Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-ios

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/-jos

This Proto-Italic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Italic

Etymology

From earlier *-ijos,^[1]^[2] from Proto-Indo-European *-(i)yós.^[3] The use of *-iy- has been explained in terms of "Siever's Law", a process supposed to have turned in *-y- into *-iy- after a heavy syllable,^[4] although there is only limited evidence for this conditioning factor operating in Italic.

Cognate with Ancient Greek -ῐος (-ĭos).

Suffix

*-ios^[5]

Creates adjectives.

Declension

Declension of *-ios (o/ā-stem)
singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-ios	*-iā	*-iom
vocative	*-ie	*-ia	*-iom
accusative	*-iom	*-iam	*-iom
genitive	*-iosjo, -iī	*-iās	*-iosjo, -iī
dative	*-iōi	*-iāi	*-iōi
ablative	*-iōd	*-iād	*-iōd
locative	*-iei	*-iāi	*-iei

plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-iōs, -ioi	*-iās	*-iā
vocative	*-iōs, -ioi	*-iās	*-iā
accusative	*-ions	*-ians	*-iā
genitive	*-iom	*-iāsōm	*-iom
dative	*-iois	*-iais	*-iois
ablative	*-iois	*-iais	*-iois
locative	*-iois	*-iais	*-iois

Descendants

Latin: -ius
Oscan: -𐌉𐌔 (-is)

References

^ Meiser, Gerhard (1986), Lautgeschichte Der Umbrischen Sprache (overall work in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 63: “*-ii̯o-”
^ Zair, Nicholas (2016), Oscan in the Greek Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 117: “*-ii̯o- ‘belonging to, pertaining to’”
^ Weiss, Michael L. (2009), Outline of the Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin, Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press, →ISBN, pages 274-276: “*-ii̯o- [...] This suffix *-ii̯o- was distinct in Proto-Indo-European from *-i̯o-, which was usually from i +o, eg. *medʰi̯-os 'middle' (Ved. mádhya-, Lat. medius). In Latin the two suffixes become indistinguishable because of the anaptyxis between a consonant (except *d, *g, and *s) and i̯.”
^ Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 175-176: “Thus the adjective-forming suffix usually cited as *-yo- would actually have had two forms, *-yo- and *-iyo-: to *ped- 'foot', *ped-yo- (whence G πεζός 'afoot', Ved. pádya- 'pedal' adj.); to *reH₁ǵ- 'king', *reH₁ǵ-iyo- (whence L rēgius 'regal'”
^ Nishimura, Kanehiro (24 October 2016), “On syncope of u-vocalism in Sabellic: Syllable structure, glide treatment, and other phonological issues”, in Indogermanische Forschungen‎^[1], volume 121, number 1, De Gruyter, →DOI, →ISSN, page 203: “*-ii̯o- > *-i(i̯)o- by intervocalic phonological loss of glide”

[1] Meiser, Gerhard (1986), Lautgeschichte Der Umbrischen Sprache (overall work in German), Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft, →ISBN, →OCLC, page 63: “*-ii̯o-”

[2] Zair, Nicholas (2016), Oscan in the Greek Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, →DOI, →ISBN, page 117: “*-ii̯o- ‘belonging to, pertaining to’”

[Weiss-3] Weiss, Michael L. (2009), Outline of the Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin, Ann Arbor: Beech Stave Press, →ISBN, pages 274-276: “*-ii̯o- [...] This suffix *-ii̯o- was distinct in Proto-Indo-European from *-i̯o-, which was usually from i +o, eg. *medʰi̯-os 'middle' (Ved. mádhya-, Lat. medius). In Latin the two suffixes become indistinguishable because of the anaptyxis between a consonant (except *d, *g, and *s) and i̯.”

[4] Sihler, Andrew L. (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, pages 175-176: “Thus the adjective-forming suffix usually cited as *-yo- would actually have had two forms, *-yo- and *-iyo-: to *ped- 'foot', *ped-yo- (whence G πεζός 'afoot', Ved. pádya- 'pedal' adj.); to *reH₁ǵ- 'king', *reH₁ǵ-iyo- (whence L rēgius 'regal'”

[5] Nishimura, Kanehiro (24 October 2016), “On syncope of u-vocalism in Sabellic: Syllable structure, glide treatment, and other phonological issues”, in Indogermanische Forschungen‎^[1], volume 121, number 1, De Gruyter, →DOI, →ISSN, page 203: “*-ii̯o- > *-i(i̯)o- by intervocalic phonological loss of glide”

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