Hemshin from Islamicization to the End of the Nineteenth Century

References (197)

1. Eli Smith, Researches of the Rev. E. Smith and Rev. H.G.O. Dwight in Armenia; including a journey through Asia Minor, and into Georgia and Persia, with a visit to the Nestorian and Chaldean Christians of Oormiah and Salmas, vol. 2 (Boston, MA: Crocker and Brewster, 1833), pp. 324-25.
2. H. Ghukas Vardapet Inchichian, Ashkharhagrut'iwn Ch'orits' Masants' Ashkharhi: Asioy, Ewropioy, Ap'rikoy, ew Amerikoy [Geography of the Four Parts of the World: Asia, Europe, Africa, and America], part 1, Asia, vol. 1, Hayastan [Armenia] (Venice: St Lazarus Monastery, 1806), p. 396; H. Manuel V. K'ajuni, Askharhagrut'iwn Hin ew Nor Hayastaneayts' Dpratants' Tghayots' Hamar [Geography of Ancient and Modern Armenia for Seminary Students] (Venice: Mekhitarist Press, 1857), p. 206.
3. P. T'umayian, 'Pontosi Hayerx: Ashkharhagrakan ew K'aghak'akan Vichak Trapizoni' [The Armenians of the Pontos: Geographic and Political Situation of Trebizond], Lumay: Grakan Handes [Luma: Literary Journal] (Tiflis, 1899), 4, no. 2, pp. 157 and 175.
4. H. Hakovbos V. Tashian, Tayk', Drats'ik ew Khotorjur: Patmakan-Teghagrakan Usumnasirut'iwn [Tayk, Neighbours and Khotorjur: Historico-Geographical Study], vol. 2 (Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, 1980), p. 129.
5. P. Jacobus Vard. Dashian [H. Hakovbos V. Tashian], La Population arménienne de la région comprise entre la mer Noire et Karin (Erzeroum): Rapide coup d'oeil historique et ethnographique, translated by Frédéric Macler (Vienna: Imprimerie des Méchitaristes, 1922), p. 29.
6. H. Ghewond V. Alishanian, Teghagir Hayots' Metsats' [Topography of Greater Armenia] (Venice: St Lazarus Monastery, 1855), p. 39.
7. Suraiya Faroqhi, Towns and Townsmen of Ottoman Anatolia: Trade, Crafts, and Food Production in an Urban Setting, 1520-1650 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), pp. 77 and 360 n. 18.
8. Tashian (1980), vol. 2, pp. 72-73 and 121; Robert W. Edwards, 'Hammen: An Armenian Enclave in the Byzanto-Georgian Pontos. A Survey of Literary and Nonliterary Sources', Le Muséon (Louvain, 1988), 101, nos. 3-4, p. 413.
9. Abel Vardapet Mkhit'ariants', Vep Gaght'akanut'ean Hayots' Trapizonu [History of the Armenian Community of Trebizond] (Istanbul: Masis, 1857), pp. 37-39.
10. 10 Speros Vryonis, The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century (Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press, 1971), pp. 348-50.
11. 11 Long considered to be lost, the map was rediscovered in 1991 in the collections of the University of Bologna. Gabriella Uluhogian, Un'antica mappa dell'Armenia: Monasteri e santuari dal I al XVII secolo (Ravenna: Longo Editore, 2000), pp. 109-10. In addition to the monastery in Hamshen, the map also mentioned 'the panoramic Mount where the Apostles of Christ placed the shroud [varshamak in Armenian] which was not with the other clothes, but by itself, folded in a corner of the Sepulchre. No one to this day can climb or enter that mountain, because around it are clouds and snow' (p. 110). On the Armenian and Byzantine tradition about Mount Varshamak (now Verçenik), see Alishanian (1855), p. 39; Bernadette Martin-Hisard, 'Trébizonde et le culte de Saint Eugène (6 e -11 e s)', Revue des Études Arméniennes (Paris, 1980), n.s. 14, pp. 307-43; and Robert W. Edwards, 'Armenian and Byzantine Religious Practices in Early Fifteenth-century Trabzon: A Spanish Viewpoint', Revue des Études Arméniennes (Paris, 1992), n.s. 23, pp. 81-90.
