Marcia Otacilia Severa
| Marcia Otacilia Severa | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Augusta | |||||||||
 Possible bust of Otacilia Severa, Walters Art Museum, Baltimore. | |||||||||
| Empress of the Roman Empire | |||||||||
| Tenure | 244–249 | ||||||||
| Spouse | Philip the Arab | ||||||||
| Issue | Philip II | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| Father | Possibly named Severianus | ||||||||
Marcia Otacilia Severa was the Roman empress and wife of Emperor Philip the Arab, who reigned over the Roman Empire from 244 to 249. She was the mother of co-emperor Philip II.[1]
Biography
[edit]Early life
[edit]Severa is believed to be a member of the ancient gens Otacilia, of consular and senatorial rank. Very little is known of her background and family. The historian Zosimus mentions a relative of the emperor Philip named Severianus who was made commander of the armies in Moesia and Macedonia, this man is generally believed to have been either the father or brother of Severa.[2] The Severianus who is believed to have been governor of Thracia around 244 may be the same person.[3]
The usurper Silbannacus who is recorded as "Mar. Silbannacus" on coinage may have been named "Marcius", if so English historian Maxwell Craven has speculated that it is possible that he was a relative of Severa.[4] On the other hand it has been proposed by philologist Mika Kajava that her name "Marcia" may be a praenomen, and not an indication of kinship to the gens Marcia. He notes that her name has been attested in the forms "Marc. Otacilia Severa" as and "M. Otacilia Severa" as well as leaving out the name entirely, which was common for praenomen, but does not exclude the possibility that the name was a nomen.[5]
Marriage
[edit]
Severa married Philip, who was probably serving at the time in the Praetorian Guard under Emperor Alexander Severus. They had at least one child, Marcus Iulius Philippus Severus or Philippus II (born in 238), who later became co-emperor with his father.
In February 244, the emperor Gordianus died in Mesopotamia; it is suspected in the sources that he was murdered, and there is a possibility that Severa was involved in the conspiracy. Her husband Philip became the new emperor, giving Gordian a proper funeral and returning his ashes to Rome for burial.[6] Philip granted their son the title of Caesar and Severa is recorded in inscriptions as Mater Senatus et Patriae ("mother of the senate of the fatherland") and Mater Caesaris ("mother of Caesar").[7]
In August 249, Philip was killed near Verona in battle against Decius, who had been proclaimed Augustus by the Danubian armies. Severa was in Rome; when the news of her husband's death arrived, their son was murdered by the Praetorian Guard still in her arms. Severa survived her husband and son and lived later in obscurity.[citation needed]
References
[edit]- ↑
Ramsay, William (1870). "Philippus II., M. Julius". In Smith, William (ed.). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Vol. 3. p. 273.
- ↑ Bălteanu, Dan. "Two bases of imperial statues for Philip the Arab and Marcia Otacilia from the auxiliary camp at Slăveni" (PDF). Oltenia. Studii şi comunicări. Arheologie-Istorie. XXV. Oltenia's Museum of History and Archaeology: 125 – via Biblioteca-digitala.ro.
- ↑ SHARANKOV, Nicolay (2018). "Notes on Governors of Roman Thrace". Proceedings of the First International Roman and Late Antique Thrace Conference “Cities, Territories and Identities” (Plovdiv, 3rd – 7th October 2016). National Archaeological Institute with Museum Bulgarian Academy of Sciences: BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE, XLIV, 2018. pp. 100–103.
- ↑ Craven, Maxwell (2019). The Imperial Families of Ancient Rome. Fonthill Media. p. 311. ISBN 978-1781557389.
- ↑ Kajava, Mika (1994). Roman Female Praenomina Studies in the Nomenclature of Roman Women. Institutum Romanum Finlandiae. pp. 169–170. ISBN 9789519690216.
- ↑ Kienast, Dietmar; Werner Eck & Matthäus Heil (2017) [1990]. Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie [Roman imperial table: Basics of the Roman imperial chronology] (in German) (6th ed.). Darmstadt: WBG. p. 192. ISBN 978-3-5342-6724-8.
- ↑ 1. Langford J, Hotalen C. Mater Castrorum: Imperial Women and Succession Ideology. In: Brice LL, Greene EM, eds. Women and the Army in the Roman Empire. Cambridge University Press; 2024:270-298.
External links
[edit]- Sermarini, Joseph T. (15 February 2006). "Otacilia Severa". NumisWiki, The Collaborative Numismatics Project. Forum Ancient Coins.
- "Otacilia Severa". Forum Ancient Coins. Forum Ancient Coins.
- Lendering, Jona (24 April 2007). "Otacilia Severa". Livius.Org.
- "Roman Imperial Coinage of Otacilia Severa". Wildwinds.
Further reading
[edit]- (in French) Minaud, Gérard, Les vies de 12 femmes d’empereur romain - Devoirs, Intrigues & Voluptés , Paris, L’Harmattan, 2012, ch. 10, La vie de Marcia Otacilia Sévéra, femme de Philippe l’Arabe, p. 243-262