Saint-Pierre and Miquelon
 

Local Flag Adopted 1982 Map of St. Pierre and Miquelon Hear National Anthem "La Marseillaise"  Local Anthem (None) Constitution (28 Sep 1958) Capital: Saint-Pierre Currency: Euro (EUR); 1972-1 Jan 2002 French Franc (FRF); 1960-1972 Saint Pierre  CFA Nouveau Franc (XCF); 1943-1960 Saint Pierre CFA  Franc (XCFG); 1839-1943 French Franc (FRF) National Holiday: 14 Jul (1789) F�te Nationale  (National Holiday "Bastille Day") ------------------------------------- Local Holiday: 15 Aug Assomption (Assumption Day) Population: 5,132 (2024) GDP: $261 million (2024) Exports: $4.7 million (2024) Imports: $107.5 million (2024) Ethnic groups: Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon (Bretons, Basques, French) 82.1%, metropolitan French 13.1%, others 4.8% (2006) Total Police (Gendarmes): 11 (2023) Defense is the Responsibility of France Merchant marine: None (2023) Religions: Roman Catholic 86.8%, other and unknown Christian 2.4%, other religionist 1.5%, not religious/ atheist 4%, unknown 5.3% (2015) International Organizations/Treaties: UPU, WFTU, WMO Saint-Pierre and Miquelon Chronology 19 Oct 1520                Discovered by Portuguese navigator Jos� �lvarez                               Fagundes (b. c.1460 - d. 1522), named Islands of                              the Eleven Thousand Virgins (Ilhas das Onze Mil                              Virgens), but the royal court names them the                              Green Islands (Ilhas Verdes).  5 Jun 1535                Sighted by French explorer Jacques Cartier (b. 1491                              - d. 1557) and named the �les Saint-Pierre. 1579                       Names Micquet�, Micquelle appear for the first time                              in Martin de Hoyar�abal's navigational pilot. The                              name evolves into Miclon, Micklon, and finally                              Miquelon. 1604                       French settlements begins. 1670                       Annexed by France, subordinated to Plaisance until                              1713. 1693                       First local administrator named by French governor                               of Plaisance. 1702, 1703, 1707           British privateers pillage the islands. 1708 - 1710                Abandoned.  1708, 1710, 1711           British privateers pillage the islands. 11 Apr 1713 - 14 Jul 1763  British rule (as part of Nova Scotia)(renamed                              Saint Peter's and Miquelon). 1722                       Miquelon granted by the governor of Nova Scotia to                              Diamond Sarjeant, resident of Massachusetts,                              who in 1756 sold 2/3 of Miquelon to Samuel Cutt                              of New Hampshire; and then in 1758 he sold the                              remainder to Robert Trail of Portsmouth,                              New Hampshire. 1757 - 1781                Grande Miquelon and Petite Miquelon (Langlade) are                              Islands separated by a channel of water. 14 Jul 1763                Separate French colony (Saint Pierre and Miquelon)                              (�les Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon). 14 Sep 1778 - 23 Jul 1783  British occupation, islanders are deported (islands                              administered as dependencies of Newfoundland). 23 Oct 1789                Commune des �les Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon declared                              by the Assembl�e G�n�rale de la commune des �les                              Saint-Pierre et Miquelon (not recognized by the                              French National Assembly). 14 May 1793 - 20 Aug 1802  British occupation, on 14 Sep 1794 the remaining                              islanders are deported (islands are administered                               as dependencies of Newfoundland).  4 Sep 1796                French Rear-Admiral Joseph de Richery (b. 1757 -                              d. 1798) raids the islands. 20 Aug 1802 - 30 Jun 1803  Briefly restored to France by Peace of Amiens. 30 Jun 1803 - 22 Jun 1816  British occupation (islands are administered as                              dependencies of Newfoundland). 25 May 1816                French settlers begin arriving. 22 Jun 1816                French colony (formal retocession).  4 Jun 1936                French territory. 14 Sep 1939 - 25 Dec 1941  Subordinated to High Commissioner and Commander                              of the Theater Atlantic West (see Martinique). 16 Jun 1940 - 25 Dec 1941  Administration loyal to "Vichy" France                              (from 25 Dec 1941, "Free" French). 27 Oct 1946                French overseas territory. 19 Jul 1976                French overseas d�partement. 14 Jun 1985                French collectivit� territoriale. 28 Mar 2003                French overseas collectivit� (with the designation                              collectivit� territoriale).

