Commons:独創性の水準
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独創性の水準とは、特定の作品やその一部が著作権で保護されるかどうかを評価するために使用される著作権法における概念です。これは著作権によって保護されるべき十分な独創性のある作品と、そうでない作品を区別するために使用されます。ここでいう「独創性」とは、「過去に発生したことも存在したこともない」(特許で保護するに値する新しいもの)というよりも、(その著作者の個性を何らかの形で反映する限りにおいて)「考案者/著作者としての誰かに由来すること」を指します。
原則として、著作権は作品全体に適用されます。著作物が著作権保護を受けるほど複雑な部分を含む場合、その作品全体が著作権保護の対象とみなされます。「デ・ミニミス」を作品の些細ではない部分に適用して作品をコモンズにアップロードすることはできません。
このページの残りの部分では、裁判所または同様の期間によって著作権保護の対象外と判断された画像について説明します。特定の画像が独創性の水準を超えているかどうかを判断することは通常、司法判断なしには不可能です。しかし予防原則により、著作権で保護されていないことに重大な疑いがある場合、その画像は削除されるべきです。
詳細についてはWikipediaの独創性の水準をご覧ください。

各国における水準の度合い
- [This illustration is not explained enough. You may edit the page to make it clearer.]
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アメリカ合衆国
情報がありません
大陸法国家
大陸法を使用する国々では通常、比較的高い知的創造性が要求されるため、典型的な署名や単純なロゴは著作権保護の対象から除外されます。しかしこれはすべての国に当てはまるわけではありません。例えば、オーストラリアと中国は、独創性の水準が比較的低いことで知られていますが、フィリピンではいくつかのシンプルなロゴが同国の知的財産帳から著作権登録を受けています。
"どの国でもいいので、もしあなたがこの問題に関する具体的な判例または法的助言を知っている場合は、Commons:各国の著作権ルールに国ごとのサブページを追加し、"独創性の水準"の項目を追加してください。
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アフガニスタン
情報がありません
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オーストリア
情報がありません
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ブラジル
情報がありません
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チェコ共和国
情報がありません
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チリ
情報がありません
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中国
情報がありません
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デンマーク
情報がありません
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フィンランド
情報がありません
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フランス
情報がありません
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ドイツ
情報がありません
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ギリシャ
情報がありません
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ハンガリー
◯
- stylized text with a common stylized globe icon (does not show the actual image).[1]
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インドネシア
情報がありません
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イラン
情報がありません
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イタリア
Hogan Lovells states "In summary, the threshold for an industrial design product to enjoy copyright protection is still quite high and even famous industrial design products have been denied such protection by Italian Courts."[3]
This likely applies to logos too. These files have been kept as simple logos:
However, the logo of AC Parma was deleted as being a complex logo.[4] Another Parma logo has been deleted but then restored.
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日本
アップロードについて以下のギャラリーにまとめたロゴ類は◯ です。
日本の著作権法第2条は、著作権保護に値する著作物とは「思想又は感情を創作的に表現したものであつて、文芸、学術、美術又は音楽の範囲に属するもの」と定義しています。[5]
日本の裁判所は、著作権保護のために、テキストロゴは芸術的に受け止められるだけの芸術的見かけが必要だと判示している。幾何学的形状と文字だけから構成されるロゴも一般に著作権の対象にならない。
| (削除依頼) 東京高裁判決: 文字は情報伝達という実用的機能を有する万人共有の文化的財産である。書体に著作物性を認めるのは、「美術」の著作物と同視し得るような美的創作性を感得できる場合に限られる。[6] | |
| (削除依頼) 東京高裁判決: 文字の形は模様化されていても読むための普通の配列方法で配列されており、そのように読み取らせる機能を失っていない。[7] | |
| 東京地裁判決: このシンボルは比較的簡単な図案模様にすぎないと認められるため、これを美術の著作物として肯定することには消極的である。[8] |
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リビア
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ルクセンブルク
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メキシコ
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オランダ
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ノルウェー王国
- Not protected
- Two-minute theatre play.[10]
- Protected
- A specific chair design (Tripp Trapp)
- The logo for the TV series Jul i Blåfjell.[11][12]
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ペルー
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フィリピン
- ◯ for most utility models and industrial design works (as long as these do not feature artistic design and value).
Unsure, assume
in the case of logos.
