Jump to content

List of hallucinogens

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is a list of hallucinogens, or psychoactive drugs that produce majorly altered states of consciousness.[1]

Psychedelics

[edit]

Psychedelics, also known as serotonergic psychedelics or classical hallucinogens, are serotonin 5-HT2A receptor agonists and include the following:

Dissociatives

[edit]

Dissociatives, also known as dissociative hallucinogens or dissociative anesthetics, are NMDA receptor antagonists and include the following:[2]

Deliriants

[edit]

Deliriants are muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonists, also known as antimuscarinics or anticholinergics, and include the following:[3][4]

κ-Opioid receptor agonists

[edit]

κ-Opioid receptor agonists with hallucinogenic effects include the following:

GABAergics

[edit]

GABAA receptor agonists

[edit]

GABAA receptor agonists with hallucinogenic effects include the following:

Indirect GABAA receptor agonists

[edit]

GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators

[edit]

GABA reuptake inhibitors

[edit]

Oneirogens

[edit]

Oneirogens, also known as oneirophrenics, have an unknown mechanism of action and include the following:

Cannabinoids

[edit]

Cannabinoids with hallucinogenic effects are cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonists and include the following:[5][6][7][8][9]

Certain monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitors, which inhibit endocannabinoid metabolism and hence are indirect cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonists, also produce partial or full cannabinoid-like discriminative stimulus effects in animal drug discrimination tests.[10] Conversely, fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors, which inhibit endocannabinoid inactivation as well, do not substitute for cannabinoids, at least by themselves.[10]

Other hallucinogens

[edit]

