi kusa, inda raƙuman ruwa ba su da sama da 3 zuwa 4 lokacin da suka isa bakin teku. Sauran gwaje-gwaje na karkashin ruwa, galibi Operation Hardtack I / Wahoo a cikin ruwa mai zurfi da Operation Hardtacks I / Umbrella a cikin ruwa mara zurfi, sun tabbatar da sakamakon. Binciken tasirin fashewar ruwa mai zurfi da zurfi ya nuna cewa makamashi na fashewar ba ya haifar da nau'in zurfi, nau'ikan raƙuman ruwa na teku na tsunamis saboda yawancin makamashi yana haifar da tururi, yana haifar da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a sama da ruwa, kuma yana haifar da nau-ikan raƙumi.[42]Tsunamis suna da alamar dindindin ta hanyar manyan motsi na tsaye na ruwa mai yawa wanda ba ya faruwa a fashewa.

Halaye

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Lokacin da raƙuman ruwa suka shiga ruwa mai zurfi, suna raguwa kuma girmansa (tsawo) yana ƙaruwa.
Raƙuman ruwa sun kara raguwa kuma sun kara girma yayin da suka buga ƙasa. Sai kawai raƙuman ruwa mafi girma ne.

Tsunamis suna haifar da girgizar ƙasa, rushewar ƙasa, fashewar dutsen wuta, ƙanƙarar kankara, da ƙuƙwalwar ruwa. Suna haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar hanyoyi guda biyu: ƙarfin murkushewar bango na ruwa da ke tafiya da sauri, da kuma ikon lalacewa na babban ruwa da ke zubar da ƙasa kuma yana ɗauke da tarkace mai yawa tare da shi, koda tare da raƙuman ruwa waɗanda ba su da girma.

Duk da yake raƙuman iska na yau da kullun suna da tsawo (daga ƙwanƙwasawa zuwa ƙwanƙolin) na kimanin mita 100 (330 da tsawo na kusan mita 2 (6.6 , tsunami a cikin zurfin teku yana da tsawo mafi girma har zuwa kilomita 200 (120 . Irin wannan raƙuman ruwa suna tafiya a kan kilomita 800 a kowace awa (500 , amma saboda girman tsawo mai tsawo a kowane lokaci yana ɗaukar minti 20 ko 30 don kammala sake zagayowar kuma yana da girman kusan mita 1 kawai (3.3.[43] Wannan ya sa tsunamis ya zama da wahala a gano shi a kan ruwa mai zurfi, inda jiragen ruwa ba su iya jin hanyarsu ba.

Rashin daidaituwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Misali na "rashin dawowa" na ruwa mai zurfi wanda ke da alaƙa da raƙuman ruwa. Ya biyo bayan cewa babban matsala na iya sanar da isowar babban raƙuman ruwa.

Dukkanin raƙuman ruwa suna da kyakkyawan matsayi da mara kyau; wato, tudu da rami. A cikin yanayin yaduwar ruwa kamar tsunami, ko dai zai iya zama na farko da ya zo. Idan bangare na farko da zai isa gabar shi ne tudun, babban raƙuman ruwa ko ambaliyar ruwa ba zato ba tsammani zai zama tasirin farko da aka lura a ƙasa. Koyaya, idan ɓangaren farko da zai isa shi ne rami, matsala za ta faru yayin da bakin teku ya koma baya sosai, yana fallasa wuraren da ke cikin ruwa. Rashin tabbas na iya wuce daruruwan mita, kuma mutane da ba su san haɗarin ba wani lokacin sukan kasance kusa da bakin teku don gamsar da sha'awarsu ko tattara kifi daga ƙarƙashin teku da aka fallasa.

Lokaci na guguwa na yau da kullun don tsunami mai lalacewa shine kimanin minti goma sha biyu. Don haka, teku ta koma baya a lokacin da ba ta da kyau, tare da yankunan da ke ƙasa da matakin teku da aka fallasa bayan minti uku. A cikin minti shida masu zuwa, raƙuman ruwa suna gina cikin tudu wanda zai iya ambaliya bakin tekun, kuma lalacewa ta biyo baya. A cikin minti shida masu zuwa, raƙuman ruwa suna canzawa daga tudu zuwa rami, kuma ruwan ambaliyar ya koma baya a karo na biyu. Wadanda abin ya shafa da tarkace na iya kwashewa cikin teku. Tsarin yana maimaitawa tare da raƙuman ruwa masu nasara.

Ragewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Photo of seawall, with building in background
Ganuwar teku a Tsu, Mie Prefecture a Japan

A wasu ƙasashe masu saurin tsunami, an ɗauki matakan Injiniyan girgizar ƙasa don rage lalacewar da aka haifar a bakin teku.

Japan, inda kimiyyar tsunami da matakan mayar da martani suka fara ne bayan bala'i a shekara ta 1896, sun samar da matakan da suka fi dacewa da shirye-shiryen mayar da martaniwa.[44] Kasar ta gina ganuwar tsunami da yawa har zuwa mita 12 (39 don kare yankunan bakin teku. Sauran yankuna sun gina ambaliyar ruwa har zuwa mita 15.5 (51 da tashoshi don sake tura ruwa daga tsunami mai shigowa. Koyaya, an yi tambaya game da tasirin su, saboda tsunamis sau da yawa suna wucewa kan shingen.

