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List of Mars landers

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The following table is a list of successful and unsuccessful Mars landers. As of 2022, 21 lander missions and 8 sub-landers (Rovers and Penetrators) attempted to land on Mars. Of 21 landers, the Curiosity rover and Perseverance rover are currently in operation on Mars.

Mars landers

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§ - Spacecraft intended for Martian moons (Phobos and Deimos), †Entry Mass, ♦ Estimated, MOLA - Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter

List of sub-landers onboard Mars landers
S.No Sub-Landers Type Lander Slot Launch Date Mass (kg) Status References
1. PrOP-M Rover Mars 2 19 May 1971 4.5 Failure [3][4]
2. PrOP-M Rover Mars 3 28 May 1971 4.5 Not deployed [4][5]
3. Mars 96 Penetrator Mars 96 16 Nov 1996 88 Failure [11]
4. Deep Space 2 Penetrator Mars Polar Lander 03 Jan 1999 2.4 Failure [14][15]
5. Sojourner Rover Mars Pathfinder 04 Dec 1996 11.5 Success [12][13]
6. Mars helicopter Ingenuity UAV Helicopter Mars 2020 Perseverance rover 30 Jul 2021 1.8 Success
7. Zhurong Rover Tianwen-1 23 Jul 2021 240 Success
8. Tianwen-1 Remote camera Camera Zhurong rover 1 June 2021 <1 Success

Future and proposed Mars lander missions

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List of future proposed Mars lander missions
Lander Planned Launch Country Agency Type Sub-Lander Status References
Martian Moons Exploration§ 2026 Japan JAXA Lander Sample Return Planned [28]
Tianwen 3 2028 China CNSA Lander Ascent Stage, drone Planned [29]
Rosalind Franklin 2028 Europe ESA Lander Rover Planned [30]
Skyfall 2028 US NASA Helicopters Planned [31]
Mars Lander Mission 2030 India ISRO Lander Rover, helicopter Planned [32]
Mars Lander 2045 South Korea KARI Lander Planned [33]
Mars MetNet Precursor ? Finland FMI Impact Lander Not implemented [34]
Mars MetNet ? Finland FMI Multi-lander Not implemented [35]
BOLD 2020 US NASA Impact Lander 6-Impact Lander Not implemented [36]
Phootprint 2024 Europe ESA Lander Ascent Stage Not implemented [37]
Fobos-Grunt (Repeat) 2024 Russia Roscosmos Lander Ascent Stage Not implemented [38]
Mars-Grunt 2024 Russia Roscosmos Lander Not implemented [1]
Icebreaker 2026 US NASA Lander Not implemented [39]
Sample Retrieval Lander 2028 US NASA Lander Ascent Stage Cancelled [40]

