Territory of Orleans
| Territory of Orleans Territoire d'Orléans | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Organized incorporated territory of the United States | |||||||||||
| 1804–1812 | |||||||||||
 | |||||||||||
| The Territory of Orleans in 1804, with adjacent territories held by Spain, shown in red. | |||||||||||
| Government | |||||||||||
| • Type | Organized incorporated territory | ||||||||||
| Governor | |||||||||||
• 1804–1812 | William C. C. Claiborne | ||||||||||
| Secretary | |||||||||||
• 1804–1807 | James Brown | ||||||||||
• 1807–1811 | Thomas Bolling Robertson | ||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Established | October 1 1804 | ||||||||||
| April 30 1812 | |||||||||||
| |||||||||||
| Today part of | United States | ||||||||||
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The Territory of Orleans or Orleans Territory was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from October 1, 1804,[1] until April 30, 1812,[2] when it was admitted to the Union as the State of Louisiana.
History
[edit]In 1804, all of the Louisiana Purchase south of the 33rd parallel became the Orleans Territory, and the remainder became the District of Louisiana. (The District of Louisiana was later renamed the Louisiana Territory; and still later, when the Orleans Territory became the State of Louisiana, the Louisiana Territory was renamed the Missouri Territory.)
The Organic Act of 1804, passed on March 26 for October 1 implementation, also created the United States District Court for the District of Orleans—the only time Congress has ever provided a territory with a United States district court equal in its authority and jurisdiction to those of the states.[3] Congress also established the Superior Court for the Territory of Orleans whose three judges were the top territorial court.
On April 10, 1805, the Territorial Legislature organized 12 counties (starting from the southeast corner moving west and north): Orleans, Lafourche, German Coast, Acadia, Iberville, Attakapas, Pointe Coupée, Opelousas, Rapides, Concordia, Natchitoches, and Ouachita. These were replaced in 1807 by 19 civil parishes.[4]
The area that later became the Florida Parishes on the east side of the Mississippi River was not included in Orleans Territory at this time, as it was in the Spanish territory of West Florida. This area was formally appended to the territory on April 14, 1812,[5] after having been annexed forcibly by the U.S. in 1810, although Spain did not formally relinquish any of West Florida until 1821. The western boundary with Spanish Texas was not fully defined until the Adams–Onís Treaty was negotiated in 1819. A strip of land known as the Sabine Free State just east of the Sabine River served as a neutral ground buffer area from about 1807 until the treaty took effect after ratification in 1821.
The Orleans Territory was the site of the largest slave revolt in American history, the 1811 German Coast Uprising.
In the 1810 United States census, 20 parishes in the Orleans Territory reported the following population counts:[6]
| Rank | County | Population |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | Orleans | 24,552 |
| 2 | St. Martin | 7,369 |
| 3 | St. Landry | 5,048 |
| 4 | Pointe Coupee | 4,539 |
| 5 | St. James | 3,955 |
| 6 | St. Charles | 3,291 |
| 7 | St. John the Baptist | 2,990 |
| 8 | Concordia | 2,895 |
| 9 | Natchitoches | 2,870 |
| 10 | Iberville | 2,679 |
| 11 | Assumption | 2,472 |
| 12 | Ascension | 2,219 |
| 13 | Rapides | 2,200 |
| 14 | Lafourche | 1,995 |
| 15 | Plaquemines | 1,549 |
| 16 | West Baton Rouge | 1,463 |
| 17 | Avoyelles | 1,209 |
| 18 | Catahoula | 1,164 |
| 19 | Ouachita | 1,077 |
| 20 | St. Bernard | 1,020 |
| Orleans Territory | 76,556 | |
Leaders and representatives
[edit]William C. C. Claiborne was appointed Governor of the Orleans Territory; he held this position throughout the territorial period. Later he became the first Governor of the state of Louisiana.
There were two Territorial Secretaries, James Brown (1804–1807) and Thomas B. Robertson (1807–1811). Daniel Clark became the first Territorial Delegate to the U.S. Congress, in December 1806. Judge Dominic Augustin Hall was the U.S. District Judge of the Territory.
Judges of the Superior Court were John Bartow Prevost (1804–1808), Ephraim Kirby (1804) (died en route to New Orleans), Peter Stephen Du Ponceau (1804) (declined President Thomas Jefferson's appointment), William Sprigg (1805–1807), George Mathews, Jr. (1805–1813), Joshua Lewis (1807–1813), and Francois Xavier Martin (1810–1813).
