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Hydroelectric power in the United States

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The Hoover Dam, when completed in 1936, was both the world's largest electric-power generating station and the world's largest concrete structure.
Hoover Dam power station

Hydroelectricity was, as of 2019, the second-largest renewable source of energy in both generation and nominal capacity (behind wind power) in the United States.[1] In 2021, hydroelectric power produced 31.5% of the total renewable electricity, and 6.3% of the total U.S. electricity.[2]

According to the International Hydropower Association, the United States is the 3rd largest producer of hydroelectric power in the world in 2021 after Brazil and China.[3] Total installed capacity for 2020 was 102.8 GW. The installed capacity was 80 GW in 2015. The amount of hydroelectric power generated is strongly affected by changes in precipitation and surface runoff.[4]

Hydroelectric stations exist in at least 34 US states. The largest concentration of hydroelectric generation in the US is in the Columbia River basin, which in 2012 was the source of 44% of the nation's hydroelectricity.[5] Hydroelectricity projects such as Hoover Dam, Grand Coulee Dam, and the Tennessee Valley Authority have become iconic large construction projects.

Of note, however, is that California does not consider power generated from large hydroelectric facilities (facilities greater than 30 megawatts) to meet its strictest definition of "renewable", due to concerns over the environmental impact of large hydroelectric projects. As such, electricity generated from large hydroelectric facilities does not count toward California's strict Renewable Portfolio Standards, even though other states recognize that water is a renewable resource in the hydrological cycle. Roughly 10–15% of California's energy generation is from large hydroelectric generation that is not RPS-eligible.[6]

The significant impact of dams on the power sector, water use, river flow, and environmental concerns requires significant policy specific to hydropower.

History

[edit]
US hydropower generated 1949-2008 (blue), and hydropower as percent of total US electricity (red)
Hydroelectric power generation in the United States

The earliest hydroelectric power generation in the U.S. was utilized for lighting and employed the better understood direct current (DC) system to provide the electrical flow. It did not flow far however, with ten miles being the system's limit; solving electricity's transmission problems would come later and be the greatest incentive to the new hydroelectric water-power developments.[7]

The first DC powerhouse was in Grand Rapids, Michigan, where the water turbine at the Wolverine Chair factory was attached to a dynamo using a mechanical belt drive to illuminate sixteen street lights.[8][9] This occurred in 1880, the same year Thomas Edison produced the long-lasting incandescent filament light bulb, which was a safety and convenience improvement over existing candles, whale oil lamps and kerosene lamps inside buildings. In 1881, also using DC for lighting at Niagara Falls, Jacob F. Schoellkopf diverted part of the output from his waterwheel-powered flour mills to drive one of Charles Brush's improved generators to provide nighttime illumination for the tourists. Previously the attraction had been illuminated by burning bright calcium flares but arc-lights proved a better and cheaper alternative.[9]

In 1882, the world's first commercial central DC hydroelectric power plant provided power for a paper mill in Appleton, Wisconsin.[10] Just months later the first investor-owned electric utility, Edison Illuminating Company, completed the first fossil fueled electrical power plant in New York City, to compete with hydroelectric power close to an area of high demand. By 1886, between 40 and 50 hydroelectric stations were operating in the United States and in Canada. By 1888, about 200 electric companies relied on hydropower for at least part of their generation.[9] The United States used more hydropower than any other state at the time.[11]

Recognizing that the great hydroelectric potential of the Falls exceeded the local demand for electricity, a large power company was established nonetheless at the prime location for development; it awaited the prospect of an effective long-distance power transmission system. Westinghouse Electric won the competition, developing their plans around an alternating current system. The station was completed in 1895 and in 1896, electricity transmission 20 miles away to Buffalo, New York began. This event also began the rise to dominance of the AC system over Thomas Edison's direct current methods. Multiple permanent hydropower stations still exist on both the American and Canadian sides of the Falls, including the Robert Moses Niagara Power Plant, the third largest in the United States.

