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Aelius Donatus

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Aelius Donatus (English: /doʊˈneɪtəs/; fl. mid-fourth century AD) was a Roman grammarian and teacher of rhetoric, whose works on Latin grammar were very widely used in the teaching of Latin during the Middle Ages.[1] His Ars minor was the standard elementary introduction to grammar during that period.[2]

Biography

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He is known to have once taught Jerome,[3] an early Christian Church father who is most known for his translation of the Bible into Latin, known as the Latin Vulgate. Newer revisions of the Vulgate are still in common use by the Catholic Church.

While Aelius Donatus authored both commentaries and a biography of Virgil, he should not be confused with Tiberius Claudius Donatus, also the author of a commentary (Interpretationes) on the Aeneid, who lived about 50 years later.[1]

Works

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Grammar

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He was the author of a number of professional works, of which several are extant:

  • Grammatical works (sometimes) referred to together as Ars grammatica:
    • Ars maior, with the full title Donati Grammatici Urbis Romae Ars Grammatica – A treatise on Latin grammar.
    • Ars minor, also known as Donati De Partibus Orationis Ars Minor – A treatise on the Latin parts of speech.[1]

While these concise works were not very original, they were extremely popular as school books in the introductory teaching of Latin during the Middle Ages. They were also printed in very large quantities after the introduction of the printing press.[1] Ars minor in particular has been described as 'the leading grammar textbook' and 'by far the most commonly used grammar' between 400 AD and 1500. Ars maior was not as dominant in its niche as Ars minor, because it was rivalled by Priscian's Institutes of Grammar. Ars maior discusses letters, syllables, metrical feet, punctuation and the parts of speech. It then continues with the subjects of faults and perfections in language, poetic licence and figures of rhetoric. It uses many citations, especially from Virgil.[2]

Donatus was a proponent of an early system of punctuation, consisting of dots placed in three successively higher positions to indicate successively longer pauses, roughly equivalent to the modern comma, colon, and full stop. This system remained current through the seventh century, when a more refined system created by Isidore of Seville gained prominence.[4]

Commentaries

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  • Commentvm Terenti, Publii Terentii Comoediae Sex with preface de tragoedia et comoedia (Commentary on Terence, Six Comedies of Terence with the preface About Tragedies and Comedies) – A commentary on the playwright Terence and all six of his plays, probably compiled from other commentaries. The preface is a commentary on the "proper" structures of Tragedies and Comedies by Donatus titled, "About Comedies and Tragedies." It has never been translated to English as parts are missing from the original manuscript. It has partially been translated to German. In "About Comedy and Tragedy" in his Commentary on Terence, Donatus was the first person known to document the system whereby a play is made up of three separate parts: protasis, epitasis, and catastrophe.[5][6]
  • Explicatio in Ciceronis De inventione (An Explanation of the Cicero's De Inventione)
  • Vita Vergili (Life of Virgil) is thought to be based on a lost Vita by Suetonius, together with the preface and introduction of his commentary on Virgil's works. A greatly expanded version of Servius's commentary exists, however, which is supplemented with frequent and extensive extracts from what is thought to be Donatus's commentary on Virgil.
    • Since the book is supposedly based on a Vita by Suetonius, it is also often titled Vita Suetonii vulgo Donatiana ["The Life [of Virgil], [actually] by Suetonius, [but] commonly called 'by Donatus'"],[7] or Vita Suetoniana-Donatiana.[8]

Donatus auctus

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During the Renaissance, Donatus's Vita Vergili is often collected in anthologies of ancient literature. The humanists had interpolated other materials into the Vita Vergili to add details and fill in gaps, and these interpolations are collectively called Donatus auctus ["the augmented Donatus"]. Donatus auctus was added some time around 1426–37, between the first and second redactions of the De scriptoribus illustribus latinae linguae ["On Famous Writers of the Latin Language"] of Sicco Polenton, and it became the standard account of Virgil's life up until the 18th century.[9]

The text and translation is found in Ziolkowski and Putnam (2008: II.A.37, 345–69), with italics for the Donatus auctus and non-italics for Vita Vergili.

See [10][11] for an evolutionary tree for all the versions of Vita Vergili.

This Vita depicted Vergil as a wise scholar and expert in science, while disregarding the anecdotes portraying Vergil as a magician, which were added during the medieval period in other Vitae.[8]

Donatus auctus contains one oft-quoted poem "sic vos non vobis", which was recorded in Codex Salmasianus. See section 251, 252 in I.1 of Latin Anthology (B. G. Teubner, 1982).[12] The version recorded in Codex Salmasianus contained just two lines; it was expanded into 5 lines in Donatus auctus.

