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LGBTQ culture in London

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The LGBTQ community in London is one of the largest within Europe. LGBTQ culture of London, England, is centred on Old Compton Street in Soho. There are also LGBTQ pubs and restaurants across London such as in Clapham, Dalston and Kings Cross.[1][2]

London in LGBTQ history

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18th and 19th century

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In the 18th century some businesspersons and aristocrats had for the time relatively open LGBTQ lifestyles and Rictor Norton author of Mother Clap's Molly House: The Gay Subculture in England, 1700–1830[3] stated that in the 1720s London had more gay pubs and clubs than it did in 1950.[3]

Most people hid their LGBTQ lifestyle from public view as in the United Kingdom, homosexual acts were illegal prior to the Sexual Offences Act 1967. This illegality meant that many gay men could not live openly as homosexual, and as a result gay cruising provided a way for gay men to solicit sexual encounters while minimizing the risk of being caught by the police. When cruising first became known, it usually took place in public fields, parks, toilets and theatres were also sometimes denounced as cruising grounds by moralists of the time. In the 20th century sex in public toilets in the UK became known as "cottaging" and the toilets where sex occurred were referred to as "cottages". Public toilets located next to highways, main roads or rural roads have also become popular cruising sites.

Mother Clap's molly-house was located in Field Lane, Holborn and can be seen on the left side of the map above. Mother Clap's molly-house was the most well known illegal gay brothel in 18th century London[4] and had been open from 1724 to 1726, when a raid sustained by the Societies for the Reformation of Manners had it dismantled and 40 gay men who were present at the molly-house at the time of the raid were taken to Newgate prison where most were eventually set free, although those who weren't were either fined, imprisoned, exhibited in the pillory and three were hanged.[4] Rocque Map of London, 1746.

The illegality of gay sex has meant that the history of gay cruising is sparsely documented, as those who used such cruising grounds were likely to be discreet about them. Rictor Norton, author of Mother Clap's Molly House[4][3] the title of which is a reference to Margaret Clap's illegal gay brothel known as a "Molly House", believes that the first gay cruising grounds and gay brothels[4] in London may have sprung up in the early 17th century[4][3] and going from the earliest known records they may have originated even earlier in the late 1600s[4][3] although they most likely originated much earlier than the 1600s.[3] Mother Clap's molly-house was the most well known of these illegal gay brothels in 18th century London[4][3] and it had been open from 1724 to 1726, when a raid sustained by the Societies for the Reformation of Manners had it dismantled and 40 gay men who were present at the molly-house at the time of the raid were taken to Newgate prison where most were eventually set free, although those who weren't were either fined, imprisoned, exhibited in the pillory and three were hanged.[4]

Public toilets on Hampstead Heath, which has been described as "...the most popular cruising area in London"[5] that has a long history of gay cruising going back to the 18th century.[6][7][8] In response to a 2006 News of the World story alleging that George Michael had sex on Hampstead Heath,[9] Michael responded "I went out last Tuesday night and uh, came off of Hampstead Heath, I don't even remember if I got any action right,...I don't suppose this will be much of a... story. Which I don't suppose it would have been without the addition of a completely fabricated encounter... ."[10] Photo taken 2013

Author Mark Turner[7] comments that evidence of gay cruising goes back to at least the 18th century and has commented that "From St James's Park in the 18th century to Hampstead Heath today, gay men have always gone cruising in search of sex... ...Cruising is nothing new. It's been going on for hundreds of years, and its history is a part of the history of our cities and public spaces. As cities grew and populations became more anonymous, new opportunities for chance encounters arose, for straight and queer people alike... By night, teenagers hop fences to snog, hookers and rent boys ply their trade, lovers admire the moon, addicts shoot up, and gay men fuck... ...George Michael is right to drop his pants and lay claim to his queer culture - to a history of urban sexual adventure and misadventure that is as old and perverse as the parks themselves."[7] Turner has further commented that in "Thomas Gilbert's 'A View of the Town' from the 18th century, a man leaves his wife in their bridal bed, sneaks off to St James's Park, 'roams in search of some vile ingle prize' and 'courts the foul pathick in the fair one's place'... ...such queer encounters in parks, on embankments, in toilets, streets and back alleys are an integral part of the way our cities - and sexualities - express themselves. Where there is public space, there will be diverse appropriations of it, and so it should be.[6]

LGBTQ studies pre-1920s were entirely of males caught in scandals.[11]

20th century

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London Gay Pride March in 1974.