The need to provide rural development in the early 20th century was often coupled to the availability of electric power and led to large-scale projects like the Tennessee Valley Authority which created numerous dams and, sometimes controversially, flooded large areas. In the 1930s, the need for power in the Southwest led to the building of the largest concrete construction in the world at that time, the Hoover Dam. The Grand Coulee Dam was both a power and irrigation project of the 1930s that was expanded for military industrial reasons during World War II, which also saw other dams such as the TVA's Fontana Dam built.

Dam building peaked in the 1960s and few dams were built in the 1970s. The growing awareness of environmental issues with dams saw the removal of some older and smaller dams and the installation of fish ladders at others. The enormous Rampart Dam was canceled in 1967 due to environmental and economic concerns. Instead of new dams, repowering old stations has increased the capacity of several facilities. For instance, Hoover Dam replaced its generators between 1986 and 1993. The need to alter downstream waterflow for ecological reasons (eliminating invasive species, sedimentation, etc.) has led to regulated seasonal drawdowns at some dams, changing the availability of water for power generation. Droughts and increased agricultural use of water can also lead to generation limits.

According to a United States Department of Energy report,[12] there exists over 12,000 MW of potential hydroelectricity capacity in the US existing 80,000 unpowered dams. Harnessing the currently unpowered dams could generate 45 TWhr/yr, equivalent to 16 percent of 2008 hydroelectricity generation.

According to a 2022 study, hydroelectric dams constructed prior to 1950 spurred short-run local economic growth due to cheaper power for localities. After 1950, the impact of hydropower dams on localities was more muted, most likely due to innovations such as high-tension transmission lines which dispersed the energy produced by dams to larger areas.[13]

Pumped storage

[edit]
Pumped-storage facilities

Another application of hydroelectricity is Pumped-storage hydroelectricity which does not create a net gain in power, but enables peak demand balancing. Water is pumped from a lower elevation source into a higher one and only released through generators when electric demand is high. In 2009 the United States had 21.5 GW of pumped storage generating capacity, accounting for 2.5% of baseload generating capacity.[14] This increased to a total of 22,878 MW in 2019 and 22,894 MW in 2020.[15]

Bath County Pumped Storage Station is the largest such facility in the United States. Other stations of this type include Raccoon Mountain Pumped-Storage Plant, Bear Swamp Hydroelectric Power Station and Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant on Lake Michigan, previously the largest in the world.

List of pumped storage facilities in the United States

[edit]

Tidal power

[edit]

No significant tidal power plants exist in the United States. A project was proposed and run by the Snohomish County PUD in Washington but was ended when trouble was encountered obtaining enough funding.[23]

Largest hydroelectric power stations

[edit]
Hydro plants by capacity in 2021

This is a list of the ten largest hydroelectric power stations in the United States by installed capacity.

Rank Name Image Capacity
(MW)		 State Coordinates Opening year Type Ref
1 Grand Coulee 6,809 Washington 47°57′21″N 118°58′54″W / 47.95583°N 118.98167°W / 47.95583; -118.98167 (Grand Coulee Dam) 1942 Reservoir (95.4%)
Pumped-storage (4.6%)		 [24]
2 Bath County 3,003 Virginia 38°13′50″N 79°49′10″W / 38.23056°N 79.81944°W / 38.23056; -79.81944 (Bath County Pumped Storage) 1985 Pumped-storage [25]
3 Robert Moses Niagara 2,675 New York 43°08′35″N 79°02′23″W / 43.14306°N 79.03972°W / 43.14306; -79.03972 (Robert Moses Niagara) 1961 Reservoir
4 Chief Joseph 2,614 Washington 47°59′43″N 119°38′00″W / 47.99528°N 119.63333°W / 47.99528; -119.63333 (Chief Joseph Dam) 1979 Run-of-the-river [26]
5 John Day 2,485 Oregon
Washington		 45°42′59″N 120°41′40″W / 45.71639°N 120.69444°W / 45.71639; -120.69444 (John Day Dam) 1971 Run-of-the-river [27]
6 Ludington 2,172 Michigan 43°53′37″N 86°26′43″W / 43.89361°N 86.44528°W / 43.89361; -86.44528 (Ludington Pumped Storage) 1973 Pumped-storage [28]
7 Hoover 2,080 Arizona
Nevada		 36°0′56″N 114°44′16″W / 36.01556°N 114.73778°W / 36.01556; -114.73778 (Hoover Dam) 1936 Reservoir [29]
8 The Dalles 1,813 Oregon
Washington		 45°36′44″N 121°08′04″W / 45.61222°N 121.13444°W / 45.61222; -121.13444 (The Dalles Dam) 1957 Run-of-the-river [30]
9 Raccoon Mountain 1,616 Tennessee 35°2′54″N 85°23′48″W / 35.04833°N 85.39667°W / 35.04833; -85.39667 (Raccoon Mountain Pumped Storage) 1978 Pumped-storage [31]
10 Castaic 1,500 California 34°35′14″N 118°39′24″W / 34.58722°N 118.65667°W / 34.58722; -118.65667 (Castaic Pumped Storage) 1973 Pumped-storage [32]

