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Rashin gurɓataccen amo

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Rashin gurɓataccen amo
pollution type (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare nakara da Gurɓacewa
Has cause (en) Fassarakara
Yana haddasaTasirin kiwon lafiya daga hayaniya
Karatun taaudiology (en) Fassara
Hannun riga danoise control (en) Fassara
A Qantas Boeing 747-400 ya wuce kusa da gidaje jim kadan kafin ya sauka a London Heathrow Airport.
Jirgin ƙasa shine babban tushen gurɓataccen amo a biranen kamar São Paulo.

  Rashin gurɓataccen amo yana da kyau tare da yiwuwar sakamako mai cutarwa ga mutane da dabbobi. Babban tushen hayaniya na waje a duk duniya sune injuna, sufuri, da tsarin yaduwa. Rashin Tsarin birane na iya haifar da gurɓataccen amo. Yankunan masana'antu da na zama na gefe-gefe na iya haifar da gurɓataccen amo a yankunan zama. Wasu daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da ke haifar da hayaniya a yankunan zama sun haɗa da kiɗa mai ƙarfi, sufuri (hawan hanya, jirgin ƙasa, jiragen sama, da dai sauransu), kula da ciyawa, gini, janareto na lantarki, turbines na iska, fashewa, da sauran ayyukan ɗan adam. Matsalolin da aka rubuta da ke da alaƙa da hayaniya a cikin birane sun koma zuwa zamanin d Roma.[1] Bincike ya nuna cewa gurɓataccen amo a Amurka shine mafi girma a cikin unguwanni masu karamin karfi da launin fata, kuma gurɓatawar amo da ke da alaƙa da janareto na wutar lantarki na gida shine lalacewar muhalli a kasashe masu tasowa da yawa.[2][3] Binciken kasa na sautin sufuri da aka tsara a cikin Amurka mai kusa ya gano cewa yankunan ƙidayar da ke da mafi girman rabo na Black, Hispanic, da yawan mutanen Asiya da kuma mafi girman talauci suna da matsakaicin sautin fiye da yankuna masu arziki da mafi yawan White.[4] Binciken ya gano cewa rarrabewar zama da ayyukan amfani da ƙasa na birane suna da alaƙa da matakan zirga-zirga da hayaniya a cikin al'ummomi da yawa na launi da ƙananan unguwanni.[5]

Matsayi mai yawa na iya taimakawa ga tasirin zuciya a cikin mutane da kuma karuwar cututtukan jijiyoyin zuciya.[6][7] A cikin dabbobi, hayaniya na iya ƙara haɗarin mutuwa ta hanyar canza mai farauta ko ganowa da gujewa, tsoma baki da haifuwa da kewayawa, kuma suna taimakawa ga asarar ji na dindindin.[8]

Binciken hayaniya

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Matsayi na hayaniya

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Fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na mazaunan Amurka suna da matsakaicin matakan hayaniya a waje wanda ya wuce matsakaicin lokacin dare a waje matakin hayaniya wanda Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ba da shawarar.

Ana ƙididdige Bayyana hayaniya dangane da matakan matsin lamba da aka auna a cikin decibel (dB), sikelin logarithmic da aka yi amfani da shi don danganta ƙarfin sauti na jiki ga fahimtar ɗan adam. Sautunan muhalli na yau da kullun kamar zirga-zirgar hanya da gine-gine yawanci suna daga kimanin 70 zuwa sama da 100 dB, kuma maimaitawa sama da kusan 85 dB yana da alaƙa da karuwar haɗarin lalacewar ji. Ana amfani da ma'auni irin su daidaitaccen matakin sauti na ci gaba (L_eq) da matsakaicin matakin sauti na rana-dare (L_dn) a cikin tsarin mulki da yanayin kiwon lafiya na jama'a don bayyana bayyanar hayaniya ta dogon lokaci.

Masu bincike suna auna hayaniya dangane da matsin lamba, tsananin, da mitar. Matsayin matsin sauti (SPL) yana wakiltar adadin matsin lamba dangane da matsin yanayi yayin yaduwar sautin sauti wanda zai iya bambanta da lokaci; wannan kuma an san shi da jimlar girman sautin.[9] Ƙarfin sauti, wanda aka auna a cikin Watts a kowace murabba'in mita, yana wakiltar kwararar sauti a kan wani yanki. Kodayake matsin sauti da tsananin sun bambanta, dukansu zasu iya bayyana matakin sautin ta hanyar kwatanta yanayin yanzu da ƙofar ji; wannan yana haifar da raka'a na decibel a kan sikelin logarithmic.[10] Sikeli na logarithmic yana karɓar sauti mai yawa da kunnen ɗan adam ke ji.