Captain (representative of the governor of Plaisance)
1689 - 1693                Louis de Pastour de Costebelle     (b. c.1658 - d. 1732)
Governor
1693 - 1702                Jacques-Simon de Belleorme         (b. 1657? - d. 1729)
                             (or Beleorme)
Commandant
 1 Mar 1702 - 1709         S�bastien Le Gonard, baron de      (b. 1674 - d. 1710)  
                             Sourdeval 
1709 - 1763                Vacant, abandoned
Governors
14 Jun 1763 - 31 Jul 1773  Fran�ois-Gabriel d'Angeac          (b. 1708 - d. 1782)
1773 - 15 Sep 1778         Charles Gabriel S�bastien Sivert,
                             baron de l'Esp�rance (1st time)  (b. 1725 - d. 1791)
British Commanders
14 Sep 1778 - 11 Oct 1778  John Evans                         (b. 1717 - d. 1794)
                             (commodore, HMS Invincible)
11 Oct 1778 - Oct 1778     Robert Linzee                      (b. 1739 - d. 1804)
                             (commander, HMS Surprise)
Governors
Oct 1778 - 28 Jul 1783     Vacant, abandoned
28 Jul 1783 - 16 Jun 1785  Charles Gabriel S�bastien Sivert,  (s.a.)
                             baron de l'Esp�rance (2nd time)  
Commandants (commandant et ordonnateur)
16 Jun 1785 - 14 May 1793  Jean-Antoine Nicolas Dandasne dit  (b. 1734 - d. 1816)
                             Danseville, seigneur de L'�tendard
29 Mar 1788 - 15 Oct 1790  Julien Ganne du Mesnilambert       (b. 1745 - d. ....)
                             (Dumesnil Ambert)
                             (acting for Dandasne-Danseville)
British Commanders
14 May 1793 - Jun 1793     James Ogilvie                      (b. c.1740 - d. 1813)
                             (commander, 4th Regiment of Foot)
19 Nov 1793 - 15 Sep 1794  Peregrine "Percy" Francis Thorne   (b. 1750 - d. 1819) 
                             (major-commandant, 14th regiment of foot)
15 Sep 1794 - 20 Aug 1802  Vacant, abandoned
20 Aug 1802                Henry Folkes Edgell                (b. 1767 - d. 1846)
                             (captain, HMS Pluto)
French Commissioners
20 Aug 1802 - 17 Sep 1802  Jocet (Tocet)(acting)
                             (captain, frigate Surveillant)
17 Sep 1802 - 20 Mar 1803  Jean-Philippe Bourrilhon (1st time)(b. 1749 - d. 1826)
British Commanders
20 Mar 1803 - 21 Mar 1803  Richard Longfield Davies           (b. 1775 - d. 1846)
                             (captain, HMS Aurora)
21 Mar 1803 - 22 Jun 1816  Vacant, abandoned
26 Aug 1815 - 1815         David Buchan                       (b. 1780 - d. 1838)
                             (captain, HMS Pike)
22 Jun 1816 (hours)        John Cooksley
                             (commander, HMS Hazard)
Commissioner
22 Jun 1816 -  1 Nov 1818  Jean-Philippe Bourrilhon (2nd time)(s.a.)
                             (arrives 25 May 1816)
Commandants and Administrators
 1 Nov 1818 - 20 Jun 1819  Augustin Valentin Borius           (b. 1772 - d. 1844)
                             (1st time) (interim) 
