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National Anthem of Chile

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Himno Nacional de Chile
English: National Anthem of Chile
Cover of an original manuscript of the anthem
National anthem of  Chile
Also known asCanción Nacional de Chile (English: National Song of Chile)
Puro, Chile, es tu cielo azulado (English: Pure, Chile, Is Your Bluish Sky)
LyricsEusebio Lillo,
MusicRamón Carnicer, 23 December 1828
Adopted17 September 1847
Preceded byCanción Nacional Chilena
Audio sample
Instrumental version

The National Anthem of Chile (Spanish: Himno Nacional de Chile, pronounced [ˈimno nasjoˈnal de ˈtʃile]), officially the National Song (Canción Nacional),[1][2] is also known by its incipit, "Puro, Chile, es tu cielo azulado" ("Pure, Chile, Is Your Bluish Sky").[3] The music was composed in 1826–1828 by the Spanish musician Ramón Carnicer. The verses were written in 1847 by the Chilean poet Eusebio Lillo, while the chorus is a surviving part of the text written in 1819 by the Argentine-Chilean poet Bernardo de Vera for the country's first anthem.[4][5] The anthem was adopted on 17 September 1847.[4][5][6]

The full text has six verses of eight lines and a four-line chorus, but only the fifth verse and the chorus are sung on official occasions, a practice fixed by a 1990 decree.[2] The music is officially set in C major.[1] The anthem's history involves two successive texts and two melodies: Vera's words were first sung to music by Manuel Robles, then to Carnicer's, before Lillo's replacement verses removed the original text's anti-Spanish content. Article 2 of the 1980 Constitution lists the anthem among Chile's national emblems.[7]

Official orchestral and vocal recording
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History

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Background

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During the Patria Vieja period (1810–1814), Chile's first national symbols (a flag, cockade, coat of arms and motto) were created in 1812 on the initiative of José Miguel Carrera,[8] but no official anthem was composed.[9] Instead, a number of "patriotic hymns" were published in newspapers such as the Aurora de Chile and El Monitor Araucano and then set to music. At a reception given by Carrera at the Casa de Moneda on 30 September 1812 to mark the second anniversary of the First National Government Junta, patriotic songs were sung between dances.[10]

The "Hymn to the Victory of Yerbas Buenas", with words by Vera and first sung on 2 May 1813, and the first hymn of the Instituto Nacional, with words by Friar Camilo Henríquez and first sung on 10 August 1813, are regarded as precursors of the national song.[9][11] The historian Eugenio Pereira Salas attributed the music of both to José Antonio González, choirmaster of the Metropolitan Cathedral of Santiago.[11]

First anthem (1819–1828)

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Text

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After the Reconquista (1814–1817) and the formal declaration of independence on 12 February 1818,[12] Supreme Director Bernardo O'Higgins had his minister Joaquín Echeverría Larraín ask Vera on 19 July 1819 for a patriotic song to be sung by several choirs at the anniversary celebrations that September.[13][14][15]

Bernardo de Vera, author of the 1819 text

Vera's text, originally titled "Marcha Nacional" (National March), was described as "very belligerent and anti-Spanish, as was the sentiment of the time".[16] It had 84 decasyllable lines, in ten eight-line verses and a four-line chorus.[a] O'Higgins submitted it to the Senate, which approved it on 20 September 1819 under the title "Canción Nacional de Chile". The Senate ordered it printed and distributed to the towns, the Instituto Nacional and public schools so it could be sung on 28 September.[9][18]

Since no music had yet been composed, the early performances used the tune of the "Marcha patriótica", the anthem of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata, composed by Blas Parera in 1813.[19][20]

Music

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Manuel Robles, composer of the first melody

O'Higgins's aide-de-camp, Lieutenant Colonel Domingo Arteaga, was put in charge of finding a composer.[21] He first turned to the Peruvian musician José Ravanete,[20][b] who, pressed for time, fitted the text to a tune from the resistance to Napoleon's 1808 invasion of Spain. The fit required several awkward adjustments, including repeated "sí, sí, sí, sí" fillers at the end of verses.[15] The version failed at its premiere and angered Vera, who reportedly exclaimed that it had the look of a goda (a pejorative term for Spanish royalists).[15][c]

