Based on the numbers of adherents, the Eastern Orthodox Church (also known as Eastern Orthodoxy) is the second largest Christian communion in the world, after the Roman Catholic Church, with the most common estimates of adherents being around 220 million.[1][2][3]
Eastern Orthodox Church is the third-largest religious community in the world, after Sunni Islam and the Catholic Church.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
Overview
editAs of 2024, Eastern Orthodoxy was the predominant religion in Russia (62%),[12] where roughly half the world's Eastern Orthodox Christians live. It is heavily concentrated in the rest of Eastern Europe, where it is the majority religion in Ukraine (65%[13]–77%),[14] Romania (73%),[15] Greece (90%),[16] Belarus (60%),[17] Serbia (81%),[18] Bulgaria (62%),[19] Moldova (94%),[20] Georgia (82%),[21] North Macedonia (46%),[22] Cyprus (74%)[23] and Montenegro (71%).[24]
Significant Orthodox minorities were present in several European countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina (31%),[25] Latvia (18%), Estonia (14%), Albania (7%),[26] Lithuania (4%), Croatia (4%), Slovenia (2%), and Finland (1.5%). In the post-Soviet states of Central Asia, Eastern Orthodoxy constitutes significant minority in Kazakhstan (17%),[27] Turkmenistan (6%),[28] Kyrgyzstan (3%),[29] Uzbekistan (2%),[30] and Azerbaijan (2%). In the Levant, the most significant Eastern Orthodox populations are in Lebanon (8%),[31] Syria (5–8% prior to the 2011 civil war) in Palestine (0.5%–2.5%)[32] and Jordan (over 1%).[citation needed]
The percentage of Christians in Turkey, home to an historically large and influential Eastern Orthodox community, fell from 19% in 1914 to 2.5% in 1927,[33] due to genocide,[34] demographic upheavals caused by the population exchange between Greece and Turkey,[35] and the emigration of Christians to foreign countries (mostly in Europe and the Americas).[36] In 2022, there was a large increase in the number of Eastern Orthodox Christians in Turkey to over 150,000 people; this included approximately 100,000 people escaping the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[37]
In 2021 and 2022, the Russian Orthodox Church opened more than 200 parishes throughout the continent of Africa, and had plans to build a cathedral in Johannesburg.[38]
Recent[when?] immigration and missionary activity have raised[citation needed] the numbers of Eastern Orthodox adherents in traditionally Catholic and Protestant countries, including Australia, Austria, Germany, Italy, Spain, Canada and Switzerland, where they comprise roughly 2% of the population in each.[citation needed]
Eastern Orthodox population by country
edit
There is no universal agreement on the number of members of the Eastern Orthodox Church in each country. Each study performed that seeks to discover the number of adherents in a country may use different criteria, and be submitted to different populations. As such, some numbers may be inflated, and therefore inaccurate. Examples of this are Greece and Russia, where estimates of adherence to Eastern Orthodoxy may reach 80–98%, but where surveys found lower percentages professing Eastern Orthodoxy or belief in God. The likely reason for this disparity is that many people in majority Eastern Orthodox countries will culturally identify with the Eastern Orthodox Church, especially if they were baptized as children, even if they are not currently practicing. This includes those who may be irreligious, yet culturally identify with the Eastern Orthodox Church, or for whom Eastern Orthodox Christianity is listed on official state records. Other cases of incongruent data also might be due to counting ethnic groups from Eastern Orthodox countries rather than actual adherents. For example, the Eastern Orthodox jurisdictions in the United States, which has large numbers of immigrants from Eastern Orthodox countries, have collectively reported a total of 2–3 million across the country.[citation needed]
However, a 2010 study by Alexei Krindatch sought data from each parish, with the specific criteria of annual participation, discovering that there were only about 817,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians actively practicing their faith (i.e., attending church services on a regular basis) in the United States. The study explained that such a difference was due to a variety of circumstances, for example the higher numbers having counted all people who self-identify as Eastern Orthodox on a census regardless of active participation, or all people belonging to ethnic groups originating in Eastern Orthodox countries. This study, while initially controversial, proved groundbreaking, and has since been officially approved for use by the Assembly of Canonical Orthodox Bishops of the United States of America.[citation needed][39]