20 Jun 1819 - 11 Jun 1825  Philippe Athanase H�l�ne Fayolle   (b. 1772 - d. 1831)
11 Jun 1825 - 28 May 1828  Augustin Valentin Borius           (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
28 May 1828 - 10 Sep 1839  Joseph Louis Michel Bru�           (b. 1782 - d. 1843)
 1 Oct 1831 - 16 Apr 1832  Fran�ois Julien Guy Paris          (b. 1779 - d. 18..)
                             (1st time) (interim)
 7 Oct 1835 - 14 Jun 1836  Fran�ois Julien Guy Paris          (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (interim)
10 Sep 1839 -  1 Jul 1842  Louis Alexandre Mamyneau           (b. 1779 - d. 1843)
Commandants
 1 Jul 1842 - 14 Jul 1842  Hubert El�onore Napol�on Philibert (b. 1807 - d. 1872)
                             Philippe Alfred Guichon de
                             Grandpont (interim) 
14 Jul 1842 -  3 Jul 1845  Joseph Alphonse Desrousseaux       (b. 1789 - d. 1875)
 3 Jul 1845 - 14 Oct 1849  Joseph Marie Fid�le Del�cluse      (b. 1785 - d. 1858
                             (commandant and commissioner)
14 Oct 1849 -  3 Jul 1850  Prosper Benony Brusl� (interim)    (b. 1802 - d. 1883)
 3 Jul 1850 - 10 Oct 1855  Jacques Fran�ois Gervais           (b. 1795? - d. 1869)
                             (1st time) 
10 Oct 1855 - 14 May 1856  Ange Simon Gautier (interim)       (b. 1809 - d. 1863)
14 May 1856 -  4 May 1859  Jacques Fran�ois Gervais           (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) 
 4 May 1859 - 13 Sep 1863  �mile Fran�ois Guillaume Cl�ment,  (b. 1803 - d. 1874)
                             comte de la Ronci�re
13 Sep 1863 - 13 Feb 1864  Auguste La Borde (interim)         (b. 1815 - d. 1905)
13 Feb 1864 -  3 May 1864  Ernest Joseph Nicolas d'Heureux    (b. 1828 - d. 1893)
                             (1st time) (interim) 
 3 May 1864 - 19 May 1864  Charles Faure (acting)
19 May 1864 -  9 May 1872  Pierre Vincent Cren                (b. 1815 - d. 1878)
12 Oct 1868 -  6 May 1869  Alexandre Marie Le Clos            (b. 1828 - d. 1886)
                             (interim)
 9 May 1872 - 18 May 1873  Ernest Joseph Nicolas d'Heureux    (s.a.)
                             (2nd time) (interim) 
18 May 1873 - 30 Jul 1876  Charles Henri Alfred Joubert       (b. 1831 - d. 1885)
30 Jul 1876 - 28 May 1877  Auguste Victor Arnoux Tranchevent  (b. 1835 - d. 1894)
                             (interim)
28 May 1877 - 25 Nov 1879  Antoine �tienne Guien              (b. 1829 - d. 1908)
25 Nov 1879 - 18 Jan 1880  Auguste Ren� Cariot (interim)      (b. 1833 - d. 1901)
18 Jan 1880 - 26 Apr 1886  Edgard Charles, comte de           (b. 1826 - d. 1913)
                             Saint-Phalle 
26 Apr 1886 -  5 Jun 1886  Aristide Le Fol (interim)          (b. 1838 - d. 1923)
 5 Jun 1886 -  5 Sep 1887  Henri de Lamothe                   (b. 1843 - d. 1926)
Governors
 5 Sep 1887 -  5 Dec 1887  Henri F�lix de Lamothe (1st time)  (s.a.)
 5 Dec 1887 - 15 Feb 1888  Aristide Le Fol (interim)          (s.a.)
15 Feb 1888 - 21 Mar 1888  Justin Jean H�bert-Suffrin         (b. 1847 - d. 1894)
                             (interim)   
21 Mar 1888 - 22 Apr 1888  Henri Charles Roberdeau (1st time) (b. 1849 - d. 1916)
                             (interim)
22 Apr 1888 - 17 Sep 1889  Henri F�lix de Lamothe (2nd time)  (s.a.)
17 Sep 1889 -  1 Apr 1891  Henri Charles Roberdeau (2nd time) (s.a.)
                             (interim)
 1 Apr 1891 -  6 Aug 1891  Th�ophile Henri Berg�s (1st time)  (b. 1851 - d. 1906)
                             (interim)
 6 Aug 1891 -  7 Sep 1893  Paul Th�odore Ernest Marie Feillet (b. 1857 - d. 1903)
 7 Sep 1893 -  3 Aug 1894  Maurice Caperon (1st time)         (b. 1846 - d. 1907)
                             (interim)