Statistics

[edit]
Hydroelectric generation capacity by year in the United States
Installed conventional hydroelectric generating capacity since 2000 (MW)[33][15]
Hydroelectric generation in the United States[34][35][36][37]
Year Summer capacity
(GW)		 Electricity generation
(TWh)		 Capacity factor Yearly growth of
generating capacity		 Yearly growth of
produced energy		 Portion of
renewable electricity		 Portion of
total electricity
2019 79.85273.7
2018 79.89291.720.4170.12%-2.7%40.9%7.0%
2017 79.79300.050.430-0.2%12%43.7%7.44%
2016 79.92267.810.3830.3%7.50%43.9%6.57%
2015 79.66249.080.3570.56%-4.0%45.77%6.11%
2014 79.24258.750.3730.05%-3.66%47.93%6.32%
2013 79.22268.570.3870.64%-2.78%51.44%6.61%
2012 78.7276.240.4010.06%-13.50%55.85%6.82%
2011 78.65319.360.464-0.23%22.74%62.21%7.79%
2010 78.83260.20.3770.39%-4.85%60.88%6.31%
2009 78.52273.450.3980.76%7.31%65.47%6.92%
2008 77.93254.830.3730.05%2.96%66.90%6.19%
2007 77.89247.510.3630.09%-14.43%70.18%5.95%
2006 77.82289.250.4240.36%7.00%74.97%7.12%
2005 77.54270.320.398-0.13%0.71%75.57%6.67%
2004 77.64268.420.395-1.33%-2.68%76.36%6.76%
2003 275.8
2002 264.33
2001 216.96
2000 275.57
United States conventional hydroelectric generation (GWh)[38]
Year Total % of total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2001216,96218,85217,47320,47718,01319,17620,72818,07918,91415,25615,23515,41319,346
2002264,33121,79520,19221,00924,24726,66328,21325,47121,08417,08717,17119,73021,669
2003275,80420,60019,78024,20224,75929,39528,58624,84322,97218,48018,42819,71524,044
2004268,41722,98320,91422,91420,88824,02025,25223,31821,59220,52518,86320,93726,211
2005270,32224,27221,60722,93623,05827,27926,78325,95721,56617,36418,00619,35322,141
2006289,24627,43724,76224,62528,55630,81829,75725,43921,72817,20117,05520,27221,596
2007247,51226,04518,56724,16323,89126,04722,81722,47819,94114,74314,79615,68218,342
2008254,83020,77918,78921,66922,23427,22129,17725,55521,22916,17815,47015,66820,861
2009273,44523,49017,81221,82725,77029,56029,23323,38519,58017,35919,69121,00824,730
2010260,20422,38320,59020,88619,09725,07929,85424,51720,11917,26517,68319,56223,169
2011319,35525,53124,13131,13431,19432,58732,15131,28525,76421,37819,78720,68123,732
2012276,2406.82%23,10720,28425,90726,29528,64126,65826,49123,03417,60416,50218,73322,984
2013268,5656.61%24,82920,41820,53425,09728,45027,38427,25521,63316,96117,19917,67721,128
