渤海

Chinese

		Bohai Sea	ocean; sea
simp. and trad. (渤海)		渤	海
alternative forms		勃海

Etymology

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Description of the origins of the term”)

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Bó Hǎi

  (Zhuyin): ㄅㄛˊ ㄏㄞˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): but⁶ hoi²
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): Phu̍t-hói

  (Hailu, HRS): pud^ˋ hoi^ˊ

• Wu (Suzhou, Wugniu): ⁸beq-he₃

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Bó Hǎi
    • Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˊ ㄏㄞˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Bó Hǎi
    • Wade–Giles: Po² Hai³
    • Yale: Bwó Hǎi
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Bor Hae
    • Palladius: Бо Хай (Bo Xaj)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu̯ɔ³⁵ xaɪ̯²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: but⁶ hoi²
    • Yale: buht hói
    • Cantonese Pinyin: but⁹ hoi²
    • Guangdong Romanization: bud⁶ hoi²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /puːt̚² hɔːi̯³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Phu̍t-hói
    • Hakka Romanization System: pud hoi^ˋ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: pud⁶ hoi³
    • Sinological IPA: /pʰut̚⁵ hoi̯³¹/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: pud^ˋ hoi^ˊ
    • Sinological IPA: /pʰut² hoi²⁴/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Suzhou)
    • Wugniu: ⁸beq-he₃
    • MiniDict: beh^入 he^上
    • Sinological IPA (Suzhou): /bəʔ²² he⁵¹/

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• Middle Chinese: bwot xojX

Rime
Character	渤	海
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	並 (3)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	沒 (56)	咍 (41)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	I
Fanqie	蒲没切	呼改切
Baxter	bwot	xojX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/buət̚/	/hʌiX/
Pan Wuyun	/buot̚/	/həiX/
Shao Rongfen	/buət̚/	/xɒiX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/bwət̚/	/həjX/
Li Rong	/buət̚/	/xᴀiX/
Wang Li	/buət̚/	/xɒiX/
Bernhard Karlgren	/bʱuət̚/	/xɑ̆iX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bó	hǎi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	but6	hoi2

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*bɯːd  hmlɯːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	海
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	hǎi
Middle Chinese	‹ xojX ›
Old Chinese	/*m̥ˁəʔ/ (dialect *m̥ˁ- > x-)
English	sea
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	渤	海
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	986	9283
Phonetic component	孛	母
Rime group	物	之
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	勃	海
Old Chinese	/*bɯːd/	/*hmlɯːʔ/

Proper noun

渤海

1. Bohai Sea (a sea in China)
2. (～郡) (historical) Bohai Commandery
3. (～國) (historical) Balhae (multi-ethnic kingdom in Manchuria and the Korean Peninsula)
4. (～鎮) Bohai (a town in Ning'an, Heilongjiang, China)
5. (～鎮) Bohai (a town in Huairou district, Beijing, China)
6. (～鎮) Bohai (a town in Jingning, Lishui, Zhejiang, China)

Synonyms

• (Bohai Sea):
  • 北海 (Běihǎi) (obsolete)
  • 渤澥 (obsolete)

Derived terms

• 渤海海峽 / 渤海海峡 (Bóhǎi Hǎixiá)
• 渤海灣 / 渤海湾 (Bóhǎiwān)
• 環渤海 / 环渤海 (huánbóhǎi)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (渤海):

• → Japanese: 渤海(ぼっかい) (Bokkai)
• → Korean: 발해(渤海) (Balhae)
• → Vietnamese: Bột Hải (渤海)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
渤	海
ぼつ > ぼっ Hyōgai	かい Grade: 2
kan'yōon	on'yomi

Alternative spellings
渤海 (kyūjitai) 勃海

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [bo̞k̚ka̠i]

Proper noun

渤(ぼっ)海(かい) • (Bokkai) 

1. a 7-10th century kingdom located around northern China and Korean; Balhae
2. the Bohai Sea

Korean

Hanja in this term
渤	海

Proper noun

渤海 • (balhae) (hangeul 발해)

1. hanja form^? of 발해 (“Balhae”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
渤	海

Proper noun

渤海

1. chữ Hán form of Bột Hải (“the Bohai Sea”)
2. chữ Hán form of Bột Hải (“a 7-10th century kingdom located around northern China and Korean; Balhae”)