 3 Aug 1894 - 25 Oct 1895  Laurent Marie �mile Beauchamp      (b. 1838 - d. 1901)
25 Oct 1895 - 29 Apr 1896  Th�ophile Henri Berg�s (2nd time)  (s.a.)
                             (interim)
29 Apr 1896 - 27 Aug 1896  Henri Tournie (interim)            (b. 1852 - d. 1910)
27 Aug 1896 - 22 Nov 1897  Paul Daclin, dit Daclin-Sibour     (b. 1840 - d. 1899)
                             (1st time)
22 Nov 1897 - 25 Feb 1899  Maurice Caperon (2nd time)         (s.a.)
                             (interim)
25 Feb 1899 - 14 Aug 1899  Paul Daclin, dit Daclin-Sibour     (s.a.)
                             (2nd time)
14 Aug 1899 -  8 Feb 1900  Maurice Caperon (3rd time)         (s.a.)
                             (interim)
 8 Feb 1900 -  9 Sep 1900  Paul Samary                        (b. 1848 - d. 1911)
 9 Sep 1900 - 13 Jun 1901  Maurice Caperon (4th time)         (s.a.)
                             (interim)
13 Jun 1901 - 15 May 1904  Philippe �mile Jullien             (b. 1845 - d. 1912)
 5 Jun 1902 - 27 Jun 1902  Gaston Paul Certonciny (interim)   (b. 1858 - d. 1916)
10 Sep 1902 - 25 Jul 1903  Maurice Caperon (5th time)         (s.a.)
                             (interim)
15 May 1904 - 26 May 1904  Ren� Andr� (interim)
26 May 1904 -  8 Dec 1904  Maurice Caperon (6th time)         (s.a.)
                             (interim)
 8 Dec 1904 -  9 Jun 1905  Paul Jean Fran�ois Cousturier      (b. 1849 - d. 1921)
 9 Jun 1905 - 12 May 1906  Gabriel Angoulvant                 (b. 1872 - d. 1932)
Administrators
12 May 1906 - 15 Aug 1908  Rapha�l Valentin Marius Antonette  (b. 1872 - d. 1938)
 6 Jan 1908 - 11 Mar 1908  L�on Alexandre Bosquet (interim)   (b. 1858 - d. 1912)
15 Aug 1908 - 28 Nov 1908  Charles D�sir� Moulin (interim)    (b. 1868 - d. 19..)
28 Nov 1908 -  1 Jul 1911  Pierre Jean Henri Didelot          (b. 1870 - d. 1941)
 1 Jul 1911 - 10 Feb 1912  Ferdinand Longue (interim)         (b. 1871 - d. 19..)
10 Feb 1912 -  2 Sep 1913  Charles Remy Victor Omar Marchand  (b. 1860 - d. 19..) 
 2 Sep 1913 - 21 Apr 1914  Joseph Evariste Fabre (interim)    (b. 1861 - d. 1931)
21 Apr 1914 - 27 Jul 1915  Laurent Chabaud (interim)          (b. 1872 - d. 19..)
27 Jul 1915 - 191.         Ernest Philippe Fran�ois Lachat    (b. 1876 - d. 1950)
Governors
191. -  1 May 1923         Ernest Philippe Fran�ois Lachat    (s.a.)
                             (interim)
 1 May 1923 - 12 Oct 1927  Jean Henri �mile Bensch            (b. 1868 - d. 1944)
21 Oct 1925 - 30 Apr 1926  Mar Albert Augustin Michel         (b. 1892 - d. 1971)
                             (interim)
12 Oct 1927 - 27 Feb 1928  Charles Louis Nirpot (interim)     (b. 1883 - d. 1963)
27 Feb 1928 - 14 Feb 1929  Fran�ois Adrien Juvanon            (b. 1875 - d. 1950)
14 Feb 1929 -  5 May 1932  Henri Camille Sautot (interim)     (b. 1885 - d. 1963)
30 Oct 1930                Auguste Eug�ne Ludovic Tholance    (b. 1878 - d. 1938)
                             (appointed but not installed)
31 Oct 1930                Louis Joseph Bouge                 (b. 1878 - d. 1960)
                             (appointed but not installed)
 5 May 1932 - 20 Feb 1933  Georges Marie Roger Chanot         (b. 1887 - d. 19..)
                             (interim)
