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Aikin noma a cikin tururuwa

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Aikin noma a cikin tururuwa
field of work (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare naagriculture and forestry (en) Fassara da eusociality (en) Fassara
Bangare naTsarin abinci
Mabiyiwildcrafting (en) Fassara
Lokacin farawa50 million years BCE
Karatun taentomology (en) Fassara
Gudanarwankwari

dabba-linkid="5" href="./Agriculture" id="mwBg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Agriculture">Aikin noma da domestication ayyuka ne da wasu nau'ikan tururuwa da yankuna ke gudanarwa. Wadannan tururuwa suna amfani da hanyoyin noma kuma an san su da ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin dabbobi, tare da Homo sapiens, don cimma matakin eusociality da ake buƙata don yin aikin gona. An kiyasta cewa tururuwa sun fara wannan aikin aƙalla shekaru miliyan 50 da suka gabata. Gidajen shuka, fungus, da nau'in dabbobi ta tururuwa an rubuta su sosai. Ga wasu nau'ikan tururuwa ko kungiyoyi, wannan aiki ne mai mahimmanci ga rayuwarsu, musamman a cikin dangantaka ta symbiotic tare da nau'ikan da aka noma, musamman tsire-tsire ko fungi. Wasu tsire-tsire suna buƙatar kasancewar tururuwa don rayuwarsu kuma suna ba da fa'idodi ga tururuwa a madadin, suna haifar da dangantaka tsakanin jinsinsu. Ayyukan noma na tururuwa sun bambanta sosai daga jinsin zuwa wani, amma suna iya shiga cikin ƙirƙirar takin mai da ake buƙata don ci gaban shuke-shuke, yaƙi da cututtukan da ke shafar jinsunan da aka noma, lalata nau'ikan da ke barazana ga amfanin gonar su, ƙirƙirar "gidan gogewa" har zuwa shuke-huke guda hamsin, inganta amfanin gona ta hanyar daidaitawa da sake zagayowar rana da sauran zagaye na halitta, ko kuma shiga cikin ayyukan gyaran jiki. A wasu lokuta, an yi imanin cewa tururuwa na iya samun matakan samarwa kamar farkon matakan Aikin noma na ɗan adam. Ants kuma domestication da yawa dabbobi nau'o'in, musamman aphids da Lepidoptera. Shuka shuke-shuke ta tururuwa, wanda aka gano ne kawai a cikin 2016, wani yanki ne mai saurin canzawa na binciken.

Ya zuwa 2022, an kiyasta cewa tururuwa suna taimakawa wajen watsar da tsaba ga nau'ikan shuke-shuke sama da 11,000, suna cikin alaƙa da akalla nau'ikan tsire-tsire 700, kuma suna shiga cikin hanyoyin noma kawai tare da daruruwan wasu. Game da dabbobi masu gida, fiye da 1,000 daga cikin 4,000 da aka sani nau'in aphids da kuma kimanin 500 nau'in Lepidoptera suna shafar domestication tururuwa.

Kalmomin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Amfani da kalmar "aikin gona", wanda bazai dace da dangantakar juna ba - musamman a lokuta inda shuka ke karbar bakuncin mulkin mallaka, kamar itace, don musayar kariya da taimako a cikin rayuwarsa da girma - an rubuta shi sosai a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya don matakai inda tururuwa ke haifar da amfanin gona da kuma kai tsaye noma shuke-shuke ko fungi.[1][2][3][4][5] Amfani da kalmar "gidan gida" kuma an kafa shi sosai lokacin da domestication tururuwa ya haifar da takamaiman canje-canje na juyin halitta a cikin jinsunan da ke ciki.[6]

Dalilai da yaduwa

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Dalilan da suka haifar

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Har yanzu yana da wahala a tantance abubuwan da suka haifar da nau'ikan tururuwa daban-daban don karɓar waɗannan halaye a cikin miliyoyin shekaru na juyin halitta, saboda yawancin halaye daban-daban dangane da wurin, tsire-tsire, fungi, da dabbobi da ke ciki, da kuma babban bambancin nau'ikan ant. Koyaya, yawancin karatu suna mai da hankali musamman kan waɗannan ci gaban juyin halitta, musamman a cikin tsarin kwatankwacin tare da jinsin ɗan adam, don gano kamanceceniya da bambance-bambance tsakanin matakai biyu.[3] Gabaɗaya, da alama cewa nau'in tururuwa masu yankan ganye waɗanda suka haɓaka ayyukan noma da suka shafi ƙwayoyin cuta sun fara yin hakan aƙalla shekaru miliyan 65-55 da suka gabata kuma suna iya kasancewa na farko da suka shiga irin wannan hali, kodayake ba tabbatacce ba ne.[2][7] Tsohon kakannin waɗannan nau'o'in an rubuta su ne a cikin -65/-55 miliyan da suka gabata.[8] Da alama, bisa ga binciken da aka yi daga 2017, cewa wannan canjin ya faru ne a wuraren da suka bushe, musamman a Kudancin Amurka.[9]