Arteaga then commissioned the violinist and guitarist Manuel Robles,[25][26] whose music was "a very energetic march, in keeping with the feats of liberation".[16] It opened solemnly in 4/4, shifted to 6/8 and allegretto for the chorus, and stayed in A major with modal mixture from A minor.[25] The musician José Zapiola wrote that it had all the qualities of a popular song: easy to perform, simple without being trivial, and, above all, singable by one voice without instruments.[27]

Robles's melody was premiered on 20 August 1820.[4][28][d] O'Higgins accepted it, and it kept official backing until he abdicated and went into exile on 28 January 1823.[13][29]

The Argentine poet Juan Crisóstomo Lafinur, who reached Chile in late 1822, composed a rival anthem, words and music, which was sung once at the theater and then withdrawn. According to Zapiola, Lafinur realized he might have offended both Vera and Robles;[30] another account says Arteaga tore up the pages for the same reason.[19]

Second melody (1828)

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Ramón Carnicer, composer of the current melody

Mariano Egaña, Chile's plenipotentiary in London from 1824 to 1826, sought a composer for a more "lyrical" setting to replace Robles's "popular" style.[31] He commissioned the Spanish opera composer Ramón Carnicer, who had been exiled to London for his liberal views between July 1825 and March 1826.[14][20][e] He delivered not only a melody but also an introduction, an epilogue, a piano accompaniment and a three-voice arrangement. The score, dedicated to Egaña and sent to Chile with Vera's text, was titled "Hymno patriotico de Chile" [sic].[32]

The piece has no exact date of composition. The Gazeta Ministerial de Chile reported in September 1827 that it had already been sung by Isidora Zegers and other members of the Sociedad Filarmónica de Santiago, so it was probably written and published earlier, possibly in early 1826.[f]

Opening bars of the piano arrangement in F major, the key of Carnicer's original composition

The official premiere took place at Arteaga's theater on 23 December 1828, at a Sociedad Filarmónica concert benefiting the Italian violinist and conductor Santiago Massoni.[4][5][6] At that concert the traditional opening hymn was still played with Robles's melody.[25] President Francisco Antonio Pinto never ratified Carnicer's version by decree, but it replaced Robles's almost at once. Older listeners objected, shouting "The old song, the old song!",[15] and popular sectors kept singing the anthem to Robles's tune.[16]

Lillo's text (1847)

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Spain recognized Chilean independence on 25 April 1844,[33][34] and diplomatic relations followed that November.[35] The 1819 text, written when "spirits were very exalted", contained words offensive to Spain.[36] Spanish merchants unsuccessfully asked in 1844 that it be revised, Manuel Puerta de Vera petitioned President Manuel Bulnes on 26 December 1845 to the same effect, and several newspapers backed the request in 1846.[36][6] In 1847 Salvador de Tavira, Spain's first chargé d'affaires in Chile, objected to specific verses as hostile and injurious.[6]

Eusebio Lillo, author of the current verses

To "appease the Spaniards as a corollary of the recently restored diplomatic relations", Bulnes, through Interior and Foreign Minister Manuel Camilo Vial, commissioned the poet Eusebio Lillo to write a new text.[6] Lillo wrote six eight-line verses and two trial choruses, then discarded the choruses and kept Vera's.[6] Andrés Bello, rector of the University of Chile, reviewed and approved the verses.[9][6]

The new anthem (Carnicer's music, Lillo's verses, Vera's chorus) was first sung on 17 September 1847, when it was published in El Mercurio de Valparaíso and El Araucano with no author named. A thousand copies were then printed at a cost of 14 pesos.[9][6] In 1909, at President Pedro Montt's request, Lillo revised the first verse, replacing "invasor" with "opresor", "del vasallo borramos" with "de tres siglos lavamos", and "hoy ya" with "al fin".[9][15]

The change drew criticism. Some considered the government "excessively complaisant", and the writer Vicente Pérez Rosales said he never justified replacing the song he had sung as a child.[6] Supporters of the two versions (Vera–Robles and Lillo–Carnicer) were still arguing decades later: for the 1872 National Exposition, Benjamín Vicuña Mackenna asked for the anthem with Robles's melody,[16] and in 1906 the historian Diego Barros Arana wrote that Lillo's verses were superior in fluency, meter and poetry but had not managed to displace Vera's, so strong was the attachment to the older song.[37]