12. Raymond H. Kévorkian and Paul B. Paboudjian, Les Arméniens dans l'Empire ottoman à la veille du Génocide (Paris: Les Éditions d'Art et d'Histoire ARHIS, 1992), p. 57.
13. Inchichian (1806), p. 396; H. Minas Vardapet Bzhshkian, Batmut'iwn Pontosi vor e Seaw Tsov [History of the Pontos which is the Black Sea] (Venice: St Lazarus Monastery, 1819), p. 97; Kévorkian and Paboudjian (1992), p. 57.
14. Veysel Atacan and Serdar Bekar, Rize Hemvin Yöresi Osmanlı Mezar Tavları ve Kitabeleri -Ottoman Tombstones and Epigraphes in Hemvin Area of Rize (Ankara: Türk Halk Kültürünü Aravtırma ve Tanıtma Vakfı, 2001), p. 102; the authors say that the translation of the berat is incomplete because parts of the original manuscript document were left out of the photocopy provided to them. The mosque must have disappeared in later times, since the current mosque in Ormancık was built in 1826; see Havim Karpuz, Rize (Ankara: Kültür Bakanlıëı Yayınları, 1992), pp. 50-52.
15. Atacan and Bekar (2001), p. 95.
16. Tashian (1980), vol. 2, p. 129.
17. Inchichian (1806), p. 397.
18. Anthony Bryer, 'The Tourkokratia in the Pontos: Some Problems and Preliminary Conclusions', Neo-Hellenika (Austin, TX, 1970), 1, p. 42; reprinted in The Empire of Trebizond and the Pontos (London: Variorum Reprints, 1980);
19. Alexandre Toumarkine, Les Lazes en Turquie (XIX e -XX e siècles) (Istanbul: Isis, 1995), p. 2.
20. Toumarkine (1995), p. 94 and n. 125; on the role of the Lazi as the 'local Kurds', see Tashian (1980), vol. 2, p. 191.
21. Robert Catu, 'Le peuple Pashai', Central Asian Survey (London, 1995), 14, no. 3, pp. 449-61.
22. Inchichian (1806), p. 396.
23. Yakovb Karnets'i, 'Erzeroum ou Topographie de la Haute Arménie', trans. Frédéric Macler, Journal Asiatique (Paris, 1919), 13 (11th series), no. 2, pp. 156-57 and 176-77.
24. Anthony Bryer, 'The Crypto-Christians of the Pontos and Consul William Gifford Palgrave of Trebizond', Deltio Kentrou Mikrasiatikon Spoudon (Athens, 1983), 4; reprinted in Peoples and Settlement in Anatolia and the Caucasus, 800-1900 (London: Variorum Reprints, 1988), p. 24.
25. Dashian [Tashian] (1922), p. 74; Tashian (1980), vol. 2, p. 175.
26. Dashian [Tashian] (1922), p. 45; Tashian (1980), vol. 2, pp. 172-74 n. 182.
27. H. Minas Vardapet Bzhshkian, Chanaparhordut'iwn i Lehastan ew yayl Koghmans Bnakeals i Haykazants' Serelots' i Nakhneats' Ani K'aghak'in, Sharagreal Handerdz Zanazan Banasirakan Teghekut'eambk' [Travels to Poland and other Places Populated by Armenians Descending from Forefathers from the City of Ani, Annotated with a Variety of Philological Information] (Venice: St Lazarus Monastery, 1830), p. 84
28. Faroqhi (1984), pp. 77 and 360 n. 18.
29. Bzhshkian (1819), p. 82.
30. Yakovb Karnets'i (1919), pp. 156 and 203-04. Victor Fontanier, who visited Erzurum during the 1820s, wrote that the largest of the twenty mosques of the city was the former St Stephen Church; see his Voyages en Orient entrepris par ordre du gouvernement français de l'année 1821 à l'année 1829. Turquie d'Asie (Paris: Librairie Universelle de P. Mongie Aîné, 1829), p. 55.