Bayyana nauyin mita

Ana auna mitar, ko farar, a cikin hertz (Hz) kuma yana nuna yawan raƙuman sauti da aka yada ta iska a kowace dakika.[11] Mutane gabaɗaya suna jin mita daga 20 Hz zuwa 20,000 Hz; duk da haka, ƙwarewa ga jin mita mafi girma yana raguwa tare da shekaru.[12]   Wasu kwayoyin, kamar giwaye, na iya yin rajistar mitoci tsakanin 0 da 20 Hz (infrasound), kuma wasu, kamar jemagu, na iya gane mitoci sama da 20,000 Hz (ultrasound) don echolocate. [11] [13][14]  

Masu bincike suna amfani da ma'auni daban-daban don lissafin mitar amo tare da ƙarfi, saboda mutane ba sa fahimtar sauti a matakin sautin iri ɗaya. Matsayin da aka fi amfani da shi shine A-weighting, C-weighting. A-weighting yana nuna kewayon ji, tare da mitoci na 20 Hz zuwa 20,000 Hz.[12]   Wannan yana ba da ƙarin nauyi ga mafi girman mita da ƙarancin nauyi ga ƙananan mita.[12][15] An yi amfani da nauyin C don auna matsin sauti ko sautin motsi, kama da sautin gajeren lokaci daga injuna a cikin saitunan aiki.[15][16] Z-weighting, wanda aka fi sani da zero-weighting، yana wakiltar matakan hayaniya ba tare da wani nauyin mitar ba.[15][16]

Fahimtar matakan matsin lamba shine mabuɗin kimanta ma'auni gurɓataccen amo. Ma'auni da yawa da ke kwatanta bayyanar hayaniya sun haɗa da:

  • Matsakaicin matsakaicin matakin makamashi na sauti mai ma'auni, LAeq: Wannan yana auna matsakaicin makamashi a kan wani lokaci don sautin dindindin ko ci gaba, kamar zirga-zirgar hanya. LAeq za a iya ci gaba da raba shi zuwa nau'ikan amo daban-daban dangane da lokacin rana; duk da haka, yankewa don maraice da dare na iya bambanta tsakanin ƙasashe, tare da Amurka, Belgium, da New Zealand suna lura da sa'o'in maraice daga 19:00-22:00 ko 7:00 da dare daga 22:00-7:00 da dare daga karfe kuma yawancin ƙasashen Turai suna lura da yamma daga 19:00-233:00 ko 7:00.00-7:00).         Kalmomin LAeq sun hada da:
    • Matsakaicin matsakaicin rana-dare, DNL ko LDN: Wannan ma'auni yana kimanta yawan bayyanar sauti na tsawon sa'o'i 24 (Leq sama da sa'oʼi 24) na shekara, tare da hukuncin 10 dB (A) ko nauyi da aka kara zuwa ma'aunin hayaniya na dare saboda karuwar hankali ga hayaniya da dare.   An lissafa wannan daga ma'auni mai zuwa (Amurka, Belgium, New Zealand): [17] L d n = 10 ⋅ log 10 Sanya 1 24 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) 15 ⋅ 10 L d zuwa y 10 + 9 ⋅ 10 L n i g h t + 10 10 ) {\displaystyle L_{dn}=10\cdot \log _{10}{\frac {1}{24}}\left (15\cdot 10^{\frach {L_{day}}{10}}+9\cdot10^{\frac {L_}+10}{10}}\right) }

    • Matsakaicin matsakaicin rana da maraice, DENL ko Lden: Wannan ma'auni, wanda aka saba amfani dashi a ƙasashen Turai, yana kimanta matsakaicin sa'o'i 24 a cikin shekara (kamar DNL); duk da haka, wannan ma'aunin ya raba maraice (4 hours, 19:00-23:00 ko 7:00pm) daga dare (8 hours, 23:00-7:00 ko 11:00 a.m.) kuma yana ƙara 5 dB zuwa maraice da kuma 10 dB zuwa dare.     An lissafa wannan daga ma'auni mai zuwa (yawancin Turai):[12][18] L d da n = 10 ⋅ log 10 Sanya 1 24 (Abin da ya fi dacewa da shi) 12 ⋅ 10 L d zuwa y 10 + 4 ⋅ 10 L e v e n i n g + 5 10 + 8 ⋅ 10 L n i g h t + 10 10 ) {\displaystyle L_{den}=10\cdot \log _{10}{\frac {1}{24}}\left (12\cdot 10^{\frach {L_{day}}{10}}+4\cdot 1^{\frak {L_}+5}{10}} +8\cdot 4^{\frac {L_ {night}+10}}\right) }