Music and text

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Music

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Stamp commemorating the centenary of the "Canción Nacional" (1947)

The anthem consists of an introduction, a verse, a chorus and an epilogue,[1] and its harmony shows the influence of Italian bel canto, the fashion of the 1820s.[38] The official version is in C major, with a tempo of 126 beats per minute for the introduction and finale and 108 for the verse and chorus.[1]

Text

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The text has 52 decasyllabic lines, accented on the third, sixth and ninth syllables,[a] arranged in six octaves and one quatrain.[9] The official verse has the rhyme scheme ABAB CDCD, while the chorus has free rhyme.[39] The text praises Chile; the chorus invokes libertarian ideals. The verses differ in character: the first is historical, the second part historical and part forward-looking, the third and fourth martial, the fifth a description of the landscape, and the sixth part description and part martial exhortation.[6]

The teacher Clemente Canales Toro called the anthem "the Song of the Free" and the civic prayer par excellence,[9] and the musicologist Fernando Carrasco said that, from being sung so often, it has acquired the status of a collective national meditation.[40] The historian Rafael Sagredo Baeza argued that the text celebrates Chile's natural setting and its people's libertarian vocation, and that the reference to "Eden" is also a political metaphor for a land of law and order, "a refuge against oppression", reflecting the instability that followed independence.[41]

Official status

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The 1980 Constitution names the national flag, the coat of arms and the national anthem as Chile's national emblems (article 2) and requires every inhabitant to respect them (article 22).[7] During the 19th century only Vera's text had ever been approved by Congress as the "Canción Nacional de Chile".[9][18] A series of 20th-century decrees then regulated the words and music:

  • Decree 3482 (12 August 1909). Noting that there was no official edition of the anthem, the Ministry of Public Instruction ordered a printing of 1,000 copies. The words had to follow the manuscript signed by Lillo, and the music Carnicer's edition printed in London.[15]
  • Decree 3737 (27 June 1941). This confirmed the 1909 edition, authorized 5,000 further copies and restored the word tranquilo in the penultimate line of the fifth verse.[9]
  • Decree 6476 (21 August 1980). Issued under Augusto Pinochet to standardize performance, it fixed the key as C major and the tempi as 126 and 108 beats per minute, specified several melodic adjustments to the chorus, and assigned the orchestration to Víctor Tevah and the band arrangement to Lt. Col. Jorge Fernando Castro Castro.[1]
  • Decree 260 (30 March 1990). Issued at the start of Patricio Aylwin's presidency, it provides that at ceremonies where the anthem is sung, only the fifth verse and the chorus are performed.[2]
Original text written by Lillo (1909)

Lyrics

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Official lyrics

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Official instrumental version
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The official version consists of the fifth verse and the chorus.[42][43]

Spanish original[43] IPA transcription[g] English translation

Puro, Chile, es tu cielo azulado.
Puras brisas te cruzan también.
Y tu campo de flores bordado
Es la copia feliz del Edén.
Majestuosa es la blanca montaña
𝄆 Que te dio por baluarte el Señor, 𝄇
𝄆 Y ese mar que tranquilo te baña
Te promete futuro esplendor. 𝄇

Coro:
Dulce Patria, recibe los votos
Con que Chile en tus aras juró:
𝄆 Que o la tumba serás de los libres
O el asilo contra la opresión 𝄇
Que o la tumba serás de los libres
O el asilo contra la opresión
O el asilo contra la opresión
O el asilo contra la opresión.