With respect to the logos, the Philippine threshold of originality might be relatively low, for now. The Philippine Intellectual Property Office had accepted copyright registrations of some logos that might be simple under the the American jurisprudence or the US Copyright Office standards. It is possible that the sweat of the brow concept applies. Here are the examples (title of the work – CCR number – issuance date – copyright holder, as obtained from the copyright registry of of the Philippines):
- Christian Society for the Deaf (CSD) Logo – G-2019-00101 – 29 January 2019 – Iglesia ni Cristo
- Photo Sikwate Logo – 2022-00957-G – 11 April 2022 – Roel S. Villaruel
The Intellectual Property Code states that the "literary and artistic works are original intellectual creations in the literary and artistic domain protected from the moment of their creation" and are protected "irrespective of their mode or form of expression, as well as of their content, quality and purpose."[8293/2015 Chapter VIII Section 172(1 and 2, portions)] Nevertheless, one doctrinal passage used in Philippine Bar Exam questions endorses an old US threshold of originality standard before the US courts significantly raised the bar of that standard after 1990:
- There will still be originality sufficient to warrant copyright protection if "the author, through his skill and effort, has contributed a distinguishable variation from the older works." In such a case, of course, only those parts which are new are protected by the new copyright.
Philippine courts have also made rulings on other aspects of the originality matter:
- G.R. No. 161295, Ching v. Salinas (2005): No copyright protection for utility models that have "no artistic design or value," even if having secured copyright registration. These cannot be classified as applied arts. In this case, it was an automotive bushing that the Supreme Court described as "comprising a generally cylindrical body having a co-axial bore that is centrally located and provided with a perpendicular flange on one of its ends and a cylindrical metal jacket surrounding the peripheral walls of said body, with the bushing made of plastic that is either polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene." In the context of useful articles, the court emphasized "the focus of copyright is the usefulness of the artistic design, and not its marketability." It added, "the central inquiry is whether the article is a work of art."[13]
- G.R. No. 195835, Olaño, et al. v. Lim (2016): "A hatch door, by its nature is an object of utility. It is defined as a small door, small gate or an opening that resembles a window equipped with an escape for use in case of fire or emergency. It is thus by nature, functional and utilitarian serving as egress access during emergency. It is not primarily an artistic creation but rather an object of utility designed to have aesthetic appeal. It is intrinsically a useful article, which, as a whole, is not eligible for copyright." The hatch doors made by LEC Steel Manufacturing Corporation had "no design elements that are physically and conceptually separable, independent and distinguishable from the hatch door itself." The court also found the panel of the door was "a mere reproduction of an already existing design."[14]
Until such time when either a definitive court casefile establishes the concrete threshold of originality on logos or the copyright office releases a strict compendium similar to Chapter 300 of the Compendium of U.S. Copyright Office Practices, the precautionary principle applies.
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ポーランド
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ポルトガル
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ロシア
情報がありません
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セネガル
Works of the mind may enjoy protection only if they are original. "Originality" means the work bears the stamp of the author's personality.[2008-09 Article 7]
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スロベニア
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大韓民国
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スペイン王国
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スウェーデン
"A simple general rule is that if it is unlikely that two persons would create, for example, a text identically or similarly, the text is probably sufficiently original to qualify as a protected work. (..) Often, the requirements for copyright protection are considered to be relatively low."[15] From the court cases below it can be concluded that the threshold of originality in Sweden is significantly higher then the ditto in the United Kingdom even though it might be considered low compared to the one in the United States.
| Status | Example | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| ◯ | The text itself can't be considered to fulfill the general threshold of originality considered for copyright protection. This same interpretation is made whether one sees it as Roman numerals or Latin letters. The logo itself does have some figurative design. The font must however, despite some inconsistancies along the edges, be considered as ordinary and the black rectangle in the background does not contribute to any distinctive character. – Patent- och registreringsverket (Swedish Intellectual Property Office) Invändningsärende nr 2017/00120/01, Registrering nr 540495 | |
| ◯ | The logo consists of an a and a 6. The round part of each character is not closed, however the characters are, besides that, made in a fairly ordinary font without any distinctive character. Between the characters is a simple, sun-feather resembelling, figure with a pointy tip which goes down between the characters. Above this figure there are four points, two to the left and two to the right. The logo is way too simple to be granted such copyright protection which can constitute an impediment for others' trademark registration. – Patent- och registreringsverket (Swedish Intellectual Property Office) Invändningsärende nr 2005/0006/0001, Registrering nr 369154.