    • Matakin rana, LAeqD, ko Lday: Wannan ma'auni yana kimanta hayaniya ta rana, yawanci daga 7:00-19:00 (7 a.m.-7 p.m.), duk da haka yana iya bambanta da ƙasa.[17]  
    • Mataki na dare, LAeqN, ko Lnight: Wannan ma'auni yana kimanta hayaniya na dare, dangane da lokutan da aka tattauna a sama.
  • Matsakaicin matakin, LAmax: Wannan ma'auni yana wakiltar matakin hayaniya mafi girma yayin nazarin tushen ma'ana ko abubuwan da suka faru na hayaniya; duk da haka, wannan darajar ba ta da alaƙa da tsawon lokacin taron.[12][19]
  • Matsayin bayyanar sauti na sauti mai auna A, SEL: Wannan ma'auni yana wakiltar jimlar makamashi don wani taron. Ana amfani da SEL don bayyana abubuwan da suka faru dangane da sauti mai ma'ana. Bambanci tsakanin SEL da LAmax shine cewa SEL an samo shi ta amfani da maki da yawa na wani taron a lissafin matakan sauti maimakon darajar mafi girma.[12]
  • Ma'aunin da aka samo daga kashi (L10, L50, L90, da dai sauransu): Ana iya bayyana hayaniya dangane da rarraba kididdigarsa a cikin wani lokaci, wanda masu bincike zasu iya samun dabi'u, ko yanke-points, a kowane matakin kashi. L90 shine matakin sauti wanda ya wuce 90% na lokacin; wannan ana kiransa da hayaniya ta baya.[12]

Masu bincike tare da Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Kasa ta Amurka sun gano cewa ayyukan ɗan adam sun ninka matakan sautin baya sau biyu a cikin kashi 63 cikin dari na wuraren da aka kare kamar wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, kuma sun kara su sau goma cikin kashi 21. A wurare na ƙarshe, "idan kun iya jin wani abu mai nisa 100 feet, yanzu za ku iya jin shi kawai 10 feet". [20] [21]

Kayan aiki

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matakin mita yana daya daga cikin manyan kayan aiki don auna sauti a cikin muhalli da wurin aiki.

Matsayin mita na sauti

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Ana iya auna sauti a cikin iska ta amfani da ma'aunin matakin sauti, na'urar da ta kunshi makirufo, amplifier, da mita na lokaci. Matsayin mita na sauti na iya auna hayaniya a mitoci daban-daban (yawanci matakan A- da C-auna). Akwai saituna biyu don ma'aunin lokaci na amsawa, mai sauri (ma'auni na lokaci = 0.125 seconds, kama da jin ɗan adam) ko jinkiri (1 seconds, amfani da shi don lissafin matsakaicin matsakaicin matakan sauti daban-daban). [12] Matsayin mita na sauti ya cika ka'idodin da ake buƙata da Hukumar Electrotechnical ta Duniya (IEC) [22] kuma a Amurka, Cibiyar Nazarin Ka'idojin Kasa ta Amurka a matsayin nau'in 0, 1, ko kayan kida 2. [23]

Ba a buƙatar na'urorin nau'in 0 don saduwa da ka'idojin da ake tsammani na nau'ikan 1 da 2 tun lokacin da masana kimiyya ke amfani da waɗannan a matsayin ƙa'idodin bincike na dakin gwaje-gwaje.[23] Kayan aiki na nau'in 1 (daidaitawa) don nazarin daidaito na kama ma'aunin sauti, yayin da kayan aiki na nau- 2 don amfani da filin gaba ɗaya.[23] Na'urorin nau'in 1 da aka yarda da su ta hanyar ka'idoji suna da kuskuren kuskuren ±1.5 dB, yayin da kayan aikin nau'in 2 suka hadu da kuskurensa na ±2.3 dB.[23]  

Ma'aunin sashi

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Hakanan ana iya auna sauti ta amfani da ma'aunin hayaniya, na'urar da ta yi kama da ma'anar sauti. Kowane mutum ya yi amfani da dosimeters don auna matakan bayyanar mutum a cikin saitunan sana'a da aka ba su karami, mafi girman girman su. Ba kamar yawancin mita na matakin sauti ba, makirufo na dosimeter yana haɗe da ma'aikaci kuma yana sa ido kan matakan a duk lokacin canjin aiki. Bugu da ƙari, dosimeters na iya lissafin kashi na kashi ko matsakaicin lokaci (TWA). [24]

Noise level from a leaf blower using the NIOSH Sound Level Meter app showing 95.3 decibels.
Auna matakin amo daga mai hura ganye ta amfani da aikace-aikacen NIOSH Sound Level Meter

A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, masana kimiyya da Injiniyoyin sauti suna haɓaka aikace-aikacen wayar salula don gudanar da ma'auni mai sauti, kama da mita da ma'adanai masu sauti. A cikin 2014, Cibiyar Tsaro da Lafiya ta Kasa (NIOSH) a cikin Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka (CDC) ta buga wani binciken da ke nazarin ingancin aikace-aikacen auna sauti 192 akan wayoyin salula na iOS da Android.[25][26]