| Country | Total population | % Eastern Orthodox | Eastern Orthodox total |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2,621,977 | 7.2% | 173,645[40] | |
| 3,018,854 | 0.2% | 7,587[41] | |
| 23,824,600 | 2.6% | 563,100[42] | |
| 8,773,000 | 6% | 500,000 | |
| 9,624,900 | 2.5% | 240,000 | |
| 9,349,645 | 60.1% | 5,619,106[43] | |
| 3,531,159 | 30.7% | 1,089,658[44] | |
| 210,147,125 | 0.06% | 135,000 | |
| 6,519,789 | 62.7% | 4,091,780[45] | |
| 36,991,981 | 1.7% | 623,005[46] | |
| 1,386,000,000 | 0.001% | 15,000 | |
| 3,871,833 | 3.3%[47] | 129,820 | |
| 923,281 | 74.5% | 688,075[48] | |
| 10,538,275 | 0.2% | 20,533 | |
| 105,000,000 | 0.3% | 350,000[49] | |
| 1,114,030 | 16.3% | 181,770[50] | |
| 67,150,000 | 1% | 500,000–700,000[51] | |
| 912,241 | 0.02% | 200+[52] | |
| 5,477,359 | 1.1%[53] | 70,000 | |
| 3,929,581 | 82% | 3,223,206[54] | |
| 79,652,360 | 1.3% | 1,050,740[55][56][57] | |
| 10,423,054 | 90% | 9,380,749[58] | |
| 107,317 | 0.1% | 100[59] | |
| 17,263,239 | 3% | 200,000–550,000 | |
| 9,010,050[25] | 0.6%[25] | 100,000 | |
| 60,795,612 | 3% | 1,800,000[60] | |
| 126,226,568 | 0.02% | 20,000[61] | |
| 9,531,712 | 2–4.5% | 150,000–350,000 | |
| 19,186,015 | 17.1% | 3,269,143[62] | |
| 51,413,925 | 0.01% | 6,000 | |
| 1,585,566 | 5% | 95,000[63] | |
| 6,636,800 | 2.8%[64] | 185,000 | |
| 1,842,226 | 14% | 258,000[65] | |
| 4,525,247 | 9% | 330,000 | |
| 2,966,954 | 4.2% | 125,189[66] | |
| 26,262,313 | 0.06% | 15,000[67] | |
| 121,736,809 | 0.01% | 15,000 | |
| 2,409,207 | 94.3% | 2,271,205[68] | |
| 623,633 | 71.1% | 443,394[24] | |
| 4,599,327 | 0.3% | 13,883[69] | |
| 1,836,713 | 46.1% | 847,390[70] | |
| 5,328,212 | 0.4% | 21,993[71] | |
| 4,550,368 | 2.5%[32] | 100,000 | |
| 109,035,343[72] | 0.002% | 2,500[73] | |
| 38,386,000 | 1.4% | 504,400[74] | |
| 19,053,815 | 73.4% | 14,044,790[15] | |
| 145,500,000 | 61.8%[12][76]–72%[77][78] | 101,450,000[78]–104,000,000[79][80] | |
| 6,647,003 | 81.1% | 5,387,426[81] | |
| 5,397,036 | 0.9% | 49,133[82] | |
| 2,055,496 | 2.2% | 45,000 | |
| 46,464,053 | 3.1% | 1,500,000 | |
| 9,775,572 | 1.5% | 145,279[83] | |
| 8,211,700 | 1.7% | 140,000[84] | |
| 22,457,336 | 3.1% | 700,000 | |
| 8,208,000 | 0.5% | 45,000 | |
| 505,153 | 91%[85] | 460,000 | |
| 84,277,439 | 0.02% | 16,000[86] | |
| 7,057,841 | 6.4%[87] | 450,000 | |
| 40,000,000 | 65.4–76.6%[14] | 27,802,000[13]–34,850,000[14] | |
| 341,784,857 | 1% | 2,600,000[88] | |
| 67,886,011 | 0.7% | 475,000 | |
| 39,047,321 | 2.1% | 822,000[89] | |
| TOTAL | 3,331,625,296 | 4%[90] | ~220,000,000[6] |
| a Unreliable census data. |
Eastern Orthodox Church by jurisdiction
editAutocephalous Eastern Orthodox Churches
editThe Eastern Orthodox Church is organized as a union of several autocephalous subdivisions, which are also called "Churches" (or, sometimes, "jurisdictions"). Some are associated with a specific country, while others are not. This table presents some known data regarding individual jurisdictions. "NA" means that data is not available.
| Jurisdiction | Bishops | Priests | Monastics | Monasteries | Parishes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Constantinople | 125 | NA | 1,800[Note 1] | 142 | 648 |
| Alexandria | 41 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Antioch | 36 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Jerusalem | 20 | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Russia | 217 | 30,675 | NA | 807 | 30,142 |
| Serbia | 47 | 2,863[91] | 1,461[92] | 204[93] | 3,100 |
| Romania | 53 | 15,068 | 7,605 | 359 | 15,717 |
| Bulgaria | 15 | 1,500 | NA | 120 | 2,600 |
| Georgia | 37 | 730 | NA | NA | 600 |
| Cyprus | 16 | NA | NA | 67 | NA |
| Greece | 101 | 10,000 | 3,541[94] | 646[94] | 9,146[95] |
| Poland | 12 | NA | NA | NA | 400 |
| Albania | 6 | 135 | NA | 150 | 909 |
| Czech Lands & Slovakia | 6 | NA | NA | NA | 172 |
| Orthodox Church in America | 50 | 2700 | NA | 100 | 1200 |
| Ukraine | 62 | 4,500 | NA | 71 | 7,000[96][97] |
| North Macedonia | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Total | 743 | 54,382 | 12,946 | 2,256 | 61,939 |
Notes
edit- ↑ Including Mount Athos
References
edit- ↑ Zurlo, Gina (6 September 2022). Global Christianity: A Guide to the World’s Largest Religion from Afghanistan to Zimbabwe. Zondervan Academic. p. 5. ISBN 978-0-310-11363-8.