Yaduwar

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Kamar yadda yake tare da abubuwan da suka haifar da irin wannan juyin halitta a cikin wasu tururuwa, har yanzu yana da wahala a tantance yaduwar waɗannan halaye. Ya zuwa 2022, an kiyasta cewa tururuwa suna taimakawa wajen watsar da tsaba ga nau'ikan shuke-shuke sama da 11,000, suna cikin alaƙa da akalla nau'ikan tsire-tsire 700, kuma suna shiga cikin hanyoyin noma kawai tare da daruruwan wasu.[10] Game da dabbobi masu gida, fiye da 1,000 daga cikin 4,000 da aka sani nau'in aphids da kuma kimanin 500 nau'in Lepidoptera suna shafar domestication tururuwa.[10] Idan aka kwatanta, Homo sapiens yana cikin noma da aikin gona tare da 'tsire-tsire 260, dabba 470 da nau'in ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta 100'.[11] An gano noman shuke-shuke ta tururuwa ne kawai a cikin 2016, yana mai da shi yanki mai saurin canzawa.[12] Koyaya, waɗannan abubuwan sun bayyana sun haɗa da daruruwan nau'ikan tururuwa daban-daban daga cikin kimanin nau'ikan 13,000 da aka gano har zuwa yau.[12] A cikin 2022, an yi imanin cewa kimanin nau'ikan tururuwa 37 daban-daban sun shiga cikin noman shuka na gaskiya, ba tare da la'akari da domestication da Fungi ba.[13]

Hanyoyi

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Tsuntsaye, dangane da nau'in, suna shiga cikin halaye da ayyuka daban-daban. Wasu nau'o'in, kamar tururuwa masu yankan ganye, suna samar da alaƙa da wasu Kwayoyin cuta.[1] A cikin waɗannan lokuta, sarauniya mulkin mallaka na gaba sau da yawa tana ɗauke da ita kwayar cutar daga asalin mulkin mallaka, wanda sabon mulkin mallaka zai noma kuma ya kula da shi don tabbatar da rayuwarsu da wadatar abinci.[1][14][15] Suna kai farmaki ga cututtukan da ke shafar waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta, suna kare su daga barazanar da za a iya yi, kuma gabaɗaya suna shiga cikin gyare-gyare don kula da lafiyar ƙwayoyin.[15] Wannan ya ba da damar tururuwa masu yankan ganye su zama manyan nau'ikan masu cin ganyayyaki a Kudancin Amurka [1] kuma ya sa su sami damar ƙirƙirar manyan yankunan tururuwa, waɗanda ke dauke da miliyoyin ma'aikata da dubban ɗakunan tururuwa.[7][14] Ayyukan noma na tururuwa sun bambanta sosai daga jinsin zuwa wani, amma suna iya shiga cikin ƙirƙirar takin mai da ake buƙata don ci gaban shuke-shuke, yaƙi da cututtukan da ke shafar jinsunan da aka noma, lalata nau'ikan da ke mamayewa waɗanda ke barazana ga amfanin gonar su, ƙirƙirar "gidan gashi" har zuwa shuke-huke guda hamsin, inganta amfanin gona ta hanyar daidaitawa da sake zagayowar rana da sauran zagaye na halitta, ko kuma yawanci shiga cikin ayyukan tsabtacewa.[16] A wasu lokuta, an yi imanin cewa tururuwa na iya samun matakan samarwa kamar farkon matakan aikin gona na ɗan adam.[16] An kuma san su da, tare da Homo Sapiens, da kuma wasu 'yan kalilan na sauran kungiyoyin dabbobi, gudanar da domestication na wasu dabbobi, a wannan yanayin, aphids da Lepidoptera.[16] Wasu nau'ikan tururuwa, kamar Philidris nagasau, an tabbatar da su kwanan nan don ƙirƙirar manyan lambunan shuke-shuke da ke dauke da shuke-huke daban-daban, waɗanda suke amfani da su kuma suna kula da su.[8] Wannan ya ba su damar bunkasa manyan yankuna kuma suna jin daɗin sakamako mai kama da farkon aikin gona na ɗan adam, wanda mutane suka iya cimma a lokacin Neolithic.[8]