[ˈpu.ɾo | ˈt͡ʃi.le‿es tu ˈsje.lo‿a.su.ˈla.ðo ǁ]
[ˈpu.ɾaz ˈβɾi.sas te ˈkɾu.san tam.ˈbjen ‖]
[i tu ˈkam.po ðe ˈflo.ɾez βoɾ.ˈða.ðo]
[ez la ˈkop.ja fe.ˈliz ðel e.ˈðen ‖]
[ma.xes.ˈtuo̯.sa‿ez la ˈβlaŋ.ka mon.ˈta.ɲa]
𝄆 [ke te ðjo poɾ βa.ˈlwaɾ.te‿el se.ˈɲoɾ |] 𝄇
𝄆 [ˈi(‿)e.se maɾ ke tɾaŋ.ˈki.lo te ˈβa.ɲa]
[te pɾo.ˈme.te fu.ˈtu.ɾo‿es.plen.ˈdoɾ ǁ] 𝄇

[ˈko.ɾo]
[ˈdul.se ˈpa.tɾja | re.ˈsi.βe loz ˈβo.tos]
[koŋ ke ˈt͡ʃi.le‿en tus ˈa.ɾas xu.ˈɾo |]
𝄆 [ke‿o la ˈtum.ba se.ˈɾaz ðe loz ˈliβ.ɾes]
[o‿el a.ˈsi.lo ˈkon.tɾa la o.pɾe.ˈsjon] 𝄇
[ke‿o la ˈtum.ba se.ˈɾaz ðe loz ˈliβ.ɾes]
[o‿el a.ˈsi.lo ˈkon.tɾa la o.pɾe.ˈsjon]
[o‿el a.ˈsi.lo ˈkon.tɾa la o.pɾe.ˈsjon]
[o‿el a.ˈsi.lo ˈkon.tɾa la o.pɾe.ˈsjon ‖]

Pure, Chile, is your bluish sky,
Pure breezes cross you as well,
And your flower-embroidered fields
Are the happy copy of Eden.
Majestic are the white mountains
𝄆 That the Lord gave you as a bastion, 𝄇
𝄆 And the sea that tranquilly bathes you
Promises you a future splendor. 𝄇

Chorus:
Sweet fatherland, receive the vows
That Chile swore upon your altars:
𝄆 That you be either the tomb of the free
Or a refuge against oppression. 𝄇
That you be either the tomb of the free
Or a refuge against oppression,
Or a refuge against oppression,
Or a refuge against oppression.

Full lyrics

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The full text, in the form revised by Lillo in 1909, has six verses and the chorus. The fifth verse (the "official verse") is the one sung today.[2][42]

Spanish original[42] English translation

Coro:
Dulce Patria, recibe los votos
con que Chile en tus aras juró
𝄆 que o la tumba serás de los libres
o el asilo contra la opresión. 𝄇
que o la tumba serás de los libres
o el asilo contra la opresión
o el asilo contra la opresión
o el asilo contra la opresión.

I
Ha cesado la lucha sangrienta;
ya es hermano el que ayer opresor;
de tres siglos lavamos la afrenta
combatiendo en el campo de honor.
El que ayer doblegábase esclavo
𝄆 libre al fin y triunfante se ve; 𝄇
𝄆 libertad es la herencia del bravo,
la Victoria se humilla a su pie. 𝄇

II
Alza, Chile, sin mancha la frente;
conquistaste tu nombre en la lid;
siempre noble, constante y valiente
te encontraron los hijos del Cid.
Que tus libres tranquilos coronen
𝄆 a las artes, la industria y la paz, 𝄇
𝄆 y de triunfos cantares entonen
que amedrenten al déspota audaz. 𝄇

III
Vuestros nombres, valientes soldados,
que habéis sido de Chile el sostén,
nuestros pechos los llevan grabados;
los sabrán nuestros hijos también.
Sean ellos el grito de muerte
𝄆 que lancemos marchando a lidiar, 𝄇
𝄆 y sonando en la boca del fuerte
hagan siempre al tirano temblar. 𝄇

IV
Si pretende el cañón extranjero
nuestros pueblos, osado, invadir;
desnudemos al punto el acero
y sepamos vencer o morir.
Con su sangre el altivo araucano
𝄆 nos legó, por herencia, el valor; 𝄇
𝄆 y no tiembla la espada en la mano
defendiendo, de Chile, el honor. 𝄇

V (verso oficial)
Puro, Chile, es tu cielo azulado,
puras brisas te cruzan también,
y tu campo de flores bordado
es la copia feliz del Edén.
Majestuosa es la blanca montaña
𝄆 que te dio por baluarte el Señor, 𝄇
𝄆 y ese mar que tranquilo te baña
te promete futuro esplendor. 𝄇

VI
Esas galas, ¡oh, Patria!, esas flores
que tapizan tu suelo feraz,
no las pisen jamás invasores;
con tu sombra las cubra la paz.
Nuestros pechos serán tu baluarte,
𝄆 con tu nombre sabremos vencer, 𝄇
𝄆 o tu noble, glorioso estandarte,
nos verá, combatiendo, caer. 𝄇

Chorus:
Sweet fatherland, receive the vows
That Chile swore upon your altars:
𝄆 That you be either the tomb of the free
Or a refuge against oppression. 𝄇
That you be either the tomb of the free
Or a refuge against oppression,
Or a refuge against oppression,
Or a refuge against oppression.