Hadarin nukiliya na Fukushima Daiichi ya haifar da girgizar kasa da tsunami ta Tōhoku ta 2011, lokacin da raƙuman ruwa suka wuce tsawo na bangon teku kuma suka mamaye janareto na gaggawa. Gundumar Iwate, wacce ke da babban haɗari daga tsunami, tana da ganuwar shingen tsunami (ganuwar teku ta Taró) wanda ya kai kilomita 25 (16 a garuruwan bakin teku. Tsunami na 2011 ya rushe fiye da 50% na ganuwar kuma ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa.

Tsunami na Okushiri, Hokkaidō, wanda ya faru a cikin minti biyu zuwa biyar na girgizar kasa a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 1993, ya haifar da raƙuman ruwa masu tsayi 30 - har zuwa ginin bene 10. Garin tashar jiragen ruwa na Aonae an kewaye shi gaba ɗaya da bango na tsunami, amma raƙuman ruwa sun wanke a kan bango kuma sun lalata duk gine-ginen katako a yankin. Wataƙila bango ya yi nasarar ragewa da daidaita tsawo na tsunami, amma bai hana babbar lalacewa da asarar rai ba.[45]

Dubi kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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  10. 1 2 3 Smid, T. C. (April 1970). "'Tsunamis' in Greek Literature". Greece & Rome. 17 (1): 100–104. doi:10.1017/S0017383500017393.
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  26. ↑ Kanamori, Hiroo (1971). "Seismological evidence for a lithospheric normal faulting – the Sanriku earthquake of 1933". Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. 4 (4): 298–300. Bibcode:1971PEPI....4..289K. doi:10.1016/0031-9201(71)90013-6.
  27. ↑ George Pararas-Carayannis (1999). "The Mega-Tsunami of July 9, 1958 in Lituya Bay, Alaska". Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  28. ↑ "Alaska Shipwrecks (B) – Alaska Shipwrecks". alaskashipwreck.com.
  29. ↑ "Alaska Shipwrecks (S) – Alaska Shipwrecks". alaskashipwreck.com.
  30. ↑ "Dickson, Ian, "60 Years Ago: The 1958 Earthquake and Lituya Bay Megatsunami," University of Alaska Fairbanks Alaska Earthquake Center, July 13, 2018 Retrieved December 2, 2018".
  31. ↑ Petley, Dave (Professor) (2008-12-11). "The Vaiont (Vajont) landslide of 1963". The Landslide Blog. Archived from the original on 2013-12-06. Retrieved 2014-02-26.
  32. ↑ Duff, Mark (2013-10-10). "Italy Vajont anniversary: Night of the 'tsunami'". BBC News. Retrieved 2014-02-27.
  33. ↑ Pararas-Carayannis, George (2002). "Evaluation of the threat of mega tsunami generation from postulated massive slope failures of the island volcanoes on La Palma, Canary Islands, and on the island of Hawaii". Science of Tsunami Hazards. 20: 251–277. Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  34. ↑ Paris, Raphaël (28 October 2015). "Source mechanisms of volcanic tsunamis". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 373 (2053). Bibcode:2015RSPTA.37340380P. doi:10.1098/rsta.2014.0380. PMID 26392617.
  35. 1 2 Latter, J. H. (September 1981). "Tsunamis of volcanic origin: Summary of causes, with particular reference to Krakatoa, 1883". Bulletin Volcanologique. 44 (3): 467–490. Bibcode:1981BVol...44..467L. doi:10.1007/BF02600578.
  36. ↑ Hayward, Matthew W.; Whittaker, Colin N.; Lane, Emily M.; Power, William L.; Popinet, Stéphane; White, James D. L. (25 February 2022). "Multilayer modelling of waves generated by explosive subaqueous volcanism". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 22 (2): 617–637. Bibcode:2022NHESS..22..617H. doi:10.5194/nhess-22-617-2022. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  37. ↑ Battershill, L.; Whittaker, C. N.; Lane, E. M.; Popinet, S.; White, J. D. L.; Power, W. L.; Nomikou, P. (November 2021). "Numerical Simulations of a Fluidized Granular Flow Entry Into Water: Insights Into Modeling Tsunami Generation by Pyroclastic Density Currents". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 126 (11). Bibcode:2021JGRB..12622855B. doi:10.1029/2021JB022855.
  38. ↑ Monserrat, S.; Vilibíc, I.; Rabinovich, A. B. (2006). "Meteotsunamis: atmospherically induced destructive ocean waves in the tsunami frequency band". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences. 6 (6): 1035–1051. Bibcode:2006NHESS...6.1035M. doi:10.5194/nhess-6-1035-2006. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  39. ↑ Mac Donald, Laura (2005). Curse of the Narrows: The Halifax Explosion of 1917. HarperCollins. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-00-200787-0.
  40. ↑ Krehl, Peter (2007). History of shock waves, explosions and impact a chronological and biographical reference. Springer. p. 459. ISBN 978-3-540-30421-0.
  41. ↑ "The Hauraki Gulf Marine Park, Part 2". Inset to The New Zealand Herald. 3 March 2010. p. 9. Missing or empty |url= (help)
  42. ↑ Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip J. (1977). Shock effects of surface and subsurface bursts (in The effects of nuclear weapons) (third ed.). U.S. Department of Defense; Energy Research and Development Administration.
  43. ↑ Earthsci.org, Tsunamis
  44. ↑ "Journalist's Resource: Research for Reporting, from Harvard Shorenstein Center". Content.hks.harvard.edu. 2012-05-30. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
  45. ↑ George Pararas-Carayannis. "The Earthquake and Tsunami of July 12, 1993 in the Sea of Japan/East Sea". drgeorgepc.com. Retrieved 2016-09-18.
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