31. Bryer (1970), pp. 42-43; see also his 'The Last Laz Risings and the Downfall of the Pontic Derebeys, 1812-1840', Bedi Kartlisa: Revue de kartvélologie (Paris, 1969), 26, p. 196.
32. Mkhit'ariants' (1857), pp. 39-45.
33. Bryer (1970), p. 43; also see Claire Mouradian, 'Aperçu sur l'islamisation des Arméniens dans l'Empire ottoman: Le cas des Hamchentsi/Hemvili', in Conversions islamiques: Identités religieuses en Islam méditerranéen -Islamic Conversions: Religious Identities in Mediterranean Islam, ed. Mercedes García-Arenal (Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose, 2002), pp. 407-08.
34. Barunak T'o˝lak'yan, Hamshenahayeri Azgagrut'yunx [The Ethnography of Hamshen Armenians] (Erevan: Publications of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR, 1981), pp. 40-41 and 41n. 10; A. Kh. Safrastyan, 'Kostandnupolsi Hayots' Patriark'arani Koghmits' T'urk'iayi Ardaradatut'yan ew Davanank'neri Ministrut'yan Nerkayats'vats Haykakan Ekeghets'ineri ew Vank'eri Ts'uts'aknern u T'ak'rirnerx' [Lists and Reports of Armenian Churches and Monasteries Presented by the Armenian Patriarchate of Istanbul to the Turkish Ministry of Justice and Cults], Ejmiatsin (1966), 23, no. 6, p. 42.
35. Bryer (1970), pp. 43-45; Bryer (1969), pp. 191-97; Malkhas [Artashes Hovsep'ian], Foreword to Misak' T'orlak'ian's Orerus Het [With My Days] (Los Angeles: Horizon Press, 1953), p. 17.
36. Mkhit'ariants' (1857), pp. 45-47 and 53. Much fighting took place from 1758 to 1759 between derebeys and the pasha, supported by the janissaries, as well as within rival janissary companies; see Bryer (1969), p. 196 and n. 6.
37. Mkhit'ariants' (1857), p. 47.
38. Faroqhi (1984), p. 77.
39. Malkhas [Artashes Hovsep'ian], Chambus Vray [Along My Way], vol. 1 (New York, 1950), pp. 280-81; Malkhas (1953), p. 16.
40. Minas G. Gasapian [Farhat], Hayerx Nikomidioy Gawa˝i mej [The Armenians of the Nicomedia District] (Partizak, Turkey: Azatamart, 1913), p. 82n.
41. Sargis Haykuni, Husep'ts'i Azgatohm ew Tarorinak Awazak Abrieom Trabizoni Hay Giwgheru mej 1795-1840 [The Clan of Husep' and the Curious Bandit Abrieom in the Armenian Villages of Trebizond 1795-1840] (Vagharshapat: Press of the Holy See of Ejmiatsin, 1905), pp. 17-25; Hovakim Khushpulian, 'Mala Giwghx' [The Village of Mala], in Patmut'iwn Haykakan Pontosi [History of Armenian Pontos], ed. Hovakim Hovakimian [Arshakuni] (Beirut: Mshak Press, 1967), pp. 446-49; Misak' T'orlak'ian, Orerus Het [With My Days] (Los Angeles, CA: Horizon Press, 1953), pp. 108-11; Malkhas (1950), pp. 280-87.
42. Malkhas (1950), p. 280; Malkhas 1953, p. 16.
43. Malkhas (1950), pp. 280-86;
44. T'orlak'ian (1953), pp. 108-11; Khushpulian (1967), pp. 446-49.
45. Sargis Haykuni [Ghazarian] was born in 1838 in the village of Zefanos (in the Yomra county of Trabzon). On his life and works, see the monograph by Verzhine G. Svazlyan, Sargis Haykuni (Kyank'n u Gortsuneut'yunx) [Sargis Haykuni (His Life and Works)] (Erevan: Publications of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSR, 1973).