2014259,3666.34%21,63417,39624,25725,44026,54425,74424,35719,80716,07417,15918,62522,329
2015249,0796.11%24,13822,28624,28122,47120,12520,41421,01419,12216,09416,63019,33823,166
2016267,8136.57%25,61524,13927,39025,87825,48623,23721,45519,57016,36817,33918,80822,528
2017300,3327.44%26,62823,88229,61329,40932,60730,57526,59822,03419,15217,69819,88822,248
2018292,5247%25,06424,90225,86128,11530,44427,59725,10022,01719,16619,54821,91322,797
2019287,8756.98%24,79822,88126,33427,82031,98228,07824,87522,57918,52618,30620,21821,478
2020285,2747.11%24,49825,86823,82323,19429,97627,99926,74223,28418,67918,81020,89321,508
2021260,2256.33%25,81421,62421,57419,20122,79524,07522,11320,95417,96617,99920,46025,650
2022261,9996.17%26,21322,90425,35619,57323,07126,89224,19321,61716,81214,63818,76421,870
2023128,4566.51%22,95419,33820,63017,91727,98319,632
Last entry, % of total6.61%6.23%6.25%5.97%8.54%5.5%5.71%5.24%4.79%5.97%5.81%6.01%
United States pumped storage generation (GWh)[38]
Year Total % of total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2001-8,825-589-707-773-796-623-774-871-715-928-615-811-623
2002-8,744-750-586-684-585-539-863-998-935-777-681-666-680
2003-8,535-802-759-778-546-597-762-745-806-769-615-695-661
2004-8,488-768-692-653-669-689-718-693-818-770-703-665-650
2005-6,558-725-346-497-338-466-415-625-623-680-611-554-678
2006-6,558-533-447-435-587-444-423-638-695-629-507-553-667
2007-6,897-572-447-458-374-547-523-595-651-743-760-662-565
2008-6,289-746-451-553-132-587-372-799-648-517-497-489-498
2009-4,626-501-413-315-272-349-226-491-613-348-385-330-383
2010-5,502-565-351-325-335-441-472-557-600-421-438-467-530
2011-6,422-659-413-349-466-417-567-708-692-583-601-458-509
2012-4,951-348-237-281-265-371-507-619-529-431-378-409-576
2013-4,682-465-320-462-292-334-358-340-465-439-373-413-421
2014-6,174-290-445-421-378-601-653-545-840-542-448-531-480
2015-5,090-551-456-409-214-370-398-513-626-544-443-285-281
2016-6,687-312-399-384-452-321-497-784-902-715-561-607-753
2017-6,494-435-508-521-439-423-568-759-638-606-463-478-656
2018-5,903-547-315-490-377-390-433-644-747-603-492-343-522
2019-5,260-323-389-409-103-368-385-622-579-671-373-509-529
2020-5,323-377-247-353-325-367-499-686-784-525-423-369-368
2021-5,112-424-425-236-197-416-376-685-670-434-427-377-445
2022-6,034-493-412-318-265-467-591-768-640-598-434-495-554
2023-2,953-611-448-538-313-483-560