See also

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References

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  1. 1 2 M, Malaya Kumar Biswal; A, Ramesh Naidu (2018-08-23). "A Novel Entry, Descent and Landing Architecture for Mars Landers". arXiv:1809.00062 [physics.pop-ph].
  2. ↑ Biswal.m, Malaya Kumar; Annavarapu, Ramesh Naidu (2019). Comparative EDL Summary of Mars Landers (Report). Unpublished. doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.13568.07682.
  3. 1 2 "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Perminov, V. G. (1999). The difficult road to Mars: a brief history of Mars exploration in the Soviet Union.
  5. 1 2 "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  6. ↑ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  7. ↑ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  8. ↑ "Viking 1 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  9. ↑ "Viking 2 Lander". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  10. 1 2 "Phobos Project Information". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  11. 1 2 Marov, Mikhail Ya; Huntress, Wesley T. (2011), "The last gasp: Mars-96", Soviet Robots in the Solar System, Springer Praxis Books, Springer, New York, NY, pp. 387–405, doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-7898-1_20, ISBN 978-1-4419-7897-4
  12. 1 2 3 Shevalev, I. L.; Huntress, W. T.; Moroz, V. I. (2002-09-01). "Planetary Missions of the 20th Century*". Cosmic Research. 40 (5): 419–445. doi:10.1023/A:1020690700050. S2CID 117853853.
  13. 1 2 Nilsen, E. N. (2012). Exploring Mars: an overview
  14. 1 2 Willcockson, William H. (1999). "Mars Pathfinder Heatshield Design and Flight Experience". Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 36 (3): 374–379. Bibcode:1999JSpRo..36..374W. doi:10.2514/2.3456.
  15. 1 2 "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  16. ↑ Lindstrand, Per (2003). "Parachute Subsystems for the Beagle 2 Mars Lander Entry Descent and Landing Systems". 44th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. doi:10.2514/6.2003-1902. ISBN 978-1-62410-100-7.
  17. ↑ Linkin, V.; et al. (1998-06-01). "A sophisticated lander for scientific exploration of Mars: scientific objectives and implementation of the Mars-96 Small Station". Planetary and Space Science. 46 (6–7): 717–737. Bibcode:1998P&SS...46..717L. doi:10.1016/S0032-0633(98)00008-7. PMID 11541818.
  18. 1 2 mars.nasa.gov. "Newsroom". mars.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  19. ↑ "GeoHack - Spirit rover". geohack.toolforge.org. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  20. 1 2 3 Mars Exploration Entry, Descent and Landing Challenges (gatech.edu)
  21. ↑ "GeoHack - Opportunity rover". geohack.toolforge.org. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  22. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "Summary | Rover". NASA’s Mars Exploration Program. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  23. ↑ mars.nasa.gov. "News". NASA’s Mars Exploration Program. Retrieved 2021-05-24.
  24. ↑ "NASA - NSSDCA - Spacecraft - Details". nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  25. ↑ Greicius, Tony (2015-02-23). "InSight Mars Lander | Missions". NASA. Archived from the original on 2015-06-13. Retrieved 2019-01-13.
  26. ↑ "Mission Overview". NASA Mars. NASA. 5 December 2017. Archived from the original on 2022-04-10. Retrieved 2020-05-05.
  27. ↑ @sklplanets (May 15, 2021). "Succesful [sic] landing of #Tianwen1, on #Mars! Landing point: 109.7 E, 25.1 N, less than 40 km from target location in Utopia Planitia. More details expected later!" (Tweet). Retrieved 2021-05-15 – via Twitter.
  28. ↑ "Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) | Spacecraft | ISAS". www.isas.jaxa.jp. Retrieved 2026-08-08.
  29. ↑ "China Focus: China unveils international partners for Tianwen-3 Mars mission". english.news.cn. Retrieved 2026-08-08.
  30. ↑ Parsonson, Andrew (2026-04-17). "ESA's Mars Rover to Launch Aboard SpaceX Falcon Heavy in 2028". European Spaceflight. Retrieved 2026-08-08.
  31. ↑ technology, Chelsea Gohd These tiny capes carry some serious (2026-08-07). "NASA's SkyFall Mars helicopters will wear tiny capes". Space. Retrieved 2026-08-08.
  32. ↑ "Isro is readying Mangalyaan-2 to land on Mars. Here's when it will launch". India Today. 2025-11-06. Retrieved 2026-08-08.
  33. ↑ Park, Si-soo (19 November 2022). "South Korean leader eyes "landing on moon in 2032, Mars in 2045". SpaceNews.
  34. ↑ Harri, A.-M.; et al. (2008). "MMPM - Mars MetNet Precursor Mission". European Planetary Science Congress 2008, Proceedings of the conference held 21-25 September, 2008 in Münster, Germany. p. 361. Bibcode:2008epsc.conf..361H.
  35. ↑ Landis, Geoffrey; Oleson, Steven; McGuire, Melissa (2012). "Design Study for a Mars Geyser Hopper". 50th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting including the New Horizons Forum and Aerospace Exposition. doi:10.2514/6.2012-631. hdl:2060/20120004036. ISBN 978-1-60086-936-5.
  36. ↑ Schulze-Makuch, Dirk; Head, James N.; Houtkooper, Joop M.; Knoblauch, Michael; Furfaro, Roberto; Fink, Wolfgang; Fairén, Alberto G.; Vali, Hojatollah; Kelly Sears, S.; Daly, Mike; Deamer, David; Schmidt, Holger; Hawkins, Aaron R.; Sun, Henry J.; Lim, Darlene S.S.; Dohm, James; Irwin, Louis N.; Davila, Alfonso F.; Mendez, Abel; Andersen, Dale (2012). "The Biological Oxidant and Life Detection (BOLD) mission: A proposal for a mission to Mars". Planetary and Space Science. 67 (1): 57–69. Bibcode:2012P&SS...67...57S. doi:10.1016/j.pss.2012.03.008.
  37. ↑ Galimov, E. M. (2010-02-01). "Phobos sample return mission: Scientific substantiation". Solar System Research. 44 (1): 5–14. Bibcode:2010SoSyR..44....5G. doi:10.1134/S0038094610010028. S2CID 124416846.
  38. ↑ Zelenyi, L.; Zakharov, A.; Polischuk, G.; Pichkhadze, K.; Akim, E.; Hirahara, Masfumi; Miyoshi, Yoshizumi; Terada, Naoki; Mukai, Toshifumi (2009). "Phobos Sample Return mission". AIP Conference Proceedings. 1144 (1): 128–137. Bibcode:2009AIPC.1144..128Z. doi:10.1063/1.3169276.
  39. ↑ McKay, Christopher P.; Stoker, Carol R.; Glass, Brian J.; Davé, Arwen I.; Davila, Alfonso F.; Heldmann, Jennifer L.; Marinova, Margarita M.; Fairen, Alberto G.; Quinn, Richard C.; Zacny, Kris A.; Paulsen, Gale; Smith, Peter H.; Parro, Victor; Andersen, Dale T.; Hecht, Michael H.; Lacelle, Denis; Pollard, Wayne H. (2013). "The Icebreaker Life Mission to Mars: A Search for Biomolecular Evidence for Life". Astrobiology. 13 (4): 334–353. Bibcode:2013AsBio..13..334M. doi:10.1089/ast.2012.0878. PMID 23560417.
  40. ↑ Brown, Lachlan (2026-08-07). "The programme to return Perseverance's rock samples from Mars was cancelled by the US Congress in January 2026 — the rover has spent five years drilling and caching the most carefully selected geological samples in history, and right now there is no approved mission to bring them home". Retrieved 2026-08-08.
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