46. Haykuni (1905), pp. 17-20.
47. Malkhas (1953), pp. 17 and 18n.
48. Haykuni (1905), pp. 21-25.
49. Barunak T'o˝lak'yan, 'Ejer Hamshenahayeri XVII-XVIII Dareri Patmut'ynits' ' [Pages from the Seventeenth-Eighteenth Centuries History of Hamshen Armenians], Patma-Banasirakan Handes [Historico-Philological Review] (Erevan, 1972), no. 4 (59), pp. 133-36.
50. Malkhas (1950), pp. 280-81.
51. In Ottoman times, the modern-day counties of Araklı and Sürmene were part of a single administrative unit called Sürmene, with its centre in the town of Araklı, while the present Sürmene was called Hamurgân; see Antony Bryer and David Winfield, The Byzantine Monuments and Topography of the Pontos (Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1985), pp. 323-24.
52. Sargis Haykuni, 'Nshkharner: Korats u Mo˝ats'uats Hayer' [Fragments: Lost and Forgotten Armenians], Ararat (Vagharshapat, 1895), no. 8, p. 294; Trdat Eps Palian, 'Hay Vanorayk' ' [Armenian Monasteries], Biwzandion [Byzantium] (Constantinople, 1900), 4, no. 1027, 9 March, p. 1 and (1901), 5, no. 1386, 6 May, p. 1. Tashian (1980), vol. 2, pp. 121-22n. 125; and Father Hamazasp Oskian, Sebastiayi, Kharberdi, Tiarpek'iri ew Trapizoni Nahangneru Vank'erx [The Monasteries of the Provinces of Sebastia, Kharberd, Diyarbekir, and Trebizond] (Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, 1962), pp. 233 and 236. Mehmet Bilgin believes that St Vardan was located in the modern- day Arpalı village, in the southernmost part of Sürmene, and that the mosque of the village was built over it. The village of Vartan, along with a yayla of the same name, once stood close to Arpalı; only the yayla, which now falls under the administrative jurisdiction of the Çaykara county of Trabzon, remains today; see Mehmet Bilgin, 'Sürmene Tarihi', in Sürmene, ed. Mehmet Bilgin and Ömer Yıldırım (Sürmene: Sürmene Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları, 1990), pp. 227-28.
53. T'umayian (1899), p. 175; see also Chapter 7 by Hagop Hachikian (this volume).
54. Bilgin (1990), pp. 220-21.
55. T'umayian (1899), p. 175.
56. Margarita Poutouridou, 'The Of Valley and the Coming of Islam: The Case of the Greek-Speaking Muslims', Deltio Kentrou Mikrasiatikon Spoudon (Athens, 1997-98), 12, pp. 52-53.
57. Bilgin (1990), p. 158.
58. Haykuni (1895), p. 243; Bilgin (1990), p. 189. The village, divided in two, is now known as Kestanelik and Keçikaya, for respectively Büyük and Küçük Zimla.
59. Bilgin (1990), pp. 220-21.
60. Bzhshkian (1819), p. 93; T'umayian (1899), p. 175. I am indebted to Hagop Hachikian for his explanation.
61. Haykuni (1895), p. 242.
62. Haykuni's article, 'Nshkharner: Korats u Mo˝ats'uats Hayer' [Fragments: Lost and Forgotten Armenians], was published in two parts in the July and August 1895 issues of Ararat (pp. 239-43 and 293-97).
63. Ibid., p. 240. Haykuni is obviously confused in saying that Karadere and Hamshen had only one priest for thirty-six villages. It should be noted here that Haykuni tended to lump together the two areas and to believe they shared borders, which they did not. From its contents, it is clear that the text applies to Karadere, and any information presented as pertaining to Hamshen is most likely to actually refer to Karadere rather than to Hamshen, which does not appear to have been visited by Haykuni. 65 Ibid.
64. Ibid.
65. Ibid., pp. 241-42.
66. T'umayian (1899), p. 176.
67. Hovakim Hovakimian [Arshakuni] (ed.), Patmut'iwn Haykakan Pontosi [History of Armenian Pontos] (Beirut: Mshak Press, 1967), p. 62.