Other hallucinogens that are not known to fall into any of the above groups include the following:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ Walker, Scott R.; Pullella, Glenn A.; Piggott, Matthew J.; Duggan, Peter J. (5 July 2023). "Introduction to the chemistry and pharmacology of psychedelic drugs". Australian Journal of Chemistry. 76 (5): 236–257. doi:10.1071/CH23050. ISSN 0004-9425.
  2. ↑ Morris H, Wallach J (2014). "From PCP to MXE: a comprehensive review of the non-medical use of dissociative drugs". Drug Test Anal. 6 (7–8): 614–632. doi:10.1002/dta.1620. PMID 24678061.
  3. ↑ Lakstygal AM, Kolesnikova TO, Khatsko SL, Zabegalov KN, Volgin AD, Demin KA, Shevyrin VA, Wappler-Guzzetta EA, Kalueff AV (May 2019). "DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Atropine, Scopolamine, and Other Anticholinergic Deliriant Hallucinogens". ACS Chem Neurosci. 10 (5): 2144–2159. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00615. PMID 30566832.
  4. ↑ Nerush MO, Shevyrin VA, Golushko NI, Moskalenko AM, Rosemberg DB, De Abreu MS, Yang LE, Galstyan DS, Lim LW, Demin KA, Kalueff AV (November 2024). "Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Deliriant Antihistaminic Drugs". ACS Chem Neurosci. 15 (21): 3848–3862. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00505. PMID 39404616.
  5. ↑ Banister SD, Arnold JC, Connor M, Glass M, McGregor IS (May 2019). "Dark Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol". ACS Chem Neurosci. 10 (5): 2160–2175. doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00651. PMID 30689342.
  6. ↑ Wolinsky D, Barrett FS, Vandrey R (January 2024). "The psychedelic effects of cannabis: A review of the literature". J Psychopharmacol. 38 (1): 49–55. doi:10.1177/02698811231209194. PMID 37947321.
  7. ↑ Barrett FS, Schlienz NJ, Lembeck N, Waqas M, Vandrey R (2018). ""Hallucinations" Following Acute Cannabis Dosing: A Case Report and Comparison to Other Hallucinogenic Drugs". Cannabis Cannabinoid Res. 3 (1): 85–93. doi:10.1089/can.2017.0052. PMC 5908416. PMID 29682608.
  8. ↑ Fattore L (April 2016). "Synthetic Cannabinoids-Further Evidence Supporting the Relationship Between Cannabinoids and Psychosis". Biol Psychiatry. 79 (7): 539–548. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.02.001. PMID 26970364.
  9. ↑ Siegel, Ronald K.; Jarvik, Murray E. (1975). "Drug-Induced Hallucinations in Animals and Man". In Siegel, R. K.; West, L. J. (eds.). Hallucinations: Behavior, Experience, and Theory. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 81–161. ISBN 0-471-79096-6.
  10. 1 2 Wiley JL, Owens RA, Lichtman AH (2018). "Discriminative Stimulus Properties of Phytocannabinoids, Endocannabinoids, and Synthetic Cannabinoids". The Behavioral Neuroscience of Drug Discrimination. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. Vol. 39. pp. 153–173. doi:10.1007/7854_2016_24. ISBN 978-3-319-98559-6. PMID 27278640.
  11. ↑ Brimblecombe RW, Pinder RM (1975). "Phenylalkylamines and Their Derivatives". Hallucinogenic Agents. Bristol: Wright-Scientechnica. pp. 55–97.
  12. ↑ Heacock RA, Powell WS (1972). "Adrenochrome and related compounds". Prog Med Chem. Progress in Medicinal Chemistry. 9 (2): 275–339. doi:10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70401-6. ISBN 978-0-7204-7409-1. PMID 4581204.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: periodical has ISBN (link)
  13. ↑ Hoffer, A.; Osmond, H. (1967). "Adrenochrome and Some of Its Derivatives". The Hallucinogens. Elsevier. pp. 267–442. doi:10.1016/b978-1-4832-3296-6.50007-0. ISBN 978-1-4832-3296-6.
  14. ↑ Shulgin, Alexander; Shulgin, Ann (September 1991). PiHKAL: A Chemical Love Story. Berkeley, California: Transform Press. ISBN 0-9630096-0-5. OCLC 25627628. "Also there had been interest in reports that adrenalin that had become old and discolored seemed to elicit central effects in man. The oxidation products were identified as the deeply colored indolic compound adrenochrome and the colorless analogue adrenolutin. The controversy that these reports created just sort of died away, and the adrenochrome family has never been accepted as being psychedelic. No one in the scientific community today is looking in and about the area, and at present this is considered as an interesting historical footnote. But, in any case, they are not phenethylamines and so not part of this book."