This ruling was appealed to Patentbesvärsrätten (Patent court of appeals) which settled the original ruling (Mål nr 06-304, vm.reg. 369.154), albeit with one member of the court with a dissenting opinion. Unfortunately, they did not elaborate as to why they settled the original ruling. | |
| ◯ | Technical drawing. According to decision by the Swedish Supreme Court.NJA 2004 s. 149 | |
| https://shop.textalk.se/shop/4541/files/entombed/ENT_logo_web.png | The logo has been created using a Gothic font in a way which is frequently used among bands in the genre in question [death metal]. The logotype can thus not be considered to fulfill the demands of originality and distinctive character needed for copyright protection. – Patent- och registreringsverket (Swedish Intellectual Property Office) Invändningsärende 2013/0133/0001, Registrering nr 514059.
According to the court, after a comprehensive assessment, the wordmark shows such level of indivudual, distinctive character that it must be considered to possess copyright protection. The court especially values the font of choice, the individual design of the first and last letter and the fact that the first and last letter has been written in caps. – Patent- och marknadsdomstolen (Patent and Market Court) PMÄ 10796-16 This ruling was appealed to Patent- och marknadsöverdomstolen (Patent and Market Court of Appeals) which settled the previous ruling (Mål nr PMÖÄ 5441-17). Unfortunately, they did not elaborate as to why they settled the previous ruling. | |
| A black-and-white version of fr:File:Dunderklumpen Logo.png | Ruled above the TOO by Patent- och registreringsverket (Swedish Intellectual Property Office) (Varumärkesansökan nr 2014/00870), another part of the same ruling was appealed to the Patent- och marknadsdomstolen (Patent and Market Court) which settled the original ruling (Mål nr PMÄ 10748-16). Neither instance elaborated further as why the logo was ruled above the TOO but one can speculate that it was because it was a very obvious case. | |
| Michelin man lamp | Ruled above the TOO by Patent- och registreringsverket (Swedish Intellectual Property Office) (Varumärkesansökan nr 2015/03538). The office did not elaborate further as why the logo was ruled above the TOO but one can speculate that it was because it was a very obvious case. | |
| Mini Maglite torch (Mål: T 1421-07, Högsta domstolen) | ||
| Porcelain [1] | "Sundborn", made by Rörstrand | |
| Photo illustrating a newspaper article | RH 2009:18 (removed from the website in 2004 because of copyright infringement, protected as a photographic work for 70 years after author's death) | |
| Knitted tunic | (NJA 1995 s. 164) | |
| Technical drawings | (NJA 1998 s. 563) |
Pre-positioned recording devices
Not OK Security cameras, webcams, camera traps and other pre-positioned recording devices are considered copyrighted because Sweden provides a limited term partial copyright protection for works without any human individuality or creative input 50 years from creation.
The relevant text is:
49 a § Den som har framställt en fotografisk bild har uteslutande rätt att framställa exemplar av bilden och göra den tillgänglig för allmänheten. Rätten gäller oavsett om bilden används i ursprungligt eller ändrat skick och oavsett vilken teknik som utnyttjas. Rätten gäller dock inte om det huvudsakliga motivet för bilden utgörs av ett konstverk för vilket upphovsrätt inte längre gäller.
Translation:
49 a § The one who has produced a photographic image has the exclusive right to produce copies of the image and make it available to the public. The right applies regardless of whether the image is used in original or changed condition and regardless of which technology is used. However, the right does not apply if the main subject of the picture is an artistic work which is no longer protected by copyright.
- See also: Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Rickard Andersson and Commons:Deletion requests/Files in Category:Trollhättan school attack
- Note: These can be uploaded locally to English Wikipedia. See: Category:CCTV footage in Sweden
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スイス
Swiss copyright law defines works as "literary and artistic intellectual creations with individual character, irrespective of their value or purpose".[16] Such works are protected by copyright: "Up to 70 years after the death of the author (50 years for computer programs); 50 years from the taking of a photograph without individual character; 70 years from the performance/publication of a phonogram or audio-visual fixation; 50 years from the transmission of a broadcast."[17] This section discusses some types of subject matter.
Photographs: Photographs may be protected as works on the basis of their individual character (individual photographs). Some photographs that lack individual character may also enjoy protection (non-individual photographs).
