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金

From Wiktionary, the free dictionary
See also: 全, 釒, and 숲
金 U+91D1, 金
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-91D1
← 釐
[U+91D0] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 釒 →
[U+91D2]

⾦ U+2FA6, ⾦
KANGXI RADICAL GOLD
← ⾥
[U+2FA5] 		Kangxi Radicals ⾧ →
[U+2FA7]
金 U+F90A, 金
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F90A
← 契
[U+F909] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 喇 →
[U+F90B]

Translingual

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Stroke order
8 strokes
Stroke order

Alternative forms

[edit]
  • 釒 / 钅 (when used as a left Chinese radical)

Han character

[edit]
See images of
Radical 167 金

金 (Kangxi radical 167, 金+0, 8 strokes, Cangjie input 金 (C), four-corner 80109, composition ⿱𫢉䒑)

  1. Kangxi radical #167, ⾦.

Derived characters

[edit]
Additional Derived Characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1295, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 40152
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1795, character 13
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4167, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+91D1

Chinese

[edit]
simp. and trad.
 金
alternative forms
𠊍
𨤾
𠈘
𠉓
𨥀
𠊍
𨤾
𠈘
𠉓
𨥀
𨥄
⿱丿⿴囗⿱二水
 
Chemical element (edit)
Au
Atomic number 79
金 (jīn)
Alternative names: 黃金 (huángjīn)
Classification data
Period 6
Group 11
Block d-block
Class transition metal
Previous: ← 鉑 (bó) (Pt)
Next: 汞 (gǒng) (Hg) →
Wikipedia has articles on:
Crystals of 金 (jīn): gold.

Glyph origin

[edit]
Historical forms of the character 金
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (金) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
淦 *kɯːm, *kɯːms
顉 *ŋɯːmʔ, *ŋ̊ʰrɯm, *ŋ̊ʰɯmʔ
金 *krɯm
錦 *krɯmʔ
欽 *kʰrɯm
菳 *kʰrɯm
嶔 *kʰrɯm
撳 *kʰrɯms
捦 *ɡrɯm
鵭 *ɡrɯm
唫 *ɡrɯmʔ, *ŋɡrɯm
鈙 *ɡrɯms
崟 *ŋɡrɯm
趛 *ŋɡrɯmʔ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲 / 形声): semantic 士 (shì) or 王 (wáng), + semantic 呂 (“two blocks of metal”) + phonetic 亼 (今 (OC *kum)). The blocks of metal were originally drawn as : and later as 丷 (bā).

Shuowen interprets it as an image of metal in the earth (Xu Shen writes "象金在土中形") with 亼 as phonetic. But the most ancient versions do not contain the pictogram of the earth.

Originally referred to copper, first used during the Copper Age and the Jade Age in China (hence before the Bronze Age, during which the first bronzes were produced); later the meaning was extended to metal as a whole, and then to gold.

Etymology

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Starostin reconstructs Proto-Sino-Tibetan *gǝ̆m (“metal”); compare Tedim Chin xam (“gold”) and Lepcha ᰀᰩᰮ (kóm, “silver, coin, money”).

“Copper” [prior to 5th BCE] → “metals in general” → “gold”.

The main senses now are “gold” and “metal”.

Some of the Manchu people with this surname are descendants of the Qing imperial family and is a calque of Manchu ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ (aisin, “gold”) in their original surname ᠠᡳᠰᡳᠨ
ᡤᡳᠣᡵᠣ (aisin gioro).