  15. ↑ Presti, David E. (12 April 2017). "Altered States of Consciousness: Drug-Induced States" (PDF). The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness. Wiley. pp. 171–186. doi:10.1002/9781119132363.ch12. ISBN 978-0-470-67406-2. There are a number of substances that may be called psychedelic, but are not "classical psychedelics." Among these are methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), Salvia divinorum and salvinorin A, the Amanita muscaria mushroom, tropane alkaloids and the plants from which they come, Cannabis and delta‐9‐tetrahydrocannabinol, ketamine, nitrous oxide, and carbogen. Although these substances also have "mind‐ manifesting" characteristics, the experiences they produce are qualitatively different from those of the classical psychedelics, and their known interactions with the nervous system also differ from 5HT2A receptor agonism. [...] Inhalation of carbogen, another gas, can induce profound alterations of consciousness that may possess psychedelic qualities (James & Erowid 2007). The psychoactive component of carbogen is simply carbon dioxide, mixed with enough oxygen to not be a suffocation risk. 30% CO2 and 70% O2 is a standard combination (Meduna 1950). Effects on cerebral blood flow and on blood pH are likely factors in carbogen‐induced altered states of consciousness. Similar mechanisms may be at work in the induction of powerful altered states via hyperventilation, a process that has been explored for millennia, from ancient practices in pranayama yoga to contemporary breath‐work therapies (Grof & Grof 2010).
  16. ↑ James B, Erowid E (June 2007). "Carbogen: An Introduction". Erowid Extracts (12): 12–17.
  17. ↑ Rovinskiĭ VI (September 1989). "Sluchaĭ galliutsinopodovnogo deĭstviia glautsina" [A case of hallucinogen-like action of glaucine]. Klinicheskaia Meditsina. 67 (9): 107–108. PMID 2586025.
  18. ↑ Rovinskiĭ VI (2006). "[Acute glaucine syndrome in the physician's practice: the clinical picture and potential danger]". Klinicheskaia Meditsina. 84 (11): 68–70. PMID 17243616.
  19. ↑ Dargan PI, Button J, Hawkins L, Archer JR, Ovaska H, Lidder S, et al. (May 2008). "Detection of the pharmaceutical agent glaucine as a recreational drug". European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 64 (5): 553–554. doi:10.1007/s00228-007-0451-9. PMID 18204834. S2CID 21348503.
  20. ↑ Heng HL, Chee CF, Thy CK, Tee JT, Chin SP, Herr DR, Buckle MJ, Paterson IC, Doughty SW, Abd Rahman N, Chung LY (February 2019). "In vitro functional evaluation of isolaureline, dicentrine and glaucine enantiomers at 5-HT2 and α1 receptors". Chem Biol Drug Des. 93 (2): 132–138. doi:10.1111/cbdd.13390. PMID 30216681.
  21. ↑ Colin Domnauer (12 November 2025). "Experts Explore New Mushroom Which Causes Fairytale-Like Hallucinations". nhmu.utah.edu. Natural History Museum of Utah.
  22. ↑ Love, Shayla (15 December 2025). "Little people hallucinations: 5 Questions with mushroom researcher Colin Domnauer". Substack. The Microdose. Retrieved 2 July 2026.
  23. 1 2 Orsolini L, Ciccarese M, Papanti D, De Berardis D, Guirguis A, Corkery JM, Schifano F (2018). "Psychedelic Fauna for Psychonaut Hunters: A Mini-Review". Front Psychiatry. 9 153. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00153. PMC 5992390. PMID 29910745.
  24. 1 2 3 Ciszowski K, Ziaja A, Niedzielska-Andres E, Pomierny-Chamioło L (July 2025). "Natural hallucinogens of fungal and animal origin: action and potentialapplications - a narrative review". Folia Med Cracov. 65 (2): 5–18. doi:10.24425/fmc.2025.156119. PMID 41329968.
  25. ↑ Morris H (30 November 2016). "Fish N' Trips". Hamilton's Pharmacopeia. Season 1. Episode 5. Vice Media. Viceland.
  26. ↑ Lup-tze, Paul (3 July 2006). "Stoned on Stones". Vice. Vol. 13, no. 36. "It was the most intense hallucinogenic experience that I've ever had, and I've done every trip there is," says Icelandic writer Smari Einarsson... It is actually the lichen that lives on the rocks that gets you off. You take a few stones, boil them in a pot of water, strain it all through a colander, and drink it down like tea.
  27. ↑ Sholl, Luke (18 February 2022). "The Forgotten Hallucinogenic Lichens". Zamnesia. Retrieved 6 April 2026.
  28. ↑ Nogueira TA, Kaefer IL, Sartim MA, Pucca MB, Sachett J, Barros AL, Júnior MB, Baía-da-Silva DC, Bernarde PS, Koolen HH, Monteiro WM (2022). "The Amazonian kambô frog Phyllomedusa bicolor (Amphibia: Phyllomedusidae): Current knowledge on biology, phylogeography, toxinology, ethnopharmacology and medical aspects". Front Pharmacol. 13 997318. doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.997318. PMC 9582840. PMID 36278168.