Manazarta

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  1. 1 2 3 4 Wilkinson, David M (December 1999). "Ants, agriculture and antibiotics". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 14 (12): 459–460. Bibcode:1999TEcoE..14..459W. doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(99)01752-8. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 10542448. Archived from the original on 2018-06-17. Retrieved 2024-08-25. Cite error: Invalid tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content.
  2. 1 2 Mueller, Ulrich G.; Rehner, Stephen A.; Schultz, Ted R. (1998-09-25). "The Evolution of Agriculture in Ants". Science (in Turanci). 281 (5385): 2034–2038. Bibcode:1998Sci...281.2034M. doi:10.1126/science.281.5385.2034. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9748164. Archived from the original on 2023-04-26. Retrieved 2024-08-25. Cite error: Invalid tag; name ":2" defined multiple times with different content.
  3. 1 2 Matranga, Andrea (2024-04-19). "The Ant and the Grasshopper: Seasonality and the Invention of Agriculture". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 139 (3): 1467–1504. doi:10.1093/qje/qjae012. ISSN 0033-5533. Cite error: Invalid tag; name ":3" defined multiple times with different content.
  4. ↑ Corbara, Bruno; Dejean, A.; Leroy, Céline; Orivel, Jérôme (2022). "Ces fourmis qui cultivent les plantes". ESpèces - Revue d'Histoire naturelle. 43: 26–35. Archived from the original on 2024-06-14. Retrieved 2024-08-25.
  5. ↑ Mueller, Ulrich G.; Gerardo, Nicole M.; Aanen, Duur K.; Six, Diana L.; Schultz, Ted R. (2005-12-01). "The Evolution of Agriculture in Insects". Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics (in Turanci). 36 (1): 563–595. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.36.102003.152626. ISSN 1543-592X. Archived from the original on 2022-09-26. Retrieved 2024-08-25.
  6. ↑ Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named ":0".
  7. 1 2 Schultz, Ted R.; Brady, Seán G. (2008-04-08). "Major evolutionary transitions in ant agriculture". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (in Turanci). 105 (14): 5435–5440. doi:10.1073/pnas.0711024105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2291119. PMID 18362345. Cite error: Invalid tag; name ":5" defined multiple times with different content.
  8. 1 2 3 Richard Invalid |url-status=Peregrine (help); Missing or empty |title= (help) Cite error: Invalid tag; name ":6" defined multiple times with different content.
  9. ↑ Branstetter, Michael G.; Ješovnik, Ana; Sosa-Calvo, Jeffrey; Lloyd, Michael W.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Brady, Seán G.; Schultz, Ted R. (2017-04-12). "Dry habitats were crucibles of domestication in the evolution of agriculture in ants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (in Turanci). 284 (1852). doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.0095. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 5394666. PMID 28404776.
  10. 1 2 Richard Invalid |url-status=Peregrine (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  11. ↑ Branstetter, Michael G.; Ješovnik, Ana; Sosa-Calvo, Jeffrey; Lloyd, Michael W.; Faircloth, Brant C.; Brady, Seán G.; Schultz, Ted R. (2017-04-12). "Dry habitats were crucibles of domestication in the evolution of agriculture in ants". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences (in Turanci). 284 (1852). doi:10.1098/rspb.2017.0095. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 5394666. PMID 28404776.
  12. 1 2 Richard Invalid |url-status=Peregrine (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ↑ Campbell, Laura C.E.; Kiers, E. Toby; Chomicki, Guillaume (March 2023). "The evolution of plant cultivation by ants". Trends in Plant Science. 28 (3): 271–282. Bibcode:2023TPS....28..271C. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2022.09.005. ISSN 1360-1385. PMID 36372647 Check |pmid= value (help). Archived from the original on 2024-08-25. Retrieved 2024-08-25.
  14. 1 2 Cite error: Invalid tag; no text was provided for refs named ":4".
  15. 1 2 Currie, Cameron R.; Stuart, Alison E. (2001-05-22). "Weeding and grooming of pathogens in agriculture by ants". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences (in Turanci). 268 (1471): 1033–1039. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1605. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1088705. PMID 11375087.
  16. 1 2 3 Richard Invalid |url-status=Peregrine (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
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