Pronunciation

[edit]
Note:
  • gim1 - Chaozhou, Shantou;
  • ging1 - Chenghai.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 金
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕin⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕin²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕiẽ²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕiə̃²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕin²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕiẽ²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕiə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕĩn³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕiŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕĩ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡ɕin³¹/
Hefei /t͡ɕin²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕiəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕiŋ¹³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕĩŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕiŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /t͡ɕin⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕin³³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕaŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕiʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /t͡ɕin¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕin³³/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕin³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕin⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kim⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kim²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /kɐm⁵³/
Nanning /kɐm⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /kɐm⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kim⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kiŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /keiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kim³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /kim²³/
Rime
Character 金
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 侵 (140)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 居吟切
Baxter kim
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/kˠiɪm/
Pan
Wuyun 		/kᵚim/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kiem/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kjim/
Li
Rong 		/kjəm/
Wang
Li 		/kĭĕm/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ki̯əm/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jīn
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gam1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 金
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		jīn
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kim ›
Old
Chinese 		/*k(r)[ə]m/
English metal, bronze

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 金
Reading # 1/1
No. 6679
Phonetic
component 		金
Rime
group 		侵
Rime
subdivision 		1
Corresponding
MC rime 		金
Old
Chinese 		/*krɯm/
Notes 說文今聲，俞敏依金文非之

Definitions

[edit]

金

  1. (obsolete) copper (Cu)
  2. metal
    合金  ―  héjīn  ―  alloy
  3. metalware
  4. gold (Au)
    金的顏色和黃銅很相似。 [MSC, trad.]
    金的颜色和黄铜很相似。 [MSC, simp.]
    Jīn de yánsè hé huángtóng hěn xiāngsì. [Pinyin]
    Gold is similar in color to brass.
    他被獎勵了一塊金錶。 [MSC, trad.]
    他被奖励了一块金表。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā bèi jiǎnglì le yīkuài jīn biǎo. [Pinyin]
    He received a gold watch as a prize.
  5. gold; golden; blond (colour)
    金髮／金发  ―  jīnfà  ―  blond hair
  6. (by extension) money; material wealth
    現金／现金  ―  xiànjīn  ―  cash
    資金／资金  ―  zījīn  ―  funds
    金錢／金钱  ―  jīnqián  ―  currency
  7. (historical) ancient currency unit
  8. (historical) gong or other metalware for signalling commands in the military
    金鼓齊鳴／金鼓齐鸣  ―  jīngǔqímíng  ―  the gongs and drums of war sound out in unison
  9. respectful; precious
    金玉良言  ―  jīnyùliángyán  ―  precious advice
  10. used in 金城 (jīnchéng, “impregnable city”)
    金城湯池／金城汤池  ―  jīnchéngtāngchí  ―  strongly fortified city
  11. short for 金星 (Jīnxīng, “Venus”)
  12. one of the eight kinds of instruments (八音 (-))
  13. metal, one of the five elements of Wu Xing (五行 (-))
    1. (Classical) short for 金曜日 (jīnyàorì): Friday
  14. (Cantonese, cant) fire; flame
  15. (Cantonese, cant) roasted
    金豬／金猪 [Cantonese]  ―  gam1 zyu1 [Jyutping]  ―  roasted suckling pig
  16. (～朝) (historical) The Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
  17. (～朝, ～國) (historical) synonym of 後金 / 后金 (Hòujīn), the Jurchen Later Jin state (1616–1636)
  18. a surname
    金聖歎／金圣叹  ―  Jīn Shèngtàn  ―  Jin Shengtan (Chinese literary critic)
    金焰  ―  Jīn Yàn  ―  Jin Yan (Chinese actor)