Administrators
20 Feb 1933 - 17 Dec 1936  Georges Jules Eug�ne Barrillot     (b. 1892 - d. 19..)
17 Dec 1936 - 24 Dec 1941  Gilbert de Bournat                 (b. 1896 - d. 1981)
24 Dec 1941 - 25 Dec 1941  �mile Muselier                     (b. 1888 - d. 1965)  Mil
                             (commander of "Free" French forces)
25 Dec 1941 - 25 Feb 1943  Alain Savary                       (b. 1918 - d. 1988)
25 Feb 1943 - 10 Feb 1946  Pierre Marie Charles Fran�ois      (b. 1900 - d. 1969)
                             Garrouste
10 Feb 1946 - 20 Sep 1946  Marc Tchernonog (interim)          (b. 1904 - d. 1973)
20 Sep 1946 - 31 Dec 1947  Ren� Andr� Marchand                (b. 1903 - d. 1955)
Governors
31 Dec 1947 - 30 Jun 1949  Jean Ren� Moisset                  (b. 1905 - d. 1981)
30 Jun 1949 -  6 Nov 1950  Guy Clech (interim)                (b. 1916 - d. 2002)
 6 Nov 1950 - 25 Apr 1952  Eug�ne Alain Charles Louis Alaniou (b. 1896 - d. 1969)
25 Apr 1952 -  5 Jan 1955  Iren�e Francois Antoine Davier     (b. 1903 - d. 1971)
 5 Jan 1955 - 25 Aug 1958  Pierre Ren� Jean Sicaud            (b. 1911 - d. 1998)
25 Aug 1958 -  3 Dec 1960  Lucien Ren� Louis Pont             (b. 1915 - d. 2008)
 3 Dec 1960 - 12 Dec 1962  Michel �mile Maillard              (b. 1914 - d. 2000) 
12 Dec 1962 - 16 Oct 1965  Jacques Emmanuel Victor Herry      (b. 1922 - d. 2010)
16 Oct 1965 -  5 Jun 1967  Georges Marie Joseph Poulet        (b. 1914 - d. 2008)
 5 Jun 1967 -  7 Apr 1971  Jean-Jacques Nicolas Buggia        (b. 1925)
 7 Apr 1971 -  1 Jul 1974  Henri Charles Beaux                (b. 1922 - d. 2006)
 2 Aug 1974 - 12 Jun 1975  Jean-Aim� Cluchard                 (b. 1923 - d. 2013)
14 May 1975 -  4 Aug 1976  Jean Massend�s                     (b. 1915 - d. 1985)
Prefects (10 May 1982 - 24 Feb 1988, commissioners of the republic)
 4 Aug 1976 - 21 May 1977  Jean Massend�s                     (s.a.)
 3 Jun 1977 - 26 Sep 1979  Pierre Alfred Henri Eydoux         (b. 1921 - d. 2011)
13 Oct 1979 - 11 Jul 1981  Cl�ment Bouhin                     (b. 1926 - d. 2010)
31 Aug 1981 - 23 Mar 1982  Claude Guyon                       (b. 1928 - d. 2016)
13 Apr 1982 - 10 May 1983  Philippe Gaston Maurice Parant     (b. 1932 - d. 2014)
25 Jun 1983 - 26 Mar 1985  G�rard Serge Roland Lefebvre       (b. 1930)
 1 Apr 1985 - 14 Jul 1987  Bernard Gaston Leurquin            (b. 1933 - d. 2025)
24 Jul 1987 - 20 Dec 1988  Jean-Ren� Garnier                  (b. 1938 - d. 2008)
 8 Jan 1989 - 10 Jun 1991  Jean-Pierre Marqui�                (b. 1938)
10 Jun 1991 - 29 Jun 1992  Kamel Khrissate                    (b. 1936 - d. 2025)
29 Jun 1992 - 11 Jan 1994  Yves Henry                         (b. 1938)
11 Jan 1994 - 28 Jan 1996  Ren� Maurice                       (b. 1940)
28 Jan 1996 - 23 Nov 1997  Jean-Fran�ois Carenco              (b. 1952)
 1 Dec 1997 - 25 Oct 1999  R�mi Thuau                         (b. 1951)
25 Oct 1999 -  1 Feb 2001  Francis Spitzer                    (b. 1947)
 1 Feb 2001 -  3 Nov 2002  Jean-Fran�ois Tallec               (b. 1946)
 3 Nov 2002 - 10 Jan 2005  Claude Valleix                     (b. 1945)
10 Jan 2005 - 28 Aug 2006  Albert Dupuy                       (b. 1947)
28 Aug 2006 - Sep 2008     Yves Fauqueur                      (b. 1948)
Sep 2008 - Nov 2009        Jean-Pierre Ber�ot                 (b. 1947)
30 Nov 2009 - Nov 2011     Jean-R�gis Borius                  (b. 1948)
12 Dec 2011 -  2 Sep 2014  Patrice Latron                     (b. 1961)
 4 Sep 2014 - Mar 2016     Jean-Christophe Bouvier            (b. 1966)
 3 Mar 2016 - Jan 2018     Henri Jean                         (b. 1954)
17 Jan 2018 - 23 Jan 2021  Thierry Devimeux                   (b. 1960)
30 Jan 2021 - 20 Aug 2023  Christian Pouget                   (b. 1964)
21 Aug 2023 - Jan 2026     Bruno Andr�                        (b. 1962)
12 Jan 2026 -              Marc Didio                         (b. 1976)