I
The bloody fight has ceased;
Yesterday's oppressor is now our brother;
For three centuries we washed away the affront
Fighting on the field of honor.
He who yesterday bowed down a slave
𝄆 Is free at last and triumphant; 𝄇
𝄆 Freedom is the heritage of the brave,
Victory humbles itself at his feet. 𝄇

II
Rise, Chile, with a spotless brow;
You won your name in battle;
Always noble, steadfast and valiant
The sons of El Cid found you.
May your free people, in peace, crown
𝄆 The arts, industry and peace, 𝄇
𝄆 And may they sing songs of triumph
That will frighten the daring despot. 𝄇

III
Your names, brave soldiers,
Who have been Chile's mainstay,
Are engraved on our chests;
Our children will know them too.
May they be the cry of death
𝄆 That we raise as we march to fight, 𝄇
𝄆 And, sounding in the mouth of the strong,
Always make the tyrant tremble. 𝄇

IV
If the foreign cannon dares
To invade our lands,
Let us at once draw the sword
And know how to conquer or die.
With his blood the proud Araucanian (Mapuche)
𝄆 Bequeathed us courage as an inheritance; 𝄇
𝄆 And the sword does not tremble in the hand
That defends the honor of Chile. 𝄇

V (official verse)
Pure, Chile, is your bluish sky,
Pure breezes cross you as well,
And your flower-embroidered fields
Are the happy copy of Eden.
Majestic are the white mountains
𝄆 That the Lord gave you as a bastion, 𝄇
𝄆 And the sea that tranquilly bathes you
Promises you a future splendor. 𝄇

VI
These finery, oh Homeland, these flowers
That carpet your fertile soil,
May invaders never trample them;
May peace cover them with your shade.
Our chests will be your bastion,
𝄆 In your name we shall know how to win, 𝄇
𝄆 Or your noble, glorious banner
Will see us fall fighting. 𝄇

Use and versions

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Military regime (1973–1990)

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Under the military regime (1973–1990), the fifth verse and chorus were followed by the third verse ("Vuestros nombres, valientes soldados...", praising soldiers who "make the tyrant tremble") and the chorus again. The regime's supporters sang the third verse as a show of approval, while its opponents refused to sing it as a protest.[16][5][44] Decree 260 of 1990 returned the official version to the fifth verse and chorus.[2] Supporters of the former junta still sing the third verse at private ceremonies and rallies, which has caused controversy.[5]

A broadcast by the station Radio Bío Bío illustrates the sensitivity. It customarily plays the anthem at the start of each new year, as other Chilean stations do, but on 1 January 2020 a technician mistakenly aired the third verse in its Concepción broadcast. The station apologized after criticism on social media.[45]

Abridged and alternative versions

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Despite the official "fifth verse and chorus" rule, shortened versions are used at sporting events run by bodies such as the International Olympic Committee and FIFA.[46][47] Arrangements exist for solo guitar and piano, bands, folk groups, chamber and symphony orchestras, and for solo, duo and trio voices.[48][49]

The anthem has also been adapted or translated into indigenous languages (Aymara, Kunza, Mapudungun and Rapa Nui)[48][49][50] and into German, Danish, French and Italian.[9] A Mapudungun version, sung by the Mapuche, the country's largest indigenous people, has been published online.[51]

Cultural significance

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Crowd singing the anthem during the Bicentennial

The anthem is a strong national symbol and has been sung at celebrations, demonstrations and protests. According to musicologists, psychiatrists and sociologists, it produces a feeling of national unity and evokes a heroic deed among those who sing it with emotional pride.[26][40]