Homosexuality was decriminalised in England and Wales in 1967, but London was an LGBTQ tourism destination even before then.[1]

The world's longest running lesbian nightclub, Gateways Club opened in 1936 (it closed in 1985).[12]

The UK branch of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) held its first meeting in a basement room in the London School of Economics in 1970.[13] The group later organised the first official UK pride protest in 1972,[14] which has since become an annual event and one of the world's largest of its kind. Although the GLF disbanded a mere 4 years later, it nevertheless spawned off several notable LGBTQ organisations such as Gay News (founded 1972), Gay's the Word (1979, via the Icebreakers group) and London Lesbian and Gay Switchboard (1974, now Switchboard).[citation needed]

Wider British cultural movements have influenced LGBTQ culture: for example, the emergence of glam rock in the UK in the early 1970s, via Marc Bolan and David Bowie, saw a generation of teenagers begin playing with the idea of androgyny, and the West End musical The Rocky Horror Show, which debuted in London in 1973, is also widely said to have been an influence on countercultural and sexual liberation movements.[15] The Blitz Kids (which included Boy George) frequented the Tuesday club-night at Blitz in Covent Garden, helping launch the New Romantic subcultural movement in the late 1970s.[16] Today, the annual London Pride Parade and the London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival are held in the city.[17]

Switchboard, one of the oldest UK-wide LGBTQ+ telephone helplines in the UK, was founded in 1974 in Housmans bookshop's basement near King's Cross.[18]

Mark W. Turner, the author of "Gay London," stated that when Derek Jarman moved to Charing Cross in 1979, it began the process of Soho becoming the centre of the London LGBTQ community and that by the early 1990s this was "firmly established".[19]

On May 24, 1989, exactly one year after the Thatcherite anti-homosexuality Section 28 legislation became law, the London-founded charity Stonewall formally announced its formation.[20] The charity had started its life in Ian McKellen's home in Limehouse.[20] Today, it is Europe's largest LGBTQ rights organisation.

The Admiral Duncan pub in Soho was bombed on 30 April 1999.[21] Newspaper articles stated the belief that the bombing was intended to attack the LGBTQ community; no persons who died in the incident were members of the local LGBTQ community.[22]

21st century

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LGBTQ Pride Parade in London in 2024

The popstar George Michael commented in 2004 that he began cruising for gay sex in London when he was 16 in 1979[23] and he further commented that, "When I made the 'Outside' video I knew I was helping a whole generation of 15-year-olds who are cruising and dying of shame about it. I felt that lightening the stigma around cruising was the most immediately beneficial thing I could do. I know for a fact that when I was 16, 17, when I started cruising, that watching the 'Outside' video would have taken some of the weight off my shoulders."[23] Michael further went on to comment that cruising for gay sex was something that he had done throughout his life, "...that’s the wonderful thing about cruising. The vast majority of men were either married or in the closet. So you have a mutual secret and that’s pretty water tight...If you’re a suburban cruiser like my good self and you like guys that are really straight-acting, then most of the people you pick up...are not going to tell your secret because they’ve got one themselves. I mean, fuck, it worked for years. Interviewer: Was there a moment when people would double-take and realise it was you? Michael: I think probably most of them did. Sometimes we’d talk about it afterwards and have a laugh..."[24]

In 2015, London's LGBTQ Pride Parade attracted over one million people for the first time.[25]

Since 2019, London also hosts an annual trans+ pride march. Having attracted 1,500 protesters in the first year,[26] its attendance grew to more than 20,000 protesters by 2023.[27] The city is also the home of the annual UK Black Pride celebrations.

Institutions

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The UK's first gay and lesbian bookshop, Gay's the Word, is located in Bloomsbury. Due to its lasting legacy of activism and community-building, Historic England has deemed it a site of LGBTQ pilgrimage.[28] Another LGBTQ bookshop, The Common Press, opened its doors in 2021 in Shoreditch.[29] London is therefore home to a third of England's LGBTQ bookshops.