Non-powered dams hydroelectric potential

[edit]
Non-powered dams map

There are over 80,000 non-powered dams (NPDs) in the United States that could add 12 GW of nameplate capacity or 45 terawatt hours (TWh) per year. The top 100 NPDs alone could add 8 GW, which could add 15% to hydroelectric generation of the 78 GW that was online in 2012. 81 of the top 100 NPDs are owned by the Army Corps of Engineers. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation owns NPDs that could generate 260 MW.[39][40]

Dam nameOwner nameCityCountyStateRiver nameYear completedEstimated head (feet)Flow (cfs)Generation (MWh)Estimated potential nameplate capacity (MW)
John T. Myers Locks and DamCorps of EngineersUniontownUnionKY / INOhio197518.0147,1341,661,216395.2
Newburgh Lock and DamCorps of EngineersScuffletownHendersonKY / INOhio197516.0133,5541,340,348318.9
Melvin Price Locks and DamCorps of EngineersAltonMadisonIL / MOMississippi199024.097,5081,467,886299.3
Coffeeville Lock and DamCorps of EngineersCoffeevilleClarkeALTombigbee196234.026,470564,511241.7
Demopolis Lock and DamCorps of EngineersDemopolisMarengoALTombigbee195540.022,113554,822237.6
Claiborne Lock and DamCorps of EngineersClaiborne LandingMonroeALAlabama196930.028,340533,297228.3
Red River Lock and Dam No. 3Corps of EngineersColfaxNatchitochesLARed199131.030,192587,080187.0
David D. Terry Lock and DamCorps of EngineersPine BluffPulaskiARArkansas196818.045,857517,745164.9
Joe Hardin Lock and DamCorps of EngineersGradyLincolnARArkansas196820.048,420607,436161.0
Colonel Charles D. Maynard Lock and DamCorps of EngineersRedfieldJeffersonARArkansas196817.045,970490,195156.1
Lock and Dam No. 25Corps of EngineersWinfieldLincolnMO / ILMississippi193915.076,764722,259147.3
Lock and Dam No. 24Corps of EngineersClarksvillePikeMO / ILMississippi194015.076,366718,512146.5
Toad Suck Lock and DamCorps of EngineersConwayFaulknerARArkansas196916.045,336454,988144.9
Russell B. Long Lock and DamCorps of EngineersGrand EcoreNatchitochesLARed199525.028,663449,465143.1
W. D. Mayo Lock and DamCorps of EngineersFort CoffeeLeFloreOKArkansas197021.032,145423,426134.9
Emmett Sanders Lock and DamCorps of EngineersPine BluffJeffersonARArkansas196814.046,007404,007128.7
Joe D. Waggonner Jr. Lock and DamCorps of EngineersSimmesportCatahoulaLARed198525.025,242395,825126.1
John Overton Lock and DamCorps of EngineersSimmesportRapidesLARed198724.031,322471,522125.0
Jonesville Lock and DamCorps of EngineersSimmesportCatahoulaLABlack197230.024,577462,472122.6
Millwood DamCorps of EngineersAshdownLittle RiverARLittle196674.06,818316,458100.8
Montgomery Locks and DamCorps of EngineersMonacaBeaverPAOhio193618.037,166419,62699.8
Mississippi River Lock and Dam No. 22Corps of EngineersSavertonRallsMO / ILMississippi193810.074,224465,57094.9

Other non-powered dams

[edit]

See also

[edit]

US renewables:

General:

International:

References

[edit]
  1. ↑ "Renewable Tuesday: US Wind Surpasses Hydro". Daily Kos.
  2. ↑ "Hydropower explained - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved October 24, 2020.
  3. ↑ "2021 Hydropower Status Report" (PDF). International Hydropower Association. June 10, 2021.
  4. ↑ US Energy Information Administration (January 2010) Electric Power Annual 2008, DOE/EIA-0348(2008), p.2-3, PDF file, downloaded 24 January 2010.
  5. ↑ US Energy Information Administration, “The Columbia River Basin provides more than 40% of total US hydroelectric generation”, Today in Energy, 27 June 2014.
  6. ↑ "Summary of Renewable Energy Installations - Current and Planned in California" (PDF). State of California Energy Commission. December 31, 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 31, 2015.
  7. ↑ Engr. W. E. Herring, U. S. Forest Service, Applications of Water Power. Included in the Preliminary Report of the Inland Waterways Commission, submitted to Congress by Theodore Roosevelt, February 26, 1908. "The application of great water powers to the industrial wants of distant cities is less than ten years old and is still in its infancy, yet in this short space of time stations supplying a large number of cities in the United States with a combined capacity of hundreds of thousands of horsepower have been installed. To reach these industrial centers the water power is electrically transmitted, and in many cases the distance is over 100 miles. This method of utilizing water power has been made possible only by long distance transmission. Fifteen years ago 10 miles was the limit to which electrical power could be transmitted, but at the present time 150 miles is very common and in one case a line of 200 miles is in use. This fact has been the greatest incentive to such water-power developments."
  8. ↑ Energy Timelines Hydropower, Department of Energy
  9. 1 2 3 History of Hydropower Archived 2010-01-26 at the Wayback Machine Wind and Water Power Program, Department of Energy
  10. ↑ Hydroelectric Power "The first commercial hydroelectric power station was built in 1882 on the Fox River in Appleton, Wisconsin, in order to provide 12.5 kilowatts of power to light two paper mills and a residence. Paper manufacturer H. F. Rogers developed the station after seeing Thomas Edison's plans for an electricity power station in New York."
  11. ↑ Swain, George F. (1888). "Statistics of Water Power Employed in Manufacturing in the United States". Publications of the American Statistical Association. 1 (1): 5–44. doi:10.2307/2276542. JSTOR 2276542.
  12. ↑ "Energy Dept. Report Finds Major Potential to Grow Clean, Sustainable U.S. Hydropower | Department of Energy".
  13. ↑ Severnini, Edson (2022). "The Power of Hydroelectric Dams: Historical Evidence from the United States over the 20th Century". The Economic Journal. doi:10.1093/ej/ueac059. ISSN 0013-0133.
  14. ↑ "U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis". www.eia.gov.
  15. 1 2 "Where hydropower is generated". US Energy Information Administration. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
  16. ↑ Bath County Pumped-storage Station, archived from the original on January 3, 2012, retrieved December 30, 2011
  17. ↑ Koronowski, Ryan (August 27, 2013). "The Inside Story Of The World's Biggest 'Battery' And The Future Of Renewable Energy". Think Progress. Archived from the original on June 11, 2019. Retrieved May 27, 2019.
  18. ↑ "Ludington Pumped Storage | Consumers Energy". Archived from the original on October 23, 2013. Retrieved December 31, 2011.
  19. 1 2 "Overview of energy storage methods". MORA Associates. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 15, 2010. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
  20. ↑ "NYPA Home". Archived from the original on November 17, 2006. Retrieved November 17, 2006.
  21. ↑ Rocky Mountain Hydroelectric Plant Archived 2012-02-25 at the Wayback Machine
  22. ↑ "Energy Plants & Facilities - Our Locations - Exelon". www.exeloncorp.com. Archived from the original on May 4, 2019. Retrieved May 4, 2019.
  23. ↑ "Tidal Energy Research | Power Supply | Snohomish County PUD". www.snopud.com. Archived from the original on June 6, 2017. Retrieved December 6, 2017.
  24. ↑ "Grand Coulee Dam - Hydroelectric Project Information | Columbia Basin Research". www.cbr.washington.edu. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  25. ↑ "Bath County Pumped Storage Station | Dominion Energy". www.dominionenergy.com. Archived from the original on July 30, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  26. ↑ "Chief Joseph Dam - Hydroelectric Project Information | Columbia Basin Research". www.cbr.washington.edu. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  27. ↑ "John Day Dam - Hydroelectric Project Information | Columbia Basin Research". www.cbr.washington.edu. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  28. ↑ Network, Michael McCluskey / Energy News (September 24, 2018). "Michigan utilities upgrade pumped storage plant ahead of renewable push". Energy News Network. Archived from the original on January 30, 2020. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  29. ↑ "Hoover Dam | Bureau of Reclamation". www.usbr.gov. Retrieved February 1, 2020.
  30. ↑ "The Dalles Dam - Hydroelectric Project Information | Columbia Basin Research". www.cbr.washington.edu. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
  31. ↑ "TVA - Raccoon Mountain". www.tva.gov. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
  32. ↑ "Los Angeles Department of Water and Power Energy Storage Development Plan: Description of Existing and Eligible Energy Storage System" (PDF). LADWP. September 2, 2014. pp. 7–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 13, 2020. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
  33. ↑ "U.S. hydropower capacity". Statista. February 2020. Retrieved March 9, 2021.
  34. ↑ "Electric Power Monthly". US Energy Information Administration.
  35. ↑ "Electric Power Annual". US Energy Information Administration. Archived from the original on June 6, 2018. Retrieved March 5, 2019.
  36. ↑ "EIA - Electricity Data". US Energy Information Administration. Archived from the original on June 6, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
  37. ↑ "U.S.: hydropower generation 2021". Statista.
  38. 1 2 "Electric Power Monthly" (PDF). Report. U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration. April 26, 2021.
  39. ↑ "Powering up America's Waterways".
  40. ↑ Hadjerioua, Boualem (April 2012). "An Assessment of Energy Potential at Non-Powered Dams in the United States" (PDF). p. 9.
[edit]
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