- Individual photographs: The individual character may manifest itself in a variety of ways, such as the choice of the depicted object, the decision on when the picture is taken, or the editing work done after the picture has been taken.[18] In a 2003 decision, the Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland held that a photo of Bob Marley taken at a concert by a spectator with a handheld camera was eligible for protection as a photographic work because it had the required individual character by virtue of the aesthetic appeal of the picture, combined with the orientation of the picture's components and the distribution of light and shadow. It also found that the photograph was a "creation of the mind" by being shot at a specific time during the singer's movement on the stage.[19] By contrast, in the 2004 case Blau Guggenheim v. British Broadcasting Corporation, the Court found that a photo (en:File:Christoph Meili 1997-nonfree.jpg), shot by a reporter to document Christoph Meili with the files he had taken from his employer, lacked individual character. It found that the scope of conceptual and technical possibilities was not exploited, and that the photograph did not distinguish itself in any way from what was common use.[20] The copyright in an individual photograph lasts for 70 years from the end of the calendar year in which the author died.[21]
- Non-individual photographs: Effective 1 April 2020, Swiss law also protects certain non-individual photographs. Article 2(3bis) URG provides that "photographic depictions and depictions of three-dimensional objects produced by a process similar to that of photography are considered works, even if they do not have individual character". While no individuality is required, according to the official motives accompanying the (eventually adopted) revision draft, these photographs are still required to be "based on human actions", and thus "automatically created photographs such as radar pictures, pictures from surveillance cameras or camera traps" are ineligible for protection.[22] It should be noted that the new right also applies to photographs created before 1 April 2020 that had previously not been protected for failing the individuality test; however, if a particular use of a non-individual photograph was "begun prior to the commencement" of the new law, it "may be completed".[23] According to the official motives, this has the effect that "if non-individual photographs are used on a web page, the web page may be maintained after the entry into force of the protection of non-individual photographs. If, on the other hand, such photographs are included into an existing or a new web page after the entry into force of this protection, permission is required from the owner of the rights in the non-individual photographs."[24] The copyright in a non-individual photograph lasts for 50 years from the end of the calendar year in which the photo was taken.[25]
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中華民国
情報がありません
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トルコ
情報がありません
判例法国家
判例法国家では通常、著作権による保護を受けることができる独創性の最低レベルを決定するために、「技術と労働力」テストを使用しています。オーストラリアやイギリスなど一部の国では、要求されるレベルは極めて低いです。個々の法律を調査しない限り、判例法を採用している国のテキストロゴが必ずしもコモンズで認められるとは限りません。現地の裁判所がどのような立場を取るか本当に疑わしい場合は、予防原則に基づき画像を削除しなくてはなりません.
ロゴが非常にシンプルである場合(例えば標準フォントだけで構成されている)は、判例法主義の国でも著作権の対象となるものではありません。
"どの国でもいいので、もしあなたがこの問題に関する具体的な判例または法的助言を知っている場合は、Commons:各国の著作権ルールに国ごとのサブページを追加し、"独創性の水準"の項目を追加してください。
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オーストラリア
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カナダ
情報がありません
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香港
情報がありません
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インド
情報がありません
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アイルランド
情報がありません
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イスラエル
Although Israel historically used a "skill and labour" test similar to that used by the UK, since the 1994 Israeli Supreme Court's ruling in Interlego A/S v. Exin-Lines Bros. SA they have tended fairly close to a US-style requirement equating originality with human creativity.[26][27]
In Israel, the Supreme Court in the Interlego A/S v. Exin-Lines Bros. SA decision adopted the Feist ruling with regards to both the interpretation of the originality requirement and the rejection of effort alone, without creativity, as a sufficient basis for copyright protection.
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マレーシア
情報がありません
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ナイジェリア
Under the Copyright Act of 1988 (Chapter C.28, as codified 2004), A literary, musical or artistic work shall not be eligible for copyright unless (a) sufficient effort has been expended on making the work to give it an original character;...[C28/2004 Section 1(2)]
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ニュージーランド
情報がありません
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シンガポール
情報がありません
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イギリス
情報がありません
ロゴと旗
- これらの画像に含まれるロゴは、著作権保護の対象に*ならない*可能性があります
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独創性の水準に達していないと主張された
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独創性の水準に達していないと主張された
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(削除依頼)
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(削除依頼) 「PDテキストロゴ -- 疑問なし」
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(オーストラリアの企業のロゴ 削除依頼) 「PD-テキストロゴ」
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(カナダの企業のロゴ 削除依頼) 「PD-テキストロゴ」
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(削除依頼)
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(削除依頼)
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(削除依頼)
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(削除依頼)
- File:Hercules 1998 Intertitle.png originally "background isn't elaborate or eligible for any type of copyright" (decided here in 2010), deleted in 2012 as "shows artistry beyond the TOO".