Spectators sang it when army captain Alberto Larraguibel and his horse Huaso set the world high-jump record at Viña del Mar in 1949.[52] The 33 miners of the San José mine sang it on first making contact with the surface,[53] and fans of the Chile national football team, known as the Marea Roja, have become known for singing it at matches during the 2010 and 2014 World Cups and the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup.[54][55][56][57] To mark the bicentennial of the independence process, the anthem was sung in unison in every plaza de armas in the country at noon on 18 September 2010.[58][59]

Phrases from the lyrics, such as "puro Chile", "copia feliz del Edén", "futuro esplendor", "dulce patria" and "asilo contra la opresión", have been used as titles of a dessert,[60] a newspaper,[61] an essay,[62] a book,[63] an album by Los Miserables,[64] a film,[65] and radio and television programs.[66][67][68]

Resemblances and legends

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The opening three bars of the aria "Maffio Orsini, signora, son io" from Gaetano Donizetti's Lucrezia Borgia (premiered 26 December 1833) are identical to the start of Carnicer's melody, but this is not considered plagiarism.[48] The national anthem of Bolivia, by the Italian Benedetto Vincenti (premiered 18 November 1845), also resembles the Chilean anthem. Vincenti lived for some years in Chile and worked in the Chilean army band, so he knew Carnicer's melody, but there is no conclusive evidence of plagiarism.[69][70]

A popular legend holds that Chile's anthem placed second to "La Marseillaise" in an international competition of national anthems. There is no evidence of such a contest, and the same story is told about other anthems.[38][71]

See also

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Notes

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  1. 1 2 When scanning Spanish verse, if the last word of a line is stressed on its final syllable (or is monosyllabic), one syllable is added to the count.[17]
  2. ↑ Pereira Salas described Ravanete as a Peruvian musician living in Chile who directed Santiago's civic bands and played in the orchestra of Arteaga's theater.[22]
  3. ↑ Godo was a derogatory term for Spaniards and anything from Spain during the Chilean War of Independence.[23][24]
  4. ↑ The date marked three events: O'Higgins's 42nd birthday, the opening of Arteaga's theater (Santiago's first, on the corner of the old Plazuela O'Higgins, now the site of Plaza Montt Varas and the Palace of the Courts of Justice), and the departure of the Liberating Expedition of Peru.[14][16][19]
  5. ↑ By then Carnicer had written the Italian operas Adele di Lusignano (1819), Elena e Costantino (1821) and Don Giovanni Tenorio (1822).
  6. ↑ Carnicer was in London for eight months, which suggests the music was composed in early 1826 rather than 1828, the year of its official premiere in Chile.[20]
  7. ↑ See Help:IPA/Spanish, Spanish phonology and Chilean Spanish.