The Bishopsgate Institute boasts one of the largest[30] LGBTQ archives in the UK, including archives from Stonewall, Switchboard, as well as the Lesbian and Gay Newsmedia Archive (LAGNA), which includes over 300,000 press cuttings from the straight press from the 1980s onwards.[30][31] In addition to this, the Bishopsgate Institute also hosts the Museum of Transology, a community archive focusing on transgender, nonbinary and intersex people. It is the world's largest collection of material culture of its kind.[32]

The WayOut Club is London's longest running club night for transgender women.[33]

Since the closure of Above the Stag Theatre,[34] the King's Head Theatre is the UK's only[citation needed] LGBTQ-centric theatre.

Events

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Pride in London on 29 June 2024

Pride

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There are a number of prides and marches in London, for different groups and in local communities, these include:

  • Pride in London the mainstream event that occurs every summer.
  • UK Black Pride – the largest of its kind in Europe – also takes place in London.
  • London Trans Pride protest march takes place annually in June or July.
  • UK Bi Pride[35]
  • London Dyke March has become semi regular (June in 2025)[36]
  • Waltham Forest Pride[37]
  • Penge Pride picnic in the park[38]
  • Pride in Southwark[39]

Europe's biggest LGBTQ+film festival, the BFI Flare: London LGBTIQ+ Film Festival happens every spring in London.

The Greater London Authority government promotes LGBTQ tourism.[1]

Night life

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Heaven is the largest gay disco club in Europe. It opened in 1979.[19]

Global recognition and rankings

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London is among the global leaders in LGBTQ culture, inclusion and tourism. The city has been ranked among the world’s most LGBTQ-inclusive cities in international indices measuring LGBTQ inclusion and economic competitiveness, and is recognised alongside cities such as New York City, Boston, Toronto, Dublin, Stockholm, Amsterdam and Tel Aviv for its large-scale Pride events and international LGBTQ tourism.[40][41][42]

Notable residents

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Those identifying as LGBTQIA+:

See also

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Notes

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  1. 1 2 3 Olson, Donald. London for Dummies (Volume 136 of Dummies Travel). John Wiley & Sons, 2 February 2010. 6th Edition. ISBN 0470619651, 9780470619650. p. 67.
  2. ↑ Levin, Nick (6 June 2022). "The best gay bars in London". www.timeout.com. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Norton, Rictor (2006). Mother Clap's Molly House The Gay Subculture in England, 1700-1830. London: Chalford Press. ISBN 9781845883447. Retrieved 16 September 2026.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Norton, Rictor. "The Raid on Mother Clap's Molly House 1726". rictornorton.co.uk. Ricotr Norton. Retrieved 16 September 2026. On a Sunday night in February, 1726, a squadron of police constables converged upon the molly house kept by Mother Clap in Field Lane, Holborn, tucked away between an arch on one side and the Bunch o'Grapes tavern on the other. All the avenues of escape being blocked, by the early morning hours the rooms had been emptied of forty homosexual men – 'mollies' or 'notorious Sodomites' in the language of the day – who were rounded up and hauled off to Newgate prison to await trial. By the end of the month several more molly houses had been similarly raided, and more mollies imprisoned. None of the men were actually caught in flagrante delicto – though a few were discovered with their breeches unbuttoned – and eventually most of them were set free due to lack of evidence. A number of them, however, were fined, imprisoned, and exhibited in the pillory, and three men were subsequently hanged at Tyburn.
  5. ↑ "George Michael Interview on Cruising, Homophobia, and the Press (2006)". YouTube. Frontline by ITN. Event occurs at 20:08. Retrieved 20 June 2026. ...the position I put myself in at, at 2:00 in the morning, a mile from my house right in the most popular cruising area in London...
  6. 1 2 "Welcome to the cruising capital of the world". The Guardian. The Guardian. Retrieved 18 August 2026. Thomas Gilbert's 'A View of the Town' from the 18th century, a man leaves his wife in their bridal bed, sneaks off to St James's Park, 'roams in search of some vile ingle prize' and 'courts the foul pathick in the fair one's place'... ...such queer encounters in parks, on embankments, in toilets, streets and back alleys are an integral part of the way our cities - and sexualities - express themselves. Where there is public space, there will be diverse appropriations of it, and so it should be.
  7. 1 2 3 "Welcome to the cruising capital of the world". The Guardian. The Guardian. Retrieved 18 August 2026. From St James's Park in the 18th century to Hampstead Heath today, gay men have always gone cruising in search of sex... ...Cruising is nothing new. It's been going on for hundreds of years, and its history is a part of the history of our cities and public spaces. As cities grew and populations became more anonymous, new opportunities for chance encounters arose, for straight and queer people alike... By night, teenagers hop fences to snog, hookers and rent boys ply their trade, lovers admire the moon, addicts shoot up, and gay men fuck... ...George Michael is right to drop his pants and lay claim to his queer culture - to a history of urban sexual adventure and misadventure that is as old and perverse as the parks themselves.
  8. ↑ "Hampstead Heath hampstead heath dog walkers homophobic cruising campaign". The Daily Telegraph. 9 March 2025. Archived from the original on 5 April 2025. Retrieved 16 April 2025.
  9. ↑ "George Michael in BBC NEWS". YouTube. 2Funkyangel. Event occurs at 2:15. Retrieved 20 June 2026. ...it's private, that's the point. what I was doing was private... ...I don't know anybody that actually goes to Hampstead Heath at 2:00 in the morning for anything other than the reason of playing about... ...If they are there at 2:00 in the morning then they're a little bit strange or they just don't know the local area..."
  10. ↑ "George Michael Interview on Cruising, Homophobia, and the Press (2006)". YouTube. Frontline by ITN. Event occurs at 3:40. Retrieved 20 June 2026. I went out last Tuesday night and uh, came off of Hampstead Heath, I don't even remember if I got any action right,... ...and my car was parked right by the public foot, footpath off of Hampstead Heath, or one of them, because I have nothing to hide. I don't worry about people seeing my car there you know, I walked straight off a public pathway on my own... ...[There were] two photographers who have been tailing me for the best part of 6 months, almost 24 hours a day... ...went home... ...I don't suppose this will be much of a of a story. Which I don't suppose it would have been without the addition of a completely fabricated encounter with I suppose a very deliberately chosen very unattractive man in order to try and somehow turn... ...[it] into some act of desperation, you know.
  11. ↑ Thomas, p. 363.
  12. ↑ Gardiner, Jill (2003). From the closet to the screen: women at the Gateways Club 1945–85. Pandora. ISBN 0-86358-427-6.
  13. ↑ "Gay Liberation Front Manifesto". Bishopsgate Institute. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  14. ↑ Walton, Tony (2010). Out of the Shadows: How London Gay Life Changed for the Better After the Act. Bona Street Press. p. 60. ISBN 978-0956609106.
  15. ↑ "We Live in the World 'Rocky Horror' Created". Flavorwire. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  16. ↑ "Boy George". The Blitz Kids. Archived from the original on 30 August 2011. Retrieved 30 June 2022.
  17. ↑ Olson, Donald. London for Dummies (Volume 136 of Dummies Travel). John Wiley & Sons, 2 February 2010. 6th Edition. ISBN 0470619651, 9780470619650. p. 67.
  18. ↑ "The story behind the UK's biggest LGBTQ+ helpline". Huck. 20 March 2019. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  19. 1 2 Turner, p. 50.
  20. 1 2 Parsons, Vic (15 October 2021). "Stonewall leaders on beating the bullies and the LGBT+ movement's reckoning". PinkNews. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  21. ↑ Eade, John. Placing London: From Imperial Capital to Global City (Berghahn Series). Berghahn Books, 2000. p. 78. ISBN 1571818030, 9781571818034.
  22. ↑ Eade, John. Placing London: From Imperial Capital to Global City (Berghahn Series). Berghahn Books, 2000. p. 79. ISBN 1571818030, 9781571818034.
  23. 1 2 "George Michael's candid 2004 interview with Attitude". Attitude. Archived from the original on 19 June 2026. Retrieved 20 June 2026. When I made the 'Outside' video I knew I was helping a whole generation of 15-year-olds who are cruising and dying of shame about it. I felt that lightening the stigma around cruising was the most immediately beneficial thing I could do. I know for a fact that when I was 16, 17, when I started cruising, that watching the 'Outside' video would have taken some of the weight off my shoulders.
  24. ↑ "George Michael's candid 2004 interview with Attitude". Attitude. Archived from the original on 19 June 2026. Retrieved 20 June 2026. Interviewer: Weren't you worried all the time about someone going 'oh my god, I've just picked up George Michael' and then hopping off to the papers and selling the story? Michael: Well, that's the wonderful thing about cruising. The vast majority of men were either married or in the closet. So you have a mutual secret and that's pretty water tight. Especially if you're cruising outside London. If you're a suburban cruiser like my good self and you like guys that are really straight-acting, then most of the people you pick up, whether you take them home or do it there and then, are not going to tell your secret because they've got one themselves. I mean, fuck, it worked for years. Interviewer: Was there a moment when people would double-take and realise it was you? Michael: I think probably most of them did. Sometimes we'd talk about it afterwards and have a laugh...
  25. ↑ Pride in London: Pride in London welcomed a record number of over one million guests, https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2015/06/29/pride-in-london-what-it-means-to-the-local-and-global-lgbt-community/ PinkNews
  26. ↑ "London's first Trans Pride support 'overwhelming'". BBC News. 14 September 2019. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  27. ↑ Williamson, Harriet (8 July 2023). "Thousands march for trans freedom and equality at London's Trans+ Pride". PinkNews. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  28. ↑ "Commercial Locations | Historic England". historicengland.org.uk. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  29. ↑ Baska, Maggie (18 September 2021). "Radical new LGBT+ venue includes alcohol-free space to bring communities together". PinkNews. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  30. 1 2 Heavey, Nicholas. "LibGuides: LGBTQ+ Resources: Archives & Heritage". guides.lib.sussex.ac.uk. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  31. ↑ "LGBTQIA+ Archives". Bishopsgate Institute. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  32. ↑ Tunali, Tijen (2 October 2019). "The Museum of Transology". Journal of Visual Art Practice. 18 (4): 359–360. doi:10.1080/14702029.2019.1690325. ISSN 1470-2029.
  33. ↑ Lewis, John Lucas, Photos: Jake (28 April 2015). "Partying at WayOut, One of the UK's Oldest Trans Clubs". Vice. Retrieved 8 November 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ↑ "Above The Stag theatre to close down immediately". 7 August 2022. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  35. ↑ "Bi Pride UK | Attraction beyond gender". biprideuk.org. 12 March 2025. Retrieved 22 June 2025.
  36. ↑ "Here's what you need to know about London Dyke March 2025". diva-magazine.com. 12 June 2025. Retrieved 22 June 2025.
  37. ↑ "Profile page". legendsoftheforest.co.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2025.
  38. ↑ "Pride Picnic in the Park - Penge Festival - Community Links Bromley". www.communitylinksbromley.org.uk. Retrieved 22 June 2025.
  39. ↑ "Southwark Pride returns with £32,000 awarded to LGBTQ+ events". Southwark News. 6 May 2025. Retrieved 22 June 2025.
  40. ↑ "London ranked among top cities "fully open for business" on LGBT+ inclusivity and competitiveness". City AM. 24 January 2018. Retrieved 11 May 2026.
  41. ↑ Masterson, Victoria. "Which cities perform well for LGBTQ+ inclusion?". weforum.org. Retrieved 11 May 2026.
  42. ↑ Haaretz. "Tel Aviv declared world's best gay travel destination". Haaretz.com. Archived from the original on 21 June 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2026.
  43. ↑ Hudson, David (13 July 2017). "Alan Carr: 'I'm not totally comfortable being gay'". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on 24 August 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  44. ↑ "What Alan Turing £50 notes mean to the LGBT community". BBC News. 15 July 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  45. ↑ "Boy George to release song in support of LGBT community in Ghana". Music In Africa. 6 April 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  46. ↑ "David Walliams shares a sneak peek inside his London home". Yahoo!Life. 15 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
  47. ↑ "Why Derek Jarman's radical queer films still matter today". Sleek Mag. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  48. ↑ "Dustin Lance Black: A childhood of love and fear". BBC News. 26 May 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  49. ↑ Levine, Nick. "Who was the real Freddie Mercury?". BBC Culture. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  50. ↑ agencies, Staff and (26 December 2016). "'I never had a problem with being gay': George Michael, LGBT rights champion, remembered". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  51. ↑ "Graham Norton says he 'took the easy way out' moving to London as a young gay man". The Independent. 29 September 2020. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  52. ↑ "British Icon of the Week: Sir Ian McKellen, Beloved Actor and Tireless LGBTQ Activist | Anglophenia". BBC America. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  53. ↑ "My London: Matt Lucas". The Standard. 12 April 2012. Retrieved 8 August 2026.
  54. ↑ McLoughlin, Lisa (2 February 2023). "Doctor Who's Ncuti Gatwa shows off new London pad, having battled homelessness". Evening Standard. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  55. ↑ Power, Ed. "Oscar Wilde's 'crucial' role in the gay rights struggle". The Irish Times. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  56. ↑ Simpson, Neil (2007). Paul O'Grady : the biography. London: John Blake. ISBN 978-1-84454-417-2. OCLC 123114508.
  57. ↑ "Remembering Dead or Alive's Pete Burns, An Overlooked LGBT Pioneer". Billboard. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  58. ↑ "Peter Tatchell profile on The Guardian". The Guardian. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
  59. ↑ "Saluting Our Sisters: The Inspiring Story of Phyll Opoku-Gyimah". Black History Month. 14 February 2008. Retrieved 1 March 2024.
  60. ↑ "Sakima's Dirty Pop: Meet Music's New Queer Voice". Billboard. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  61. ↑ "Samantha Fox opens up about same-sex relationship on Celebrity Big Brother". PinkNews. 31 July 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  62. ↑ "LGBT awards: Stephen Fry given lifetime honour". BBC News. 18 May 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  63. ↑ "Tom Daley 'incredibly proud to say I am gay and an Olympic champion'". The Guardian. 26 July 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2021.
  64. ↑ "To Be a Gay Man by Will Young – out and proud". The Guardian. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2021.