Synonyms

[edit]
Dialectal synonyms of 金子 (“gold”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 金
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 金, 金子, 黃金
Northeastern Mandarin Beijing 金子
Taiwan 金子, 黃金
Chifeng 金子
Hulunbuir (Hailar) 金子
Harbin 金子, 黃金
Shenyang 金子, 黃金
Singapore 金, 黃金
Jilu Mandarin Tianjin 金子
Tangshan 金子, 黃金
Cangzhou 金子
Baoding 金子
Shijiazhuang 金子
Jinan 金子
Jiaoliao Mandarin Yantai (Muping) 金子
Qingdao 金子
Central Plains Mandarin Luoyang 金子
Wanrong 金子
Zhengzhou 黃金
Xi'an 金子, 黃金
Dingbian 金子
Xining 金子
Xuzhou 金子, 黃金
Lanyin Mandarin Yinchuan 金子
Lanzhou 金子, 黃金
Ürümqi 金子
Southwestern Mandarin Chengdu 金子
Chongqing 金子
Wuhan 金子, 金, 黃金, 黃貨 dated
Guiyang 金子
Kunming 金子, 黃金
Guilin 金子
Guilin (Lingui) 金子
Liuzhou 金子, 黃金
Liuzhou (Luorong) 金子
Mae Salong (Lancang) 金子
Mae Sai (Tengchong) 金子
Jianghuai Mandarin Nanjing 金子, 黃金
Yangzhou 金子, 黃金
Nantong 金子
Hefei 金子
Cantonese Guangzhou 金
Hong Kong 金
Hong Kong (San Tin; Weitou) 金
Hong Kong (Kam Tin; Weitou) 金仔
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 金
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 金
Macau 金
Guangzhou (Panyu) 金
Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu) 金
Guangzhou (Conghua) 金
Guangzhou (Zengcheng) 金
Foshan 金
Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai) 金
Foshan (Shunde) 金
Foshan (Sanshui) 金
Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming) 金仔
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 金
Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou) 金
Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka) 金
Zhuhai (Doumen) 金
Jiangmen (Baisha) 金
Jiangmen (Xinhui) 金
Taishan 金
Taishan (Guanghai) 金
Kaiping (Chikan) 金
Enping (Niujiang) 金
Heshan (Yayao) 金仔
Dongguan 金
Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an) 金
Yangjiang 金
Nanning 金
Wuzhou 金
Yulin 金
Hepu (Lianzhou) 金
Guiping 金
Guiping (Jintian) 金
Guiping (Jiangkou) 金
Guiping (Madong) 金
Mengshan (Xihe) 金
Guigang (Nanjiang) 金
Beiliu (Tangliao) 金
Baise 金
Bobai 金
Lingshan 金
Pubei 金
Qinzhou 金
Qinzhou (Changtan) 金
Qinzhou (Xiniujiao) 金
Beihai 金
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô) 金
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà) 金
Ningming 金
Hengzhou 金
Hezhou (Pumen, Babu) 金子
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng) 金
Chongzuo (Laituan) 金
Fusui (Qujiu) 金
Danzhou 金
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 金
Singapore (Guangfu) 金
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 金
Móng Cái 金
Mandalay (Taishan) 金
Gan Nanchang 金子
Pengze 金子
Lichuan 金
Pingxiang 金子, 金
Hakka Meixian 金仔, 金
Huizhou (Huicheng; Bendihua) 金
Dongguan (Qingxi) 金
Shenzhen (Shatoujiao) 金
Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui) 金
Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua) 金
Yudu 金
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 金仔, 黃金
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 金仔, 黃金
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 金仔, 黃金
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 金, 黃金
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 金仔, 黃金
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 金, 黃金
Hong Kong 金
Beiliu (Tang'an) 金
Xingye (Gaofeng) 金
Mashan (Pianlian) 金
Pingle (Tong'an) 金子
Yangshuo (Jinbao) 金
Senai (Huiyang) 金
Huizhou Jixi 金子
Shexian 金子, 金
Jin Taiyuan 金子
Pingyao 金
Xinzhou 金子, 黃金
Linhe 金子
Jining 金子
Liangcheng 金子
Hohhot 金子
Zhangjiakou 金子
Handan 金子, 黃金
Northern Min Jian'ou 金
Eastern Min Fuzhou 金
Matsu 金
Southern Min Xiamen 金仔, 金
Quanzhou 金仔, 金
Jinjiang 金仔
Zhangzhou 金仔, 金
Taipei 金
New Taipei (Sanxia) 金
Kaohsiung 金
Yilan 金
Changhua (Lukang) 金仔
Taichung 金仔
Tainan 金
Hsinchu 金仔
Kinmen 金
Penghu (Magong) 金
Penang (Hokkien) 金
Singapore (Hokkien) 金
Manila (Hokkien) 金, 金仔
Pingnan (Shangdu) 金
Chaozhou 金
Bangkok (Teochew) 金
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 金
Singapore (Teochew) 金
Pontianak (Teochew) 金
Leizhou 黃金
Wenchang 金
Haikou 金
Zhongshan Min Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi) 金
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 金
Nanning (Shajing) 金
Binyang 金
Northern Pinghua Guilin (Chaoyang) 金子
Guilin (Zhuyuan) 金子
Guilin (Wutong, Lingui) 金
Guilin (Liutang, Lingui) 金
Yangshuo (Jima) 金子
Waxiang Guzhang (Gaofeng) 金, 金子
Yuanling (Shaojiwan) 金
Luxi (Liangjiatan) 金
Chengbu (Xuntou) 金子
Wu Shanghai 金子
Shanghai (Chongming) 金子
Suzhou 金子
Danyang 金子, 黃金
Hangzhou 金子
Hangzhou (Fuyang) 金子
Shaoxing 金子
Ningbo 金, 金子
Wenzhou 金
Jinhua 金
Xiang Changsha 金子
Loudi 金子
Shuangfeng 金子
Hengyang 金子
Quanzhou 金
Guanyang (Wenshi) 金子