68. Haykuni (1895), pp. 242-43.
69. Poutouridou (1997-98), p. 53. 73 Ibid., p. 50.
70. Haykuni (1895), p. 239; Hrach'eay Acha˝ian, K'nnut'yun Hamsheni Barba˝i [Study of the Hamshen Dialect] (Erevan: Erevan State University Press, 1947), p. 5.
71. T'umayian (1899), p. 176.
72. See T'o˝lak'yan (1972), p. 135 n. 11.
73. Mkhit'ariants' (1857), p. 47.
74. Yücel Özkaya, 'XVIII. Yüzyılda Trabzon'un Genel Durumu', in Birinci Tarih Boyunca Karadeniz Kongresi Bildirileri, 13-17 Ekim 1986, ed. Mehmet Saëlam et al. (Samsun: Eser Matbaası, 1988), p. 141 n. 22.
75. Maghak'ia [Ter Babgen K'ahanay] Arslanian, Baberd ew ir Shrjannerx [Baberd (Bayburt) and its Districts] (Paris, 1955), p. 15.
76. Bilgin (1990), pp. 186-87, 205, 206 n. 1 and 227-28. See the excellent discussion by Hagop Hachikian on this topic in Chapter 7 (this volume).
77. Ibid., pp. 314 and 328.
78. Haykuni (1895), p. 242.
79. Bzhshkian (1819), pp. 49 and 97; Mkhit'ariants' (1857), p. 47; T'umayian (1899), p. 177.
80. Mkhit'ariants' (1857), p. 47; T'umayian (1899), p. 177.
81. Özkaya (1988), p. 141 n. 22.
82. Mkhit'ariants' (1857), p. 47.
83. Mahmut Goloaelu, Trabzon Tarihi: Fetihten Kurtuluva Kadar (Ankara: Kalite Matbaası, 1975), pp. 122-26; Mkhit'ariants' (1857), pp. 47-48;
84. T'umayian (1899), p. 177.
85. T'o˝lak'yan (1981), p. 96.
86. Bzhshkian (1819), p. 49.
87. Inchichian (1806), p. 397; Tashian (1980), vol. 2, p. 129.
88. Atacan and Bekar (2001), p. 102.
89. Babken At'o˝akits' Kat'oghikos Kiwleserian (ed.), Ts'uts'ak Dze˝agrats' Ankiwrioy Karmir Vanuts' ew Shrjakayits' [Catalogue of Manuscripts of the Red Monastery of Angora and the Surroundings] (Antelias: Press of the Armenian Catholicosate of the Great House of Cilicia, 1957), pp. 997-1000.
90. Orkun Yaman, 'Etniklik ve Hemvin Üzerine (Bulutların Ülkesi Hemvin 4)', Halkbilimi: Orta Doaeu Teknik Üniversitesi Türk Halk Bilimi Topluluaeu (Ankara, 1998), no. 7, p. 56.
91. Malkhas (1953), p. 16.
92. Atrpet [Sargis Mubayajian], Chorokhi Awazanx [The Basin of the Çoruh] (Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, 1929), p. 110.
93. Sekhnia Tchkhéidzé, 'Chronique de Géorgie', in Histoire de la Géorgie: Depuis l'antiquité jusqu'au XIX e siècle, edited and translated by Marie-Félicité Brosset, part II, Histoire moderne, vol. 2 (St Petersburg: Imprimerie de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences, 1857), p. 39 and n. 2. On Ârifi Ahmed Pasha, see Mehmed Süreyya, Sicill-i Osmanî: Osmanlı Ünlüleri, edited by Nuri Akbayar and transliterated into modern Turkish script by Seyit Ali Kahraman (Istanbul: Kültür Bakanlıaeı ile Türkiye Ekonomik ve Toplumsal Tarih Vakfı, 1996), vol. 1, pp. 219 and 321; Fahameddin Bavar, Osmanlı Eyâlet Tevcihâtı (1717-1730) (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1997), pp. 92 and n. 213, and 282.