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 5 "Establece texto oficial de la letra y música de la Canción Nacional de Chile (Decreto 6476)" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Educación. 21 August 1980. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Establece estrofas del Himno Nacional, en actos o ceremonias (Decreto 260)" (in Spanish). Ministerio del Interior. 30 March 1990. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  3. ↑ "National anthem of Chile - Canción Nacional - Music and Lyrics". National Anthem. February 2023. Archived from the original on 7 June 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  4. 1 2 3 4 "National Anthems - Chile (1819-1847)". nationalanthems.info. Archived from the original on 5 September 2017. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "National Anthems - Chile". nationalanthems.info. Retrieved 22 June 2014.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Silva Castro 1964.
  7. 1 2 "Texto de la Constitución Política de la República de Chile (Decreto 1150)" (in Spanish). Ministerio del Interior. Retrieved 15 April 2011.
  8. ↑ Valencia Avaria 1974.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Canales Toro 1960.
  10. ↑ Talavera n.d.
  11. 1 2 Maldonado Aguirre, Marcos (2 September 2000). "Historia del Himno Nacional de Chile". musicadechile.com. Archived from the original on 23 May 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  12. ↑ "Declaración de la Independencia de Chile (12 de febrero de 1818)". Wikisource (in Spanish). Retrieved 2 January 2012.
  13. 1 2 "Las obras del gobierno de O'Higgins". educarchile.cl (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 23 April 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  14. 1 2 3 "El himno nacional". educarchile.cl (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 16 January 2016. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chubrétovich A. 1991.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ortiz de Rozas, Marilú (19 September 2008). "Puro Chile... tiene una larga historia". El Mercurio (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  17. ↑ "Medida de los versos". poetavirtual.com (in Spanish). 2007. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
  18. 1 2 Senado Conservador, Congreso Nacional de Chile (1887). "Sesión 132, ordinaria, en 20 de setiembre de 1819". In Letelier, Valentín (ed.). Sesiones de los Cuerpos Lejislativos de la República de Chile (in Spanish). Vol. III. Santiago: Imprenta Cervantes. pp. 225–227. Retrieved 19 September 2010.
  19. 1 2 3 Varela Caballero, Alex (20 April 1975). "Don Eusebio Lillo y la Canción Nacional: a los 21 años la escribió". El Mercurio de Valparaíso (in Spanish). Valparaíso. p. 3. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  20. 1 2 3 4 Goyeneche, Ilona (17 September 2004). "La complicada historia del Himno Nacional". emol.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  21. ↑ Guerra Rojas 2007, p. 21.
  22. ↑ Pereira Salas 1978, p. 106.
  23. ↑ Rodríguez 1875, p. 149.
  24. ↑ "godo, da". Diccionario de la lengua española (in Spanish). Real Academia Española. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
  25. 1 2 3 Muñoz H., Juan Antonio (17 August 2007). "Isidora Zegers y su tiempo". emol.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 December 2015.
  26. 1 2 Armendáriz Azcárate, Maite (14 June 2009). "Los primeros versos del Himno Nacional están en Nueva York". El Mercurio (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  27. ↑ Zapiola 1872, pp. 105–118.
  28. ↑ Pereira Salas 1978, p. 109.
  29. ↑ Marín, Pablo (18 September 2013). "Cómo el 18 de septiembre llegó a ser el "18"". La Tercera (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  30. ↑ Zapiola 1872, pp. 75–76.
  31. ↑ Rodríguez-Musso, Osvaldo (1986). La Nueva Canción Chilena, continuidad y reflejo. Havana: Casa de las Américas.
  32. ↑ Pereira Salas 1978, p. 47.
  33. ↑ Tratado de paz y amistad, celebrado entre España y la República Chilena en 25 de abril de 1844 (in Spanish). Madrid: Imprenta Nacional. 1846. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  34. ↑ "Tratado entre la República de Chile i la de España" (in Spanish). Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
  35. ↑ "Sesiones de los Cuerpos Lejislativos de la República de Chile (1844) - Sesión de la Cámara de Diputados". Wikisource (in Spanish). 29 November 1844. Retrieved 11 April 2015.
  36. 1 2 Barros Arana 1906, p. 208.
  37. ↑ Barros Arana 1906, p. 209.
  38. 1 2 Mandujano, Víctor M. (23 September 2007). "Grandes mitos de la memoria de Chile". El Mercurio (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  39. ↑ "Modelo de comentario de texto - Himno nacional de Chile" (PDF) (in Spanish). March 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016.
  40. 1 2 Olea M., Nicolás (20 June 2014). "El Himno Nacional es la nueva arma de la selección chilena". El Mercurio (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 January 2016.
  41. ↑ Sagredo Baeza, Rafael (12 August 2010). "Chile: de "finis terrae imperial" a "copia feliz del edén" autoritario". El País (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26 July 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  42. 1 2 3 "El primer Himno Nacional de Chile". Icarito (in Spanish). 1 December 2009. Retrieved 10 January 2022.