Marubutan sun gano cewa aikace-aikace 10 ne kawai, dukansu suna kan App Store, sun cika duk ka'idojin karɓa. Daga cikin waɗannan aikace-aikace 10, kawai aikace-aikacen 4 sun sadu da ka'idojin daidaito a cikin 2 dB (A) daga ma'auni na tunani.[25][26]  A sakamakon wannan binciken, sun kirkiro NIOSH Sound Level Meter App don kara samun dama da rage farashin sa ido ta amfani da bayanan jama'a tare da aikace-aikacen da aka gwada kuma daidai.[25][26] Aikace-aikacen ya dace da bukatun ANSI S1.4 da IEC 61672. [27]

Aikace-aikacen yana lissafin matakan da ke biyowa: jimlar lokacin gudu, matakin sauti nan take, matakin sauti daidai na A (LAeq), matakin mafi girma (LAmax), matakin sauti mai nauyin C, matsakaicin matsakaicin lokaci (TWA), kashi, da kuma ƙaddamar da kashi.[25] Dose da ƙididdigar ƙididdigari sun dogara ne akan matakin sauti da tsawon lokacin bayyanar hayaniya dangane da iyakar bayyanar da NIOSH ta ba da shawarar 85 dB (A) don sauyawar aiki na awa takwas. 

Yin amfani da makirufo na ciki na wayar (ko makirufo mai haɗe na waje), NIOSH Sound Level Meter yana auna matakan sauti nan take a ainihin lokacin kuma yana canza sauti zuwa makamashi na lantarki don lissafin ma'auni a cikin decibels masu auna A-, C-, ko Z. Masu amfani da aikace-aikacen suna iya samarwa, adanawa, da rahotanni na ma'aunin imel. NIOSH Sound Level Meter a halin yanzu yana samuwa ne kawai a kan na'urorin Apple iOS.

Tasirin

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Lafiyar ɗan adam

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Rashin gurɓataccen amo yana shafar lafiya da halayyar. Sauti da ba a so (harma) na iya lalata lafiyar jiki da tunanin mutum. Rashin gurɓataccen amo yana da alaƙa da yanayin kiwon lafiya da yawa, gami da cututtukan zuciya, hauhawar jini, matakan damuwa, tinnitus, asarar ji, rikicewar bacci, da sauran sakamako masu lahani.[6][28][29] Baya ga lalacewar ji, bayyanar da ke faruwa a cikin hayaniya ta muhalli tana da alaƙa da tasirin kiwon lafiya da suka hada da cututtukan zuciya, hauhawar jini, rikicewar bacci, damuwa, damuwa, da rage aikin fahimta. Bincike ya nuna cewa bayyanar hayaniya mai tsawo na iya kunna martani na damuwa na jiki, haɓaka hormones na damuwa, da kuma ba da gudummawa ga ƙara haɗarin bugun zuciya, bugun jini, da rikice-rikicen metabolism kamar Ciwon sukari, musamman a cikin mutanen da ke fuskantar matakan hayaniya mai yawa A cewar wani labarin bincike, bayyanar matakan sauti sama da 81 dB yana da alaƙa da karuwar hauhawar jini da hauhawar hawan jini a cikin jama'ar yankin a Pakistan.[30] Dangane da bita na 2019 na wallafe-wallafen da ke akwai, gurɓataccen amo yana da alaƙa da saurin raguwar fahimta.[31]

A duk faɗin Turai, a cewar Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai, an kiyasta cewa mutane miliyan 113 sun shafar matakan hayaniya na hanya sama da decibel 55, ƙofar da hayaniya ta zama mai cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam ta hanyar ma'anar WHO. 

Sauti ya zama abin da ba a so lokacin da ko dai ya tsoma baki da ayyukan yau da kullun kamar barci ko tattaunawa, ko ya rushe ko ya rage ingancin rayuwar mutum.[32] Rashin jin da ke haifar da hayaniya na iya haifar da dogon lokaci ga matakan hayaniya sama da decibel 85 A-weighted.[33] Kwatanta 'yan kabilar Maaban, wadanda ba su da mahimmanci ga sufuri ko hayaniya ta masana'antu, ga yawan jama'ar Amurka sun nuna cewa bayyanar da ke faruwa ga matsakaicin matakan hayaniya na muhalli yana taimakawa ga asarar ji.