94. Tashian (1980), vol. 2, p. 129; see also Atacan and Bekar (2001).
95. Atacan and Bekar (2001), pp. 108-12.
96. Antony Bryer, 'Historical Note on Zil Kale', Archeion Pontou (Athens, 1977-78), 34, p. 55.
97. Atacan and Bekar (2001), p. 102; Karpuz (1992), pp. 50-52 and 59-60;
98. M. Ali Sakaoaelu et al. (eds), Cumhuriyetimizin 75. Yılı Kutlamaları Çerçevesinde 1. Hemvin Bal, Kültür ve Turizm Venlikleri, 22-23 Aaeustos 1998 (Ankara: Hemvin Hizmet Vakfı, 1998), p. 33.
99. Inchichian (1806), p. 396. 102 Ibid., p. 396.
100. Bzhshkian (1819), p. 97.
101. R. M. Dawkins, 'The Crypto-Christians of Turkey', Byzantion (Brussels, 1933), 8, no. 1, pp. 254 and 257 n. 3; Bryer (1983), p. 16.
102. Inchichian (1806), pp. 341-42.
103. Bernard Heyberger, Les Chrétiens du Proche-Orient au temps de la Réforme catholique (Syrie, Liban, Palestine, XVII e -XVIII e siècles) (Rome: École française de Rome, Palais Farnèse, 1994), p. 618.
104. Dawkins (1933), p. 271.
105. Ibid., pp. 268-73.
106. Bzhshkian (1819), p. 97.
107. Piro, 'Tachkats'ats Hayer' [Turkified Armenians], Nor-Dar [New Age] (Tiflis, 1893), 10, no. 227, 21 December, p. 3; Bzhshkian (1819), p. 97.
108. On Vardava˝, see Chapter 13 by Erhan Ersoy, as well as Chapter 11 by Uwe Bläsing and Chapter 15 by Rüdiger Benninghaus (this volume).
109. G. Amatuni [Garegin Amatian], 'Dareru Xnt'ats'k'in T'rk'ats'ats Hayer, K'rtats'ats Hayer' [Armenians Turkified and Kurdified throughout the Ages], Nayiri (Beirut, 1980), 25, nos. 3-4, 31 May, p. 15 and nos. 7-8, 30 June, p. 13.
110. Vital Cuinet, La Turquie d'Asie: Géographie administrative, statistique, descriptive et raisonnée de chaque province de l'Asie-Mineure, vol. 1 ( Paris: E. Leroux, 1890), p. 121. 116 Piro (1893), p. 3.
111. H. Barsegh Sargisian and H. Grigor Sargsian (eds), Mayr Ts'uts'ak Hayeren Dze˝agrats' Matenadaranin Mkhit'areants' i Venetik [Grand Catalogue of Armenian Manuscripts in the Library of the Venice Mekhitarists], vol. 3 (Venice: St Lazarus Monastery, 1966), pp. 4-5. An Italian-language version of the episode is available in Gabriella Uluhogian, 'La collezione di manoscritti della biblioteca di San Lazzaro', in San Lazzaro degli Armeni: L'isola, il monastero, il restauro, ed. Michela Maguolo and Massimiliano Bandera (Venice: Marsilio Editori, 1999), p. 129.
112. Mouradian (2002), pp. 408-09.
113. Inchichian (1806), p. 397; see Chapter 7 by Hagop Hachikian (this volume).
114. Tashian (1980), vol. 2, pp. 216-19.
115. Father Poghos Meherian, 'Patmutiun Varuts' Tea˝n H. Poghos Vardapeti Meherian, Sharagreal Yiwrme 1811 Venetik, i Vans Srboyn Ghazaru' [History of the Life of Father Poghos Meherian, Composed by Him, Venice, 1811, in the monastery of St Lazarus], Library of the Mekhitarist Congregation of Venice, Manuscript 560, pp. 161 and 168-69; quoted in Vardanyan (1998), pp. 2 and 8 n. 3 and 4; H. B. Sargisian, 'Vichakagrakan Nor Tesut'iwn mě i Npast Ankakh Hayastani' [A New Statistical Analysis in Favour of Independent Armenia], Bazmavep [Polyhistory] (Venice, 1919), 77, no. 9, pp. 284-85.