  43. 1 2 Gobierno de Chile. "Himno Nacional" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 10 March 2011.
  44. ↑ "HIMNO Y LETRA". unincca.edu.co (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 February 2002.
  45. ↑ "Radio Bío Bío reproduce estrofa eliminada del himno nacional y genera indignación en redes sociales". El Desconcierto (in Spanish). 1 January 2020.
  46. ↑ "Carta Olímpica - Ceremonia de los vencedores" (in Spanish). 24 November 2011. Archived from the original on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January 2016. Mientras resuenan los acordes del himno (abreviado) de la delegación del vencedor, los laureados se volverán para mirar las banderas [While the strains of the (abbreviated) anthem of the winner's delegation sound, the medalists will turn to face the flags]
  47. ↑ FIFA (October 2013). "Reglamento Copa Mundial de la FIFA Brasil™ - Competición preliminar - Artículo 23: Banderas e himnos" (PDF) (in Spanish). p. 33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 January 2016. Retrieved 10 January 2016. Los himnos nacionales de las dos asociaciones participantes (duración máxima: 90 segundos cada uno) se interpretarán una vez que los equipos estén alineados en el campo [The national anthems of the two participating associations (maximum duration: 90 seconds each) will be played once the teams are lined up on the field]
  48. 1 2 3 Vega Durán 2000.
  49. 1 2 Gormaz E. 2001.
  50. ↑ Fredes, Iván (19 September 2001). "La otra canción nacional de los indígenas" (in Spanish). Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  51. ↑ "Himno Nacional de Chile (Versión en Mapudungun) - "Lof g'l" - con subtítulos". YouTube (in Spanish). 24 April 2019.
  52. ↑ "El gran salto de Larraguibel y Huaso". El Mercurio (in Spanish). 25 June 2000 [6 February 1949]. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  53. ↑ "Los 33 mineros chilenos cantaron el himno nacional y esperan su rescate". CNN México (in Spanish). 24 August 2010. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
  54. ↑ Mayne-Nicholls, Harold (14 June 2014). "El debut de Chile visto como hincha y el inolvidable himno". emol.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 June 2014.
  55. ↑ Trueba, Juanma (18 June 2014). "Fue bonito mientras duró". futbol.as.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 3 February 2016.
  56. ↑ "Chile fans disregard FIFA cut to national anthem, finishes song". Lawyer Herald. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
  57. ↑ EFE (29 June 2017). "Pasión de futbolistas e hinchas al entonar el himno chileno impacta en Rusia: "Ya nos gustaría cantar a nosotros con esa pasión"". emol.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 July 2019.
  58. ↑ Government of Chile (18 September 2010). "Himno Nacional al unísono". 2010-2014.gob.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 December 2015.
  59. ↑ AFP (18 September 2010). "Los 33 mineros y todo Chile cantaron al unísono el Himno Nacional". emol.com (in Spanish). Retrieved 6 December 2015.
  60. ↑ Zambra, Darío (19 September 2013). "Dulce Patria: el postre centenario que sólo se elabora en Santiago". La Tercera (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  61. ↑ Bernedo, Patricio; Porath, William (2003–2004). "A tres décadas del golpe: ¿Cómo contribuyó la prensa al quiebre de la democracia chilena?". Cuadernos de Información (in Spanish) (16–17). Archived from the original on 29 August 2008. Retrieved 16 September 2019. [...] y al diario Puro Chile, tabloide popular claramente volcado a la lucha política, surgido en abril de 1970 [[...] and the newspaper Puro Chile, a popular tabloid clearly committed to political struggle, which appeared in April 1970]
  62. ↑ Karmy Bolton, Rodrigo (2011). "La copia feliz del Edén: la gloria de un himno y el desgarro del poema". Revista de Filosofía Volumen 67, (2011) 41 - 54 (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  63. ↑ "El asilo contra la opresión". feriachilenadellibro.cl (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  64. ↑ "Futuro esplendor (1992) - Los Miserables". musicapopular.cl (in Spanish). 2018. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  65. ↑ González, Rodrigo (6 June 2019). "Un asilo contra la opresión". Culto, La Tercera (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  66. ↑ "Dulce Patria". radiodulcepatria.cooperativa.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  67. ↑ "Dulce Patria | Rincones que encantan". dulcepatriatv.cl (in Spanish). 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  68. ↑ Televisión Nacional de Chile (2015). "Programas - Puro Chile". tvn.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 September 2019.
  69. ↑ "Falleció la última descendiente del compositor Benedetto Vincenti". La Patria (in Spanish). 14 August 2013. p. 9. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  70. ↑ Teletrece (19 June 2015). "¿Por qué se parecen los himnos de Chile y Bolivia?". t13.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  71. ↑ "Historias y novedades de Chile - Curiosidades de Chile: desmintiendo algunos mitos". chileestuyo.cl (in Spanish). 5 September 2011. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2017.

Bibliography

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