建造物
独創性がない、あるいはデ・ミニミス'によって削除が却下された画像。
いくつかの議論は論争の的だったことに注意してください。
写真
著作権保護の対象にならないと判断された写真:
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(削除依頼) 斜面と影が写っている三次元物体(引き出しの取っ手)の写真
地図
著作権保護の対象とならないとされた地図:

Darden v. Peters: 既存の地図に「フォントや色の選択、レリーフ、シャドー、シェーディングなどの視覚効果、ラベル、吹き出しの追加、アンチエイリアス」などの加工を施すことは、独創性の水準を下回る
これらの地図には{{PD-map}}を使用してください。著作権で保護された作品から著作権で保護されていない要素を部分的にコピーしたり切り取ったりすることに関しては、この先の節をご覧ください。
See also:
- Commons:Map resources and its sections on public domain maps on the web.
- Open.Michigan Wiki. Casebook archive on "whether or not the content object is protected by US Copyright law.". Opening in the maps section. Data-driven maps in particular are in the public domain. The map represents data. All choices made in the creation of the map being based upon utilitarian and informational considerations. See also: Commons talk:Threshold of originality/Archive 2#Casebook. More locations. See this University of Michigan Casebook archive here. It loads much faster than the Casebook at archive.org.
- Public domain maps. From: Public Domain Sherpa. A copyright and trademark lawyer.
- Category:PD map
Charts
Charts which have been deemed ineligible for copyright protection. Use: {{PD-chart}}. See the section farther down on partial copying or cropping of uncopyrightable elements from copyrighted works. See also:
- Commons:Chart and graph resources and its section on public domain charts on the web.
- Open.Michigan Wiki. Casebook archive on "whether or not the content object is protected by US Copyright law.". Opening in the charts section. See also: Commons talk:Threshold of originality/Archive 2#Casebook. More locations. See this University of Michigan Casebook archive here. It loads much faster than the Casebook at archive.org.
- Category:PD chart
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See discussion.
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See the info in the author section of the file description.
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See the deletion discussion, and this discussion.
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See the deletion discussion.
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See the deletion discussion.
Partial copying or cropping of copyrighted works
When a file copies only part of a copyrighted work, that file's copyright status is determined only by what it has copied. If it only copied uncopyrightable elements, then the file is also uncopyrightable. In other words, we judge the copyright status of a file only by what the file itself contains, not by the status of other content the original source contained that was not copied by the file.
| This image of the front cover of a novel is public domain in the USA because it only copies uncopyrightable text, not copyrightable contents of the book itself or possibly-copyrightable contents of the back cover. (DR) It would probably not be PD in UK because of the UK's publisher's 25 year copyright on typography, except for the fact that this typographical arrangement was published over 25 years ago. |
Lower threshold in United Kingdom etc.
- File:BBC.svg and many associated variants for BBC divisions were kept, because they only contain Gill Sans, which is an old, standard font.
See Commons:Deletion requests/File:BBC.svg. - File:Clerical Medical.png (uploaded as PD-ineligible-USonly on en.wikipedia.org)
See Commons:Deletion requests/File:Clerical Medical.png (with reasoning of the EDGE logo).
関連項目
- {{Licensed-TOO}} template for formatting and internationalization of licenses of TOO images
- Commons:主題別の著作権ルール
- Category:Threshold of originality related deletion requests
- PD-scan タグを適用する場合 - on the level of originality needed for a scan of a work to generate a copyright independent of the work
- Commons:PD-Art タグを適用する場合 - on the level of originality needed for a photo of a work to generate a copyright independent of the work
- meta:Wikilegal/Copyright threshold of originality for logos
- Category: PD-ineligible license tags
- Category: PD ineligible
- Commons:Chart and graph resources. Including other public domain resources.
- Commons:Map resources. Including other public domain resources.
脚注
Some citation text may not have been transcluded
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For more complete, working references see Commons:各国の著作権ルール and the individual countries and territories:




