Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/-éh₂

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

From *-h₂.

Suffix

*-éh₂ n

1. Creates collective nouns and mass nouns, corresponding to thematic formations with accent on the suffix.

Usage notes

This collective noun suffix gave rise to the thematic neuter plural suffix in nuclear (i.e. non-Anatolian) Indo-European languages. In Anatolian itself, it is disputed whether nouns attested with this suffix are plural or collective in number.

Derived terms

• *-eh₂ (collective form of thematic neuters)
• ^? *-eh₂-s-o-, *-oh₂-s-o- (relational suffix)
  • >? Proto-Anatolian:
    • Hittite: -𒀸𒊭𒀸 (-aššaš)
  • ⇒ Proto-Italic: *-āsios (+ *-jos) (see there for further descendants)
• *-i-eh₂ (rebracketed from i-stems)
  • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
    • Proto-Slavic: *-ьja (see there for further descendants)

Suffix

*(o)-éh₂ f

1. Creates action nouns and abstract nouns.

   ‎*bʰer- (“to bear”) + ‎*-éh₂ → ‎*bʰoréh₂ (“carrying, burden”)

Usage notes

These o-grade feminine abstract nouns are known as τομή (tomḗ)-type nouns in Indo-Europeanist literature.

Inflection

Thematic in *-eh₂
	singular
nominative	*(o)-éh₂
genitive	*(o)-éh₂s
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(o)-éh₂	*(o)-éh₂h₁(e)	*(o)-éh₂es
vocative	*(o)-éh₂	*(o)-éh₂h₁(e)	*(o)-éh₂es
accusative	*(o)-ā́m	*(o)-éh₂h₁(e)	*(o)-éh₂m̥s
genitive	*(o)-éh₂s	*?	*(o)-éh₂oHom
ablative	*(o)-éh₂s	*?	*(o)-éh₂mos, *(o)-éh₂bʰos
dative	*(o)-éh₂ey	*?	*(o)-éh₂mos, *(o)-éh₂bʰos
locative	*(o)-éh₂, *(o)-éh₂i	*?	*(o)-éh₂su
instrumental	*(o)-éh₂h₁	*?	*(o)-éh₂mis, *(o)-éh₂bʰis

Derived terms

Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-éh₂ (o-grade)

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰoréh₂

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰoydʰéh₂

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/sokʷh₂ṓy

Related terms

• *(ó)-os (thematic)
• *(o)-ós
• *(o)-eh₂yéti
• *-i-eh₂
  • Proto-Celtic: *-iyā (see there for further descendants)
  • Proto-Hellenic:
    • Ancient Greek: -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā)
  • Proto-Indo-Iranian:
    • Proto-Indo-Aryan:
      • Sanskrit: -या (-yā)
  • Proto-Italic:
    • Latin: -ia

Descendants

• Proto-Germanic: *-ō
• Proto-Hellenic: *-ā́
  • Ancient Greek: -ᾱ́ (-ā́), -ή (-ḗ)
• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *-áH

Suffix

*(∅)-éh₂ f

1. Creates action nouns and abstract nouns.

   ‎*bʰewg- (“to flee”) + ‎*-éh₂ → ‎*bʰugéh₂ (“flight”)

Usage notes

These nouns are known as φυγή (phugḗ)-type nouns in Indo-Europeanist literature. They are mainly formed from verbal roots, generally of the shape *CeRT-.

Inflection

Thematic in *-eh₂
	singular
nominative	*(∅)-éh₂
genitive	*(∅)-éh₂s
	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*(∅)-éh₂	*(∅)-éh₂h₁(e)	*(∅)-éh₂es
vocative	*(∅)-éh₂	*(∅)-éh₂h₁(e)	*(∅)-éh₂es
accusative	*(∅)-ā́m	*(∅)-éh₂h₁(e)	*(∅)-éh₂m̥s
genitive	*(∅)-éh₂s	*?	*(∅)-éh₂oHom
ablative	*(∅)-éh₂s	*?	*(∅)-éh₂mos, *(∅)-éh₂bʰos
dative	*(∅)-éh₂ey	*?	*(∅)-éh₂mos, *(∅)-éh₂bʰos
locative	*(∅)-éh₂, *(∅)-éh₂i	*?	*(∅)-éh₂su
instrumental	*(∅)-éh₂h₁	*?	*(∅)-éh₂mis, *(∅)-éh₂bʰis

Derived terms

Proto-Indo-European terms suffixed with *-éh₂ (zero-grade)

Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/bʰugéh₂