  29. ↑ Schmidt TT, Reiche S, Hage CL, Bermpohl F, Majić T (December 2020). "Acute and subacute psychoactive effects of Kambô, the secretion of the Amazonian Giant Maki Frog (Phyllomedusa bicolor): retrospective reports". Sci Rep. 10 (1) 21544. Bibcode:2020NatSR..1021544S. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78527-4. PMC 7725827. PMID 33298999.
  30. ↑ Hamilton Morris (1 June 2009). "The Sapo Diaries: Tripping on Hallucinogenic Frogs / Getting High on Frogs". Hamilton's Pharmacopeia [web series]. Episode S0E1. Vice Media. [Web article].
  31. ↑ Wasson, R. Gordon; Hofmann, Albert; Ruck, Carl A. P. (25 November 2008) [1978]. The Road to Eleusis: Unveiling the Secret of the Mysteries. North Atlantic Books. ISBN 978-1-55643-752-6. Archived from the original on 8 July 2022.
  32. ↑ Mosurinjohn S, Ascough R (March 2026). "Psychedelics, Eleusis, and the Invention of Religious Experience". Psychedelic Med (New Rochelle). 4 (1): 35–44. doi:10.1177/28314425251361835. PMC 13089287. PMID 42130781.
  33. ↑ Antonopoulos RK, Dadiotis E, Ioannidis K, Cheilari A, Mitsis V, Garcia-Campaña AM, Gámiz-Gracia L, Hernández-Mesa M, Narváez A, Hoffman MA, Ruck CA, Gonou-Zagou Z, Aligiannis N, Magiatis P (February 2026). "Investigating the psychedelic hypothesis of kykeon, the sacred elixir of the Eleusinian Mysteries". Sci Rep. 16 (1) 8757. Bibcode:2026NatSR..16.8757A. doi:10.1038/s41598-026-39568-3. PMC 12982482. PMID 41680420.
  34. ↑ Vorobyov, Niko (10 April 2022). "What it's like tripping on mad honey, the hallucinogen that (maybe) is an aphrodisiac". Salon.com. Retrieved 3 April 2026.
  35. ↑ "The Nepalese Honey That Makes People Hallucinate". YouTube. Vice. 14 September 2016. Retrieved 3 April 2026.
  36. ↑ Caprara, David (14 September 2016). "Hunting for Hallucinogenic Honey in Nepal". VICE. Retrieved 3 April 2026.
  37. ↑ Farmer, Codi (2022). "What Makes Mad Honey "Mad"? An Investigation into the Obsession of the Himalayan Wild Cliff Honey". SIT Digital Collections. Retrieved 3 April 2026.
  38. ↑ Ullah S, Khan SU, Saleh TA, Fahad S (May 2018). "Mad honey: uses, intoxicating/poisoning effects, diagnosis, and treatment". RSC Adv. 8 (33): 18635–18646. Bibcode:2018RSCAd...818635U. doi:10.1039/c8ra01924j. PMC 9080652. PMID 35541133.
  39. ↑ Alexander T. Shulgin; Thornton Sargent; Claudio Naranjo (1967). "The Chemistry and Psychopharmacology of Nutmeg and of Several Related Phenylisopropylamines". Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs. Raven Press. pp. 202–214. ISBN 978-0-89004-047-8.
  40. ↑ Edward B. Truitt, Jr. (1967). "The Pharmacology of Myristicin and Nutmeg". Ethnopharmacologic Search for Psychoactive Drugs. Raven Press. pp. 215–229. ISBN 978-0-89004-047-8.
  41. ↑ Qureshi, Rahmatullah; Jabeen, Bushra; Chaachouay, Noureddine (23 January 2025). "Sinicuichi (Heimia salicifolia (Kunth) Link Lythraceae)". Comprehensive Guide to Hallucinogenic Plants. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 208–216. doi:10.1201/9781003460336-30. ISBN 978-1-003-46033-6. Retrieved 6 July 2026.
  42. 1 2 Schultes, Richard Evans; Farnsworth, Norman R (1980). "Ethnomedical, Botanical and Phytochemical Aspects of Natural Hallucinogens". Botanical Museum leaflets, Harvard University. 28 (2): 123–214. doi:10.5962/p.168645. ISSN 0006-8098. Retrieved 17 July 2026.
  43. ↑ Clark, Matthew (25 July 2019). "Soma and Haoma: Ayahuasca analogues from the Late Bronze Age". Journal of Psychedelic Studies. 3 (2): 104–116. doi:10.1556/2054.2019.013. ISSN 2559-9283. Retrieved 9 July 2026.
  44. ↑ Houben JE (2003). "The Soma-Haoma Problem". Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies. 9 (1): 1–47. Archived from the original on 9 July 2026.
  45. ↑ Riedlinger TJ (1993). "Wasson's alternative candidates for soma". J Psychoactive Drugs. 25 (2): 149–56. doi:10.1080/02791072.1993.10472245. PMID 8377083.
  46. ↑ Elferink JG (1999). "Teotlaqualli: the psychoactive food of the Aztec gods". Journal of Psychoactive Drugs. 31 (4): 435–440. doi:10.1080/02791072.1999.10471773. PMID 10681110.
  47. ↑ Hamilton Morris (12 May 2026). "POD 144: Nervewing on the Joy and Danger of Exploring New Chemical Frontiers". The Hamilton Morris Podcast (Podcast). Patreon.
  48. ↑ Groark KP (1996). "Ritual and Therapeutic Use of "Hallucinogenic" Harvester Ants (Pogonomyrmex) in Native South-Central California" (PDF). Journal of Ethnobiology. 16 (1): 1–29.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_hallucinogens&oldid=1377887837"