Presidents of the Assembl�e G�n�rale de la commune
23 Oct 1789 -  8 Jul 1792  Jean-Antoine Nicolas Dandasne dit  (s.a.)
                             Danseville, seigneur de L'�tendard
 8 Jul 1792 -  5 May 1793  Jean Bordot
 5 May 1793 -  9 May 1793  Joseph Guilbeaud
 9 May 1793 - 14 May 1793  Ren� Leforestier (acting) 
Presidents of the General Council (Conseil g�n�ral)
(holding executive power from 2 Mar 1982)
Jan 1947 - Feb 1952        Henri Dagort                       (b. 1880 - d. 1959)  Non-party
Feb 1952 - Nov 1956        Albert Briand (1st time)           (b. 1909 - d. 1966)  Non-party
Dec 1956 - Nov 1964        Henri Claireaux                    (b. 1911 - d. 2001)  MRP
Nov 1964 - Oct 1966        Albert Briand (2nd time)           (s.a.)               Non-party
Oct 1966 - Jun 1968        Paul Lebailly                      (b. 1911 - d. 1968)  Non-party
Jun 1968 -  4 Oct 1984     Albert Pen                         (b. 1931 - d. 2003)  DVG + PS
 4 Oct 1984 -  1 Apr 1994  Marc Plantegenest (1st time)       (b. 1943 - d. 2026)  DVG
 1 Apr 1994 -  6 Jul 1996  G�rard Grignon                     (b. 1943)            UDF + AD
 6 Jul 1996 - 31 Mar 2000  Bernard Le Soavec                  (b. 1948)            DVD
31 Mar 2000 - 27 Dec 2005  Marc Plantegenest (2nd time)       (s.a.)               DVG
27 Dec 2005 - 27 Jan 2006  Paul Jaccachury (interim)          (b. 1956)            DVG 
27 Jan 2006 - 31 Mar 2006  Charles Dodeman                    (b. 1949)            DVG
31 Mar 2006 - 21 Feb 2007  St�phane Artano                    (b. 1973)            AD
Presidents of the Territorial Council (holding executive power)
21 Feb 2007 - 24 Oct 2017  St�phane Artano                    (s.a.)               AD
24 Oct 2017 - 13 Oct 2020  St�phane Lenormand                 (b. 1964)            AD
13 Oct 2020 -              Bernard Briand                     (b. 1974)            AD

Territorial Disputes: None identified.

Party abbreviations: AD = Archipel Demain (Archipelago Tomorrow, conservative, christian democratic, affiliated with UDF/RPR/UMP, est.24 Jan 1985); DVD = Divers Droite (Diverse Right, right-wing candidates not members of any large party); DVG = Divers Gauche (Diverse Left, left-wing candidates not members of a large party); LR = Les R�publicains (The Republicans, center-right, former UMP, est.30 May 2015); PS = Parti Socialiste (Socialist Party, social-democratic, former SFIO, est.4 May 1969;)
- Former parties: MRP = Mouvement R�publicain Populaire (Popular Republican Movement, christian democratic, centrist, 1944-1967); RPR = Rassemblement Pour la R�publique (Rally for the Republic, Gaullist, conservative, 1976-2002 successor to UDR, merged into UMP); UDF = Union pour la D�mocratie Fran�aise (Union for French Democracy, christian democratic, centrist, 1978-2007); UMP = Union pour un Mouvement Populaire (Union for a Popular Movement [to 17 Nov 2002: Union for the Presidential Majority], conservative, merger of RPR, DL and the main part of UDF, 23 Apr 2002-30 May 2015, renamed LR)