Legislative council
[edit]At its first meeting on December 3, 1804, the territory's Legislative Council consisted of Julien de Lallande Poydras, William Kenner, John Watkins, William Wikoff, Benjamin Morgan, Eugene Dorcier, and George Pollock.[8]
James Mather, Flood, and "Dorcierre" (?) were members in 1805.[9][10][11]
In June 1805, Jefferson appointed John Sibley of Natchitoches to the legislative council of the Territory of Orleans.[12] Nominations sent to the President in November 1805 were "Messrs Bellechasse, Gurley, M'Carty, Derbigny, Destreham, Sauve, Boulgny, Villan, Evan Jones and Donnemour."[13]
Jefferson appointed Joseph Deville Degoutin Bellechasse, Jean Noël Destréhan, John Baptiste McCarty, and Pierre Sauve to the legislative council in 1806.[14] Destréhan was president of the legislative council of the Territory of Orleans, in 1806 and 1811.[15]
See also
[edit]
- Historic regions of the United States
- Territorial evolution of the United States
- History of Louisiana
- List of parishes in Louisiana
- Florida Parishes
- Spanish West Florida
- Orleans Territory's at-large congressional district
- United States District Court for the District of Orleans
- United States District Court for the District of Louisiana
- United States Attorney for the District of Louisiana
References
[edit]- ↑ An Act erecting Louisiana into two territories and providing for the temporary government thereof, Act of March 26, 1804, 2 Stat. 283.
- ↑ An Act for the admission of the State of Louisiana into the Union, and to extend the laws of the United States to the said state, Act of April 8, 1812, 2 Stat. 701.
- ↑ U.S. District Courts of Louisiana, Legislative history, Federal Judicial Center.
- ↑ Long, John H.; Tuck Sinko, Peggy, eds. (2009). "Louisiana: Individual County Chronologies". Atlas of Historical County Boundaries. Chicago: The Newberry Library. Retrieved August 5, 2024.
- ↑ An Act to enlarge the limits of the State of Louisiana, Act of April 14, 1812, 2 Stat. 708.
- ↑ Forstall, Richard L. (ed.). Population of the States and Counties of the United States: 1790–1990 (PDF) (Report). United States Census Bureau. pp. 71–73. Retrieved May 18, 2020.
- ↑ Edwards, Jay d.; Fandrich, Ina; Richardson, Gabriele, Edwards, Jay D. (ed.), Barthélemy Lafon in New Orleans 1792 – 1820: A Report to the Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation, September 30, 2019 (PDF), pp. 110–111, archived from the original (PDF) on May 20, 2020
- ↑ William C. C. Claiborne (December 2, 1804). "Letter to Thomas Jefferson". National Archives. Retrieved October 23, 2021.
- ↑ "Ordered". Louisiana State Gazette. January 29, 1805. p. 2. Retrieved September 28, 2026.
- ↑ "Legislative Council". Louisiana State Gazette. March 5, 1805. p. 1. Retrieved September 28, 2026.
- ↑ "Researching James Mather". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. July 24, 1982. p. 71. Retrieved September 28, 2026.
- ↑ "Natchez, April 12 – Appointments by the President". Virginia Argus. June 5, 1805. p. 2. Retrieved September 28, 2026.
- ↑ "On the 4th of November..." National Intelligencer. December 18, 1805. p. 2. Retrieved September 28, 2026.
- ↑ "The following gentlemen..." Louisiana State Gazette. February 28, 1806. p. 2. Retrieved September 28, 2026.
- ↑ "Biographical Directory of the U.S. Congress - Retro Member details". bioguideretro.congress.gov. Archived from the original on November 24, 2020. Retrieved September 28, 2026.
Further reading
[edit]- Lebreton, Marietta Marie (January 1969). A History of the Territory of Orleans, 1803–1812. (Parts I and II) (Ph.D. History). Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College. doi:10.31390/gradschool_disstheses.1554. UMI 69-17,118.
{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: year (link) - Stolz, Joseph (2009). "An Ardent Military Spirit": William C. C. Claiborne and the Creation of the Orleans Territorial Militia, 1803–1805 (M.A. History). LSU New Orleans.
- Vernet, Julien (2013). Strangers on Their Native Soil: Opposition to United States' Governance in Louisiana's Orleans Territory, 1803–1809. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 9781617037535.
- Territory of Orleans. (1808). Acts passed at the first session of the second Legislature of the Territory of Orleans: begun and held in the city of New-Orleans, on Monday, the eighteenth day of January, in the year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and eight, and of the independence of the United States of America, the thirty-second. Binder's title:Louisiana, Territory of Orleans. New-Orleans: Bradford & Anderson. – bound with reports for 1809, 1810
External links
[edit]
Media related to Territory of Orleans at Wikimedia Commons- The Political Graveyard Secretaries of Orleans Territory
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