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (金):
  • → Japanese: 金(きん) (kin)
  • → Korean: 금(金) (geum), 김(金) (gim)
  • → Vietnamese: kim (金)

Others:

  • → Bouyei: jiml (“gold”)
  • → Lao: ຄຳ (kham, “gold”)
  • → Thai: คำ (kam, “gold”)
  • → Zhuang: gim (“gold”)
  • ⇒ Tagalog: ginto (“gold”)

References

[edit]

Japanese

[edit]
An old glyph with Fude-osae.

Kanji

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金

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

[edit]

Compounds

[edit]
Compounds

Etymology 1

[edit]
Kanji in this term
金
きん
Grade: 1
kan'on
Chemical element (edit)
Au
Atomic number 79
金
Classification data
Period 6
Group 11
Block d-block
Class transition metal
Previous: ← 白金, プラチナ (Pt)
Next: 水銀 (Hg) →
金 (kin): Synthetically produced crystalline gold.
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja
Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

/kimʉ/ → /kiɴ/

From Middle Chinese 金 (kim). Compare modern Mandarin 金 (jīn), Hokkien 金 (kim).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

金(きん) • (kin) 

  1. gold (Au)
  2. money
    金(きん)一(いっ)封(ぷう)をもらった。 ― kin ippū o moratta. ― I received a gift of money.
  3. short for 金属 (kinzoku): metal
  4. (shogi) short for 金将 (kinshō): a gold general
  5. metal as one of the five classical elements in traditional Chinese philosophy and medicine
  6. short for 金曜日 (kin’yōbi): Friday
Derived terms
[edit]
Derived terms from きん (kin)

Affix

[edit]

金(きん) • (kin) 

  1. metal, metallic
  2. gold, gold-colored
  3. money
  4. (by extension of “golden”) excellent, fine, splendid
Derived terms
[edit]
Derived terms from きん (kin)

Proper noun

[edit]

金(きん) • (Kin) 

  1. the Jin dynasty (1115–1234)
See also
[edit]

Etymology 2

[edit]
Kanji in this term
金
こん
Grade: 1
goon

/komʉ/ → /koɴ/

From Middle Chinese 金 (kim).

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

金(こん) • (kon) 

  1. metal as one of the five classical elements in traditional Chinese philosophy and medicine

Affix

[edit]

金(こん) • (kon) 

  1. metal, metallic
  2. gold, gold-colored
  3. (by extension of “golden”) excellent, fine, superb
Derived terms
[edit]
Derived terms from こん (kon)

Etymology 3

[edit]
Kanji in this term
金
かね
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
Alternative spellings
銀
銅
鉄
金 (kane): Hot metal work from a blacksmith.

From Old Japanese.

Possibly derived from unbound prefix kana- fused with い (i, nominal particle). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Cognate with terms with a ka- stem pertaining to “hardness”?”)

The four kanji spellings of this term, 金 (“gold”), 銀 (“silver”), 銅 (“copper”), and 鉄 (“iron”), hint at the importance of each of these four metals in ancient Japan.