- ↑ Sahgal, Neha; Gardner, Scott; Simmons, Katie (8 November 2017). "Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century". Pew Research Center.
Over the last century, the Orthodox Christian population around the world has more than doubled and now stands at nearly 260 million…Oriental Orthodoxy has separate self-governing jurisdictions in Ethiopia, Egypt, Eritrea, India, Armenia and Syria, and it accounts for roughly 20% of the worldwide Orthodox population. Eastern Orthodoxy is split into 15 jurisdictions heavily centered in Central and Eastern Europe, accounting for the remaining 80% of Orthodox Christians.
- ↑ Brien, Joanne O.; Palmer, Martin (7 May 2007). The Atlas of Religion. Univ of California Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-520-24917-2.
- ↑ Major Branches of Religions
- ↑ Fairchild, Mary (17 March 2017). "Eastern Orthodox Denomination". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2018.
- 1 2 Brien, Joanne O.; Palmer, Martin (2007). The Atlas of Religion. Univ of California Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-520-24917-2.
There are over 220 million Orthodox Christians worldwide.
- ↑ "BBC - Religions - Christianity: Eastern Orthodox Church". BBC.
- ↑ Mitchell, Travis (2017-11-08). "Orthodox Christianity's geographic center remains in Central and Eastern Europe". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2025-09-19.
- ↑ Riccardi-Swartz, Sarah (2023). "Orthodox Christianity in the United States: A challenge for the study of American religion". Religion Compass. 17 (5–6) e12461. doi:10.1111/rec3.12461. ISSN 1749-8171.
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{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ "Turkmenistan". United States Department of State. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
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- ↑ "Uzbekistan". United States Department of State. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
- ↑ Lebanon - International Religious Freedom Report 2010 U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 14 February 2010.
- 1 2 The World Factbook
- ↑ İçduygu, Ahmet; Toktaş, Şule; Ali Soner, B. (1 February 2008). "The politics of population in a nation-building process: emigration of non-Muslims from Turkey". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 31 (2): 358–389. doi:10.1080/01419870701491937. hdl:11729/308. S2CID 143541451.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Schaller, Dominik J; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies - Introduction". Journal of Genocide Research. 10 (1): 7–14. doi:10.1080/14623520801950820. S2CID 71515470.
- ↑ Chapter The refugees question in Greece (1821-1930) in "Θέματα Νεοελληνικής Ιστορίας", ΟΕΔΒ ("Topics from Modern Greek History"). 8th edition. Nikolaos Andriotis. 2008.
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- ↑ "Преброяване 2021: Етнокултурна характеристика на населението" [2021 Census: Ethnocultural characteristics of the population] (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2022.
- ↑ "Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts". 26 October 2022. Retrieved 9 August 2026.
- ↑ "Share of Croats in Croatia increases as census results published". 22 September 2022. Archived from the original on 2023-04-24. Retrieved 2022-09-25.
- ↑ "Population Enumerated by Religion, Sex and Citizenship Group, 1.10.2021". Retrieved 5 December 2024.
- ↑ "Egypt Religions & Peoples". Encyclopedia. LookLex. September 30, 2008. Archived from the original on 2011-02-01.
- ↑ "RL21451: AT LEAST 15-YEAR-OLD PERSONS BY RELIGION, SEX AND PLACE OF RESIDENCE (SETTLEMENT REGION), 31 DECEMBER 2021". Statistical database of Estonia. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
- ↑ "France currently home to 500-700,000 Orthodox Christians and growing".
- ↑ "Επίσκεψη στην Ορθόδοξη Ιεραποστολή στα νησιά Φίτζι (ΦΩΤΟΡΕΠΟΡΤΑΖ)". 29 September 2018.
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- ↑ "Demographic and Social Characteristics". National Statistics Office of Georgia. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
- ↑ Cite error: The named reference
2011zensuswas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ↑ "Pressekonferenz "Zensus 2011 – Fakten zur Bevölkerung in Deutschland"" (PDF). DESTATIS. 2013-05-31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-15. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
- ↑ "ZENSUS2011 – Übersicht Fragebogen". www.zensus2011.de. Retrieved 2019-09-05.