References

[edit]
  • Thomas, Ardel. "London." Reader's Guide to Lesbian and Gay Studies. Routledge, 18 October 2013. ISBN 1135942412, 9781135942410, or 113594234X, 9781135942342. p. 363-364. – A listing of academic works discussing the London LGBT community
  • Turner, Mark W. "Gay London." In: Kerr, Joe and Andrew Gibson (editors). London From Punk to Blair: Revised Second Edition. Reaktion Books, 1 June 2013. ISBN 1780230753, 9781780230757. Start p. 50.

Further reading

[edit]
  • Cooper, Davina. Sexing the City: Lesbian and Gay Politics within the Activist State. Rivers Oram (London) and Paul (Concord, Massachusetts), 1994. – Most of the book discusses the LGBT community of London
  • Graham, Hugh, John Shandy Watson, and Paul Burston (editors). Time Out Gay and Lesbian London. Time Out Guides, 2010. ISBN 1905042566, 9781905042562.
  • Green, Sarah F. Urban Amazons: Lesbian Feminism and beyond in the Gender, Sexuality, and Identity Battles of London. St. Martins (New York), and Macmillan (Basingstoke), 1997.
  • Lucas, Ian. Impertinent Decorum: Gay Theatrical Manoeuvers. Cassel (London and New York), 1994. – Discusses the LGBT culture in London theatre
  • Norton, Rictor. Mother Clap's Molly House: The Gay Subculture in England, 1700–1830. Gay Men's Press (London) and Inbook (East Haven, Connecticut), 1992: Discusses "Molly houses" in and near London.
  • Weeks, Jeffrey. Coming Out: Homosexual Politics in Britain from the Nineteenth Century to the Present. Quartet (London and New York): 1977. Revised edition: Quartet (London), 1990. – This book is not focused on London in particular; Arden Thomas stated that even so, the book makes it clear that LGBT-related laws were created in London
  • Wilson, Olivette Cole and Clarence Allen, "The Black Perspective." In: Healey, Emma and Angela Mason (editors). Stonewall 25: The Making of the Lesbian and Gay Community of Britain. Virago (London), 1994 – Discusses the London black LGBT community
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