Pronunciation

[edit]

Noun

[edit]

金(かね) • (kane) 

  1. metal
    Synonym: 金属 (kinzoku)
  2. (impolite) clipping of お金 (okane): money
  3. (colloquial) short for 曲尺 (kanejaku): a carpenter’s square
  4. (colloquial) short for 金物 (kanamono) or 金具 (kanagu): metal fittings
  5. short for 金性 (kaneshō): fineness of gold metal, compare English karat
  6. synonym of 金箔 (kinpaku): gold leaf
Usage notes
[edit]

The 金 spelling is the most common for this term.

Derived terms
[edit]
Derived terms from かね (kane)
Descendants
[edit]

Etymology 4

[edit]
Kanji in this term
金
こがね
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 金 – see the following entry.
【黄金こがね】
[noun] gold (Au) as a metal
[noun] money, more specifically the large 大判 (ōban) gold coins formerly used in Japan
[noun] short for 黄金色 (kogane iro): gold as a colour
[noun] short for 黄金の泥 (kogane no dei): powdered gold suspended in a base and used as paint
(This term, 金, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 5

[edit]
Kanji in this term
金
きむ
Grade: 1
irregular
For pronunciation and definitions of 金 – see the following entry.
【キム】
[proper noun] a transliteration of the Korean surname 김(金) (Gim), Kim
(This term, 金, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

[edit]

Etymology 1

[edit]

From Middle Chinese 金 (MC kim).

Historical readings
Dongguk Jeongun reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 금 (Yale: kùm)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[4] 쇠〮 (Yale: swóy) 금 (Yale: kùm)
Historical readings

Pronunciation

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]
Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

金 (eumhun 쇠 금 (soe geum))

  1. Hanja form? of 금 (“gold, metal; amount of money”). [noun]
  2. Hanja form? of 금 (“money”). [suffix]
  3. Hanja form? of 금 (“short for 금요일(金曜日) (geumyoil, “Friday”)”).
  4. Hanja form? of 금 (“a surname; used in placenames”).
Compounds
[edit]
Compounds

Etymology 2

[edit]

Most likely a borrowing from Early Mandarin 金 (EM *kim) during Mongol rule in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.[1]

Pronunciation

[edit]

Hanja

[edit]

金 (eumhun 사람의 성(姓) 김 (saram-ui seong gim))

  1. Hanja form? of 김 (“a surname; used in placenames”).
Compounds
[edit]
Compounds

References

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  1. ^ 권인한 (2004), “성씨 김(金)의 한자음 연원을 찾아서”, in Sae Gugeo Saenghwal‎[1] (in Korean), volume 14, number 4, pages 143—155
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [5]

Old Japanese

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Compounds

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Etymology 1

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    From Proto-Japonic *kanai.

    Possibly derived from unbound prefix kana- stemmed with nominal particle い (i). (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?)

    Noun

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    金 (kane) (kana かね)

    1. a metal, especially gold
      Coordinate terms: 銀, 鐵, 銅 (kane)
    Derived terms
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    Descendants
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    • > Japanese: 金 (kane) (inherited)

    Etymology 2

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      From 黃 (ku, “yellow”) +‎ 金 (kane, “metal”).

      Noun

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      金 (kugane) (kana くがね)

      1. alternative spelling of 黃金 (kugane): gold as a metal
        Coordinate terms: 銅 (akagane), 鐵 (kuro₁gane), 銀 (siro₁gane)
      Descendants
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      Vietnamese

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      Han character

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      金: Hán Việt readings: kim[1][2][3]
      金: Nôm readings: kim[1][2][4], ghim[3][5], câm[2], găm[3], ghim[4]

      1. chữ Hán form of kim (“gold; metal”)
      2. chữ Hán form of Kim (“a surname from Chinese”)

      Compounds

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      References

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      1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Nguyễn (2014).
      2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
      3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Trần (2004).
      4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
      5. ^ Hồ (1976).
      Retrieved from "https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=金&oldid=93425638"