- ↑ "Religious affiliation in central and eastern Europe". 10 May 2017.
- ↑ "St. George's: Orthodox Community in Grenada to open New Mission Parish".
- ↑ "Dimensioni del pluralismo religioso in Italia | Le Religioni in Italia". cesnur.com. Retrieved 2026-10-08.
- ↑ "Religions in Japan | PEW-GRF". Global Religious Futures Project. Archived from the original on 2022-02-08. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
- ↑ "Қысқаша қорытындылар" [Brief conclusions] (in kh). Archived from the original on 2022-09-02.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - ↑ "Statistics, lies and confusion in Kosovo" (PDF). esiweb.org. European Stability Initiative. 19 February 2024.
- ↑ "Kyrgyzstan". United States Department of State. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
- ↑ "Latvia". United States Department of State. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
- ↑ Department of Statistics to the Government of the Republic of Lithuania. "Ethnicity, mother tongue and religion". Archived from the original on 2014-10-08.. 2013-03-15.
- ↑ "Нищета и надежда православного Мадагаскара".
- ↑ "Rezultatele finale ale Recensământului populației și locuințelor 2024: caracteristici etnoculturale ale populației". Biroul Național de Statistică al Republicii Moldova (in Romanian). Retrieved 11 June 2026.
- ↑ Table 28, 2013 Census Data - QuickStats About Culture and Identity - Tables.
- ↑ "Попис на населението, домаќинствата и становите во Република Северна Македонија, 2021 - прв сет на податоци" (in Macedonian). Archived from the original on 30 March 2022.
- ↑ "First Romanian Orthodox church in Norway consecrated".
- ↑ "Population and Housing | Philippine Statistics Authority | Republic of the Philippines". psa.gov.ph. Retrieved 2024-02-18.
- ↑ Richters, Katja (2021-03-09). "A Rational Choice? Explaining the Growth of the Russian Orthodox Church in the Philippines". International Journal of Asian Christianity. 4 (1): 72–93. doi:10.1163/25424246-04010005. ISSN 2542-4246.
- ↑ Główny Urząd Statystyczny, Mały Rocznik Statystyczny Polski 2016, Warszawa 2017, tab. 18(80), s. 115
- ↑ There is no official census of religion in Russia, and estimates are based on surveys only. In August 2012, ARENA determined that about 46.8% of Russians are Christians (including Orthodox, Catholic, Protestant, and non-denominational), which is slightly less than an absolute 50%+ majority. However, later that year the Levada Center Archived 2012-12-31 at the Wayback Machine determined that 76% of Russians are Christians, and in June 2013 the Public Opinion Foundation website, How many Russians believe in God, go to church and pray their prayers? determined that 65% of Russians are Christians. These findings are in line with Pew's 2010 survey, which determined that 73.6% of Russians are Christians, with VTSIOM's 2010 survey (~77% Christian), and with Ipsos MORI Archived 2013-01-17 at the Wayback Machine's 2011 survey (69%).
- ↑ "Русская православная церковь" (in Russian). Фонд Общественное Мнение, ФОМ (Public Opinion Foundation). 2 May 2024. Archived from the original on 3 May 2024. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ↑ VTSIOM
- 1 2 Public Opinion Foundation website, How many Russians believe in God, go to church and pray their prayers?
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- ↑ "How Putin Uses Russian Orthodoxy to Grow His Empire". Archived from the original on November 3, 2019.
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- ↑ "Ständige Wohnbevölkerung ab 15 Jahren nach Religions- / Konfessionszugehörigkeit, 2011-2013". bfs.admin.ch (Statistics) (in German). Neuchâtel: Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 2015. Archived from the original (XLS) on 29 May 2015. Retrieved 29 May 2015.
- ↑ "World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Transnistria (unrecognised state): Overview". Refworld. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Archived from the original on 16 October 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
- ↑ "Rum Orthodox Christians". minorityrights.org. 5 February 2005. Archived from the original on 16 January 2015.
- ↑ "Turkmenistan". United States Department of State. Retrieved 30 September 2026.
- ↑ "Orthodox Christians | Religious Landscape Study (RLS)". Pew Research Center. Retrieved 2026-01-21.
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- 1 2 "CNEWA - Church of Greece". Archived from the original on 2009-08-02. Retrieved 2013-07-03.
- ↑ Apostolos Lakasas (6 January 2017). "Greece's many places of worship". www.ekathimerini.com. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
- ↑ "Epifaniy: Orthodox Church of Ukraine counts nearly 7,000 parishes and is open to other communities". risu.org.ua.
- ↑ (in Ukrainian) In the CPC, the number of parishes and commented on the seizure of temples, Ukrayinska Pravda (21 December 2018)