Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/časъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Indo-European *kʷey-der.

Proto-Indo-European *k(ʷ)eh₁s-

Proto-Balto-Slavic *keˀs-der.

Proto-Slavic *časъ

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *keˀs-, probably from a Proto-Indo-European *k(ʷ)eh₁s- (“time”), itself possibly related to *kʷeh₁y- (“to perceive”). Cognate with Old Prussian kīsman (“time”) and Albanian kohë (“time”).^[1] Akin to *čajati (“to wait, expect”) and *čakati, with a semantic development similar to the one found between *godъ and *žьdati (“to wait”).

The other possibility is from the lengthened grade of Proto-Indo-European *kes- (“to go”), with a semantic development similar to the one found in Latin annus (“year”) (< earlier *atnos < PIE *h₂et- (“to go”); compare Sanskrit अटति (átati, “to go”)). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced? Particularly: “Cognates in this other theory?”)

Noun

*čàsъ m^[1]^[2]

time

Declension

Declension of *čàsъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm a)
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*čàsъ	*čàsa	*čàsi
genitive	*čàsa	*čàsu	*čàsъ
dative	*čàsu	*čàsoma	*čàsomъ
accusative	*čàsъ	*čàsa	*čàsy
instrumental	čàsъmь, čàsomь^*	*čàsoma	*čàsȳ
locative	*čàsě	*čàsu	*čàsě̄xъ
vocative	*čàse	*čàsa	*čàsi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Related terms

*čajati (“to wait, expect”) (possibly)
*čakati (possibly)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: часъ (časŭ)
  - Belarusian: час (čas)
  - Russian: час (čas), часъ (čas) — pre-1918 spelling
    - → Kildin Sami: ча̄сс (čāss, “hour, watch”)
    - → Yakut: чаас (čaas, “hour”)
  - Carpathian Rusyn: час (čas)
  - Ukrainian: час (čas)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic:
  Glagolitic script: ⱍⰰⱄⱏ (časŭ)
  
  Old Cyrillic script: часъ (časŭ)
- Bulgarian: час (čas)
- Macedonian: час (čas)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: час
  
  Latin script: čas
  - → Albanian: çast
- Slovene: čas
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: čas
  - Czech: čas
- Old Polish: czas
  - Polish: czas
  - Silesian: czas, czŏs
- Pomeranian:
  - Kashubian: czas
  - Slovincian: czas
- Old Slovak: čas
  - Pannonian Rusyn: час (čas)
  - Slovak: čas
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: cas
  - Upper Sorbian: čas

→ Lithuanian: (obsolete) čėsas
→ Romanian: ceas
→ Samogitian: čiesos

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Derksen, Rick (2008), “*čàsъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 79: “m. o (a) ‘time’”
^ Olander, Thomas (2001), “časъ”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (PR 134); d (OSA 140f.); a/d (RPT 99, 101f.) time”

Vasmer, Max (1964–1973), “час”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1977), “*časъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), volume 4 (*čaběniti – *děľa), Moscow: Nauka, page 27
Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1976), “*časъ”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 2 (caca – davьnota), Wrocław: Ossolineum, page 116
Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000), “czas”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
Boryś, Wiesław (2005), “czas”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN

[EDSIL-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Derksen, Rick (2008), “*čàsъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden; Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 79: “m. o (a) ‘time’”

[2] Olander, Thomas (2001), “časъ”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (PR 134); d (OSA 140f.); a/d (RPT 99, 101f.) time”

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