Bayyana hayaniya a wurin aiki na iya taimakawa ga asarar ji da sauran batutuwan kiwon lafiya. Rashin jin aiki yana daya daga cikin cututtukan da suka shafi aiki a Amurka da kuma duniya baki daya.[34]

Ba a bayyana yadda mutane suka saba da hayaniya ba. Tolerance ga hayaniya sau da yawa yana da 'yanci daga matakan decibel. Binciken sauti na Murray Schafer ya kasance mai ban sha'awa a wannan bangaren. A cikin aikinsa, yana yin muhawara mai karfi game da yadda mutane ke da alaƙa da hayaniya a matakin ra'ayi, da kuma yadda irin wannan ra'ayi ke da alawus da al'ada. Schafer ya lura cewa sauti alama ce ta iko a cikin al'adun kayan aiki. Saboda haka, motoci masu sauri ko babura na Harley Davidson tare da bututu na bayan kasuwa suna da injuna masu ƙarfi ba kawai don dalilai na aminci ba, amma don nuna iko ta hanyar mamaye sauti tare da takamaiman sauti.[35]

Sauran mahimman bincike a wannan yanki za a iya gani a cikin kwatankwacin Fong game da bambance-bambance tsakanin Bangkok, Thailand, da Los Angeles, California, Amurka. Dangane da binciken Schafer, binciken Fong ya nuna yadda sauti ya bambanta bisa ga matakin ci gaban birane a yankin. Ya gano cewa biranen da ke kewaye suna da sauti daban-daban fiye da yankunan cikin gari. Binciken Fong ya danganta godiya ga sauti ga ra'ayoyin ra'ayi na sauti kuma ya nuna yadda sauti daban-daban na sauti ke nuna bambancin aji a cikin birane.[36]

Rashin gurɓataccen amo na iya samun mummunar tasiri ga manya da yara a kan bakan autism.[37] Wadanda ke da Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) na iya samun hyperacusis, wanda shine rashin jin daɗi ga sauti.[38] Mutanen da ke fama da ASD waɗanda ke fuskantar hyperacusis na iya samun motsin rai mara kyau, kamar tsoro da damuwa, da kuma jin dadi a cikin yanayin hayaniya tare da sautuna masu ƙarfi.[39] Wannan na iya sa mutane da ke da ASD su guji mahalli tare da gurɓataccen amo, wanda hakan zai iya haifar da warewa kuma ya shafi ingancin rayuwarsu. Sautin fashewa na kwatsam wanda ya dace da ƙarancin mota mai ƙarfi da ƙararrawar mota sune nau'ikan gurɓataccen amo wanda zai iya shafar mutanen da ke da ASD.[37] Dangane da binciken da aka yi kwanan nan, sautin sufuri wani haɗari ne na muhalli na zuciya, tare da bayyanar dogon lokaci ga hanya, dogo, da sautin jirgin sama da ke da alaƙa da karuwar haɗarin cutar zuciya, bugun jini, gazawar zuciya, hauhawar jini, da ciwon sukari.[40] Wani sabuntawa mai zurfi game da hayaniya da fahimtar ɗan adam ya bayyana bayyanar hayaniya ta muhalli a matsayin babbar damuwa ta lafiyar jama'a ta duniya, yana jayayya cewa ana buƙatar sarrafa gwamnati mai tsauri don rage tasirinsa akan ilmantarwa, kulawa, da aikin fahimta.[41] Bincike mai zurfi game da gurɓataccen amo ya nuna cewa waɗannan tasirin zuciya da fahimta sun nuna dalilin da ya sa gwamnatoci ke buƙatar iyakancewar amo da kuma sa ido don rage lahani na dogon lokaci ga lafiyar ɗan adam da yanayin halittu.[42]

Duk da yake tsofaffi na iya samun matsalolin zuciya saboda hayaniya, a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, yara suna da matukar damuwa ga hayaniya, kuma tasirin da hayaniya ke da shi a kan yara na iya zama na dindindin.[43] Sauti yana haifar da mummunar barazana ga lafiyar jiki da tunanin yaro, kuma yana iya tsoma baki da ilmantarwa da halayyar yaro.[44] Bayyanawa ga gurɓataccen amo yana nuna yadda muhimmancin kiyaye lafiyar muhalli yake wajen kiyaye yara da tsofaffi lafiya.

Dabbobi na daji

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Sautin da ke haifar da zirga-zirga, jiragen ruwa, motoci, da jirgin sama na iya shafar rayuwar nau'in namun daji kuma na iya kaiwa wuraren da ba a dame su ba.[45] Kodayake sautuna suna nan a cikin muhalli, ana iya rarrabe sautunan ɗan adam saboda bambance-bambance a cikin mitar da faɗin.[46] Dabbobi da yawa suna amfani da sauti don sadarwa tare da wasu daga cikin jinsinsu, ko don dalilai na haifuwa, kewayawa, ko don sanar da wasu game da ganima ko masu cin nama. Koyaya, sautin ɗan adam yana hana nau'o'in gano waɗannan sautuna, yana shafar sadarwa gaba ɗaya a cikin yawan jama'a.[46] Rashin gurɓataccen amo na iya tsoma baki da halayyar dabba kamar sadarwa, neman abinci, haifuwa, kewayawa, guje wa mai farauta, da kulawar iyaye.[47] Dabbobi na ruwa irin su cetaceans (whale da dolphins) sun dogara da sauti don echolocation kuma suna da matukar damuwa ga hayaniya da sonar, wanda aka haɗa shi da rikice-rikice da rikicewar mutane. Dabbobin daji na ƙasa, gami da tsuntsaye da kwari, na iya fuskantar rikice-rikice na kiwo da karuwar martani na damuwa a ƙarƙashin matakan hayaniya. Dabbobi irin su tsuntsaye, amphibians, Dabbobi masu rarrafe, kifi, dabbobi masu shayarwa, da invertebrates misalai ne na kungiyoyin halittu waɗanda gurɓataccen amo ke tasiri. [45] [48] Idan dabbobi ba za su iya sadarwa da juna ba, haifuwa na iya raguwa (saboda rashin iya samun matasan) kuma mutuwa na iya ƙaruwa (saboda gazawar gargadi game da mai farauta). [45] Nazarin waɗannan alaƙa tsakanin kwayoyin sauti, yanayin sauti, da tasirin da ya haifar an san shi da ilimin muhalli ko ilimin muhallu.

Robins na Turai da ke zaune a cikin birane suna iya raira waƙa da dare a wuraren da ke da matakai masu yawa na gurɓataccen amo a rana, suna ba da shawarar cewa suna raira waƙa a dare saboda ya fi kwanciyar hankali, kuma saƙonsu na iya yaduwa ta cikin muhalli a sarari.[49] Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa hayaniya ta rana ta kasance mai tsinkaya mai karfi na waƙoƙin dare fiye da gurɓataccen haske na dare, wanda sau da yawa ana danganta abin da ya faru. Sauti na Anthropogenic ya rage wadatar nau'in tsuntsaye da aka samu a cikin wuraren shakatawa na birane na Neotropical.[50]

Zebra finches sun zama marasa aminci ga abokan hulɗarsu lokacin da aka fallasa su da hayaniya. Wannan na iya canza yanayin juyin halitta na yawan jama'a ta hanyar zaɓar halaye, cire albarkatun da aka sadaukar da su ga wasu ayyukan kuma ta haka ne ya haifar da sakamako mai zurfi na kwayoyin halitta da juyin halitta.[51]

Dalilin da ya sa invertebrates ke shafar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An gano dalilai da yawa da suka shafi hypersensitivity a cikin invertebrates lokacin da aka fallasa su ga hayaniya ta mutum. Invertebrates sun samo asali ne don karɓar sauti, kuma babban ɓangare na ilimin su ya dace da manufar gano girgizar muhalli.[52] Antennae ko gashi a kan kwayoyin suna karɓar motsi.[53] Sautin ɗan adam da aka kirkira a cikin yanayin ruwa, kamar motsa jiki da jigilar kaya, ana karɓar su ta hanyar motsi na ƙwayoyin; waɗannan ayyukan suna nuna alamar motsawar kusa.[53]

Ikon gano girgizar ta hanyar tsarin kayan aiki ya fi muhimmanci a cikin invertebrates da kifi. Har ila yau, dabbobi masu shayarwa, sun dogara da kunnuwan masu gano matsin lamba don fahimtar hayaniya da ke kewaye da su.[53] Sabili da haka, an ba da shawarar cewa dabbobi masu rarrafe na ruwa suna iya fahimtar tasirin hayaniya daban-daban daga dabbobi masu shayarwa. An bayar da rahoton cewa invertebrates na iya gano sauti mai yawa, amma sautin amo ya bambanta sosai tsakanin kowane nau'in. Gabaɗaya, duk da haka, invertebrates sun dogara da mitoci a ƙarƙashin 10 kHz.  Wannan shine mitar da hayaniya mai yawa ke faruwa.[54]

Sabili da haka, ba wai kawai hayaniya ta mutum ba sau da yawa tana rufe sadarwa ta dabbobi, amma kuma tana da mummunar tasiri ga sauran ayyukan tsarin halittu ta hanyar damuwa da hayaniya.[52] Wani abu kuma yana haifar da tasirin hayaniya a cikin invertebrates shine saboda ana amfani da sauti a cikin halayyar halayyar da yawa ta kungiyoyi da yawa. Wannan ya haɗa da sauti da aka samar ko kuma aka fahimta a cikin mahallin tashin hankali ko guje wa mai farauta. Invertebrates kuma suna amfani da sauti don jawo hankalin ko gano abokan aure, kuma galibi suna amfani da sautin a cikin tsarin soyayya.[52]

Damuwa da aka rubuta a cikin halayyar jiki da halayyar mutum

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sauti daga injunan da aka yi amfani da su don kula da kayan lambu, wanda aka rubuta a kusa da wani gida mai hawa huɗu a Tomaszów Mazowiecki, Poland

Yawancin binciken da aka gudanar akan bayyanar dabbobi marasa rai ga hayaniya sun gano cewa an haifar da amsawar jiki ko halayyar mutum. Yawancin lokaci, wannan yana da alaƙa da damuwa, kuma ya ba da tabbacin tabbaci cewa invertebrates na ruwa suna ganowa da amsawa ga hayaniya. Wasu daga cikin karatun da suka fi dacewa a cikin wannan rukuni suna mai da hankali kan crabs masu zaman kansu. A cikin wani binciken, an gano cewa halayyar crab mai zaman kansa Pagurus bernhardus, lokacin da yake ƙoƙarin zaɓar harsashi, an canza shi lokacin da aka sanya shi cikin hayaniya.[55]

Zaɓin da ya dace na kwarangwal mai zaman kansa yana ba da gudummawa sosai ga ikon su na rayuwa. Kwayoyin suna ba da kariya daga masu cin nama, babban salinity da bushewa.[55] Koyaya, masu bincike sun ƙayyade cewa hanyar zuwa harsashi, binciken harsashi، da mazaunin harsashi፡ ya faru ne a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da hayaniya ta mutum a matsayin wani abu. Wannan ya nuna cewa kimantawa da hanyoyin yanke shawara na crab mai zaman kansa dukansu sun canza, duk da cewa ba a san crab masu zaman kansu don kimanta harsashi ta amfani da kowane hanyar ji ko na'urar karɓar.[55]

A wani binciken da ya mayar da hankali kan Pagurus bernhardus da blue mussel (Mytilus edulis), halayen jiki sun nuna amsawar damuwa ga hayaniya. Lokacin da aka fallasa crab da mussel ga nau'ikan hayaniya daban-daban, bambancin da ya faru a cikin bawul din ya faru a mu blue mussel. Crab mai zaman kansa ya amsa ga hayaniya ta hanyar ɗaga harsashi daga ƙasa sau da yawa, sannan ya bar harsashi don bincika shi kafin ya dawo ciki.[56] Sakamakon daga gwaje-gwajen crab mai zaman kansa ba su da tabbas game da abin da ya haifar; dole ne a gudanar da ƙarin karatu don sanin ko za'a iya danganta halayyar crab mai zama mai zaman kansa ga hayaniya da aka samar.

Wani binciken da ya nuna martani na damuwa a cikin invertebrates an gudanar da shi a kan longfin inshore squid (Doryteuthis pealeii). An fallasa squid ga sautunan gini da aka sani da tarin tuki, wanda ke tasiri a cikin teku kai tsaye kuma yana samar da tsananin girgizar ƙasa da ruwa.[57] Squid ya amsa ta hanyar jefawa, tawada, canjin tsari da sauran martani masu ban mamaki.[58] Tunda amsoshin da aka rubuta sun yi kama da waɗanda aka gano lokacin da aka fuskanci mai farauta, an nuna cewa squid da farko ya kalli sautunan a matsayin barazana. Koyaya, an kuma lura cewa amsoshin ƙararrawa sun ragu a cikin wani lokaci, yana nuna cewa squid mai yiwuwa ya saba da hayaniya.[58] Ko ta yaya, a bayyane yake cewa damuwa ta faru a cikin squid, kuma kodayake ba a ci gaba da bincike ba, masu bincike suna zargin cewa akwai wasu abubuwan da zasu iya canza halayen rayuwar squid.[58]

Wani ƙarin binciken ya bincika tasirin tasirin da aka nuna a kan Dolphin na Indo-Pacific (Sousa chinensis). Dolphins sun fallasa matakan hayaniya saboda gini a cikin Kogin Pearl a kasar Sin, musamman ya haifar da babbar guduma a duniya - OCTA-KONG . [59] Binciken ya ba da shawarar cewa yayin da ba a shafar dannawar dolphin ba, ƙararsu ta kasance saboda saukin kamuwa da rufe fuska.[59] An gano hayaniyar daga OCTA-KONG cewa dolphins sun gano ta har zuwa 3.5 km daga asalin asalin, kuma yayin da ba a gano hayaniwar ta zama barazana ga rayuwa ba an nuna cewa dogon bayyanar wannan hayaniyar na iya zama alhakin lalacewar ji.[59] 

Jihohi da kananan hukumomi yawanci suna da takamaiman dokoki game da ka'idojin gini, Tsarin birane, da ci gaban hanya. Dokokin hayaniya da ka'idoji sun bambanta sosai tsakanin kananan hukumomi kuma hakika ba su wanzu a wasu birane ba. Dokar na iya ƙunsar haramtacciyar haramtacciya game da yin hayaniya wanda ke da matsala, ko kuma yana iya tsara takamaiman jagororin don matakin hayaniya da aka ba da izini a wasu lokutan rana da kuma wasu ayyukan.[60] Dokokin hayaniya suna rarraba sauti zuwa kashi uku. Na farko shine hayaniya ta yanayi, wanda ke nufin matsin sauti na hayaniya mai kewaye da mahalli. Na biyu shine ci gaba da hayaniya, wanda zai iya zama mai ɗorewa ko canzawa, amma yana ci gaba da fiye da awa ɗaya. Na uku shine sautin da ke canzawa, wanda zai iya zama mai ɗorewa ko canzawa, amma yana faruwa akai-akai a lokacin da ya dace.[61]

Birnin New York ya kafa lambar amo ta farko a shekarar 1985. Dokar Portland Noise ta haɗa da yiwuwar tarar har zuwa $ 5000 a kowace keta doka kuma ita ce tushen wasu manyan dokokin hayaniya na Amurka da Kanada.[62]

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yankin Turai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 1995, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) Yankin Turai ta fitar da jagororin kan daidaita hayaniya ta al'umma. Yankin Turai na WHO daga baya ya fitar da wasu nau'ikan jagororin, tare da sabon sigar da aka rarraba a cikin 2018.[63] Jagororin suna ba da shaidar zamani daga binciken da aka gudanar a Turai da sauran sassan duniya game da bayyanar hayaniya da ba ta aiki ba da alaƙar ta da sakamakon lafiyar jiki da tunani. Jagororin suna ba da shawarwari don iyakoki da matakan rigakafi game da hanyoyin hayaniya daban-daban (hanya, jirgin ƙasa, jirgin sama, turbine na iska) don matsakaicin rana da maraice da matsakaicin dare. Shawarwari don hayaniya a cikin 2018 sun kasance masu yanayi kuma sun dogara ne akan matakin matsin sauti daidai a lokacin matsakaicin sa'o'i 24 a cikin shekara ba tare da ma'auni don hayaniya ta dare ba (LAeq, 24 hours); WHO ta sanya iyakar da aka ba da shawarar zuwa 70 dB (A). [63] 

2018 WHO Yankin Turai Jagororin Sauti na Muhalli [63]
Tushen Sauti Shawarwari don

Matsakaicin Matsakaicin Rana da maraice (Lden)

Shawarwari don

Matsakaicin Sauti na dare (Dare)

Hanyar zirga-zirga 53 dB (A)   45 dB (A)  
Jirgin ƙasa 54 dB (A)   44 dB (A)  
Jirgin sama 45 dB (A)   40 dB (A)  
Turbine na iska 45 dB (A)   babu shawarwari

 

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
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  52. 1 2 3 Morley EL, Jones G, Radford AN (February 2014). "The importance of invertebrates when considering the impacts of anthropogenic noise". Proceedings. Biological Sciences. 281 (1776). doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.2683. PMC 3871318. PMID 24335986.
  53. 1 2 3 Nedelec SL, Campbell J, Radford AN, Simpson SD, Merchant ND (July 2016). "Particle motion: the missing link in underwater acoustic ecology". Methods in Ecology and Evolution. 7 (7): 836–42. Bibcode:2016MEcEv...7..836N. doi:10.1111/2041-210x.12544. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
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  56. ↑ Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named "Breithaupt_2020".
  57. ↑ Roberts L, Elliott M (October 2017). "Good or bad vibrations? Impacts of anthropogenic vibration on the marine epibenthos". The Science of the Total Environment. 595: 255–268. Bibcode:2017ScTEn.595..255R. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.117. PMID 28384581. Archived from the original on 2025-10-25. Retrieved 2025-10-21.
  58. 1 2 3 Jones IT, Stanley JA, Mooney TA (January 2020). "Impulsive pile driving noise elicits alarm responses in squid (Doryteuthis pealeii)". Marine Pollution Bulletin. 150. Bibcode:2020MarPB.15010792J. doi:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110792. PMID 31910530. S2CID 210086977.
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  60. ↑ "Noise Pollution Clearinghouse Law Library". Noise Pollution Clearinghouse. Archived from the original on 1998-06-11. Retrieved June 29, 2018.
  61. ↑ "Borough of Brielle, NJ: NOISE CONTROL". Borough of Brielle, NJ Code (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2022-10-20. Retrieved 2022-06-16.
  62. ↑ "Chapter 18.02 Title Noise Control". Auditor's Office. City of Portland, Oregon. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved April 20, 2009.
  63. 1 2 3 WHO Regional Office for Europe (2018). "Environmental Noise Guidelines for the European Region". Archived from the original on 2020-12-13. Retrieved 2020-11-30.
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