References

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  1. 1 2 3 4 Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Donatus, Aelius" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 411.
  2. 1 2 W.J. Chase, The Ars minor of Donatus : for one thousand years the leading textbook of grammar, 1926, P.4-5
  3. ↑ Metzger, Bruce Manning (2001). The Bible in translation: ancient and English versions. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic. p. 32. ISBN 978-0801022821.
  4. ↑ M. B. Parkes, Pause and effect: punctuation in the west, 1993, ISBN 0-520-07941-8.
  5. ↑ "intro". www.philological.bham.ac.uk.
  6. ↑ "Donatus, Aelius, 4th cent".
  7. ↑ "Vita Suetonii vulgo Donatiana - Living Poets". livingpoets.dur.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  8. 1 2 Stok, Fabio (1994-09-01). "Virgil between the middle ages and the Renaissance". International Journal of the Classical Tradition. 1 (2): 15–22. doi:10.1007/BF02678991. ISSN 1874-6292.
  9. ↑ F. Stok, Prolegomeni a una nuova edizione della Vita Vergilii di Suetonio-Donato, Supplemento al Bollettino dei classici 11 [Rome, 1991], 196–200
  10. ↑ Hardie, Colin (1966). Vitae Vergilianae antiquae. Oxonium: Typographeus Clarendonianus. p. 27.
  11. ↑ Upson, Hollis Ritchie (April 1943). "Medieval Lives of Virgil". Classical Philology. 38 (2): 103–111. doi:10.1086/362697. ISSN 0009-837X.
  12. ↑ "Carmina Codicis Parisini 10318 Olim Salmasiani", Anthologia Latina (in Latin), B. G. Teubner, 2017-06-26, pp. 28–302, doi:10.1515/9783110966527-006, ISBN 978-3-11-096652-7, retrieved 2023-07-01

Editions

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Further reading

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  • Daintree, David. 1990. "The Virgil Commentary of Aelius Donatus: Black Hole or 'Éminence Grise'?" Greece & Rome 37.1: 65–79.
  • Demetriou, Chrysanthi. 2014. "Aelius Donatus and His Commentary on Terence’s Comedies." In The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Comedy. Edited by Michael Fontaine and Adele C. Scafuro, 782–799. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Dutsch, Dorota M. 2008. Feminine Discourse in Roman Comedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Farrell, Joseph. 2016. "Ancient Commentaries on Theocritus’ Idylls and Virgil's Eclogues." In Classical Commentaries: Explorations in a Scholarly Genre. Edited by Christina F. Kraus and Christopher Stray, 397–418. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Ferri, Rolando. 2016. "An Ancient Grammarian's View of How the Spoken Language Works: Pragmalinguistic Observations in Donatus' Commentum Terentii." In The Latin of the Grammarians: Reflections about Language in the Roman World. Edited by Rolando Ferri and Anna Zago. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers.
  • Gallo, Daniela (2023). Ars Riuipullensis. Commentum anonymum in Artem Donati. Firenze: Sismel Edizioni del Galluzzo. ISBN 9788892902275.
  • Jakobi, Rainer (1996). Die Kunst der Exegese im Terenzkommentar des Donat [The art of exegesis in Donat's commentary on Terence]. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-014458-1.
  • Kragelund, Patrick. 2012. "Evidence for Performances of Republican Comedy in Fourth-century Rome." Classical Quarterly 62.1: 415–422.
  • Maltby, Robert. 2003. "The Role of Etymologies in Servius and Donatus." In Etymologia: Studies in Ancient Etymology. Proceedings of the Cambridge Conference on Ancient Etymology, 25–27 September 2000. Edited by Christos Nifadopoulos, 103–118. Münster: Nodus.
  • McGill, Scott. 2014. "The Plagiarized Virgil in Donatus, Servius, and the Anthologia Latina." Harvard Studies in Classical Philology 107: 365–383.
  • Murgia, Charles E. 2004. "The Truth about Vergil's Commentators." In Romane Memento: Vergil in the Fourth Century. Edited by Roger Rees, 189–200. London: Duckworth.
  • Stok, F. 2012. "Commenting on Virgil, from Aelius Donatus to Servius." Dead Sea Discoveries 19.3: 464–484.
  • Ziolkowski, Jan M., and Michael CJ Putnam, eds. The Virgilian tradition: the first fifteen hundred years. Yale University Press, 2017.

See also

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Notes

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