116. According to Islamic law, Christian women can marry Muslim men and keep their faith, while Christian men cannot marry Muslim women without converting to Islam. 124 Piro (1893), p. 3. 125 Bryer (1970), pp. 46-47.
117. Harut'iwn V. Hulunian and Matt'eos V. Hachian (eds), Hushamatean Khotorjuri [Memorial Book of Khotorjur] (Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, 1964), p. 165.
118. Inchichian (1806), p. 397.
119. Atacan and Bekar (2001), p. 102; Kiwleserian (1957), pp. 997-1000.
120. Inchichian (1806), pp. 396-97.
121. W. Gifford Palgrave, 'Report by Consul W. Gifford Palgrave on the Provinces of Trebizond, Sivas, Kastemouni, and Part of Angora', Commercial Reports Received from Her Majesty's Consuls, Accounts and Papers (1868), 59, no. 9, p. 363. Palgrave's mistaken figure was reproduced by Tsate Batsavi in his otherwise excellent chapter 'Hemvinliler', in Trabzon'dan Abhazya'ya: Doaeu Karadeniz Halklarının Tarih ve Kültürleri, edited and translated from Georgian into Turkish by Hayri Hayrioaelu (Istanbul: Sorun Yayınları, 1998), p. 72. On Palgrave's frequent inaccura- cies, see Bryer (1983), pp. 27-28 and n. 31, and his 'Late Byzantine Rural Society in Matzouka', in Continuity and Change in Late Byzantine and Early Ottoman Society, ed. Anthony Bryer and Heath Lowry (Birmingham/Washington, DC: University of Birmingham, Centre for Byzantine Studies/Dumbarton Oaks, Research Library and Collection, 1986), p. 57 n. 6.
122. W. Gifford Palgrave, 'Report, on the Lazistan Coast and the Corresponding Inland Districts between Shefkatell or Port St. Nicholas on the Russo-Caucasian Frontier and Trebizond, in the Summer of the Year 1872', Great Britain, Public Records Office/Foreign Office (PRO/FO) 526/8, 29 January 1873, p. 33.
123. H. Hakob K'osian (ed.), Ts'uts'ak Hayeren Dze˝agrats' Artsnean Varzharani ew Karnoy Giwgheru [Catalogue of Armenian Manuscripts from the Artsnean School and the Villages of Erzurum] (Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, 1964), p. 67; Edwards (1988), p. 421. On Khach'kavank', see Ter Hovhannes K'ahanay Vagharshakertts'i, Chanaparhort'ut'iwn T. Hovhannes K'ahanaye Vagharshakertts'oy i Sahmans Bardzr Hayots' [Travel of Father John of Vagharshakert to the Borders of Upper Armenia], vol. 1 (Constantinople: Tpagrut'iwn Petros Chezvechian, 1870), pp. 24-25, and Tashian (1980), vol. 2, p. 83 and n. 80b. Trabzon Vilayeti Salnamesi, edited and transliterated from Ottoman Turkish by Kudret Emiroaelu, vol. 1, 1869 (Ankara: Trabzon ⁄li ve ⁄lçeleri Eaeitim, Kültür ve Sosyal Yardımlavma Vakfı, 1993), p. 145; vol. 2, 1870 (1993), p. 185. 133 Bryer (1983), p. 22.
124. Trabzon Vilayeti Salnamesi, vol. 1, 1869 (1993), p. 155.
125. W. Gifford Palgrave, 'Vestiges of Glacial Action in North-Eastern Anatolia', Nature (London, 1872), 6, no. 157, p. 538.
126. Bzhshkian (1819), p. 93.
127. Haykuni (1895), p. 242. Haykuni provides a vivid portrait of Ter Karapet and describes one of his visits to Karadere in the biography of the bandit Abrieom; see Haykuni (1905), pp. 44-59, and Hovakimian (1967), pp. 62-63.
128. Haykuni (1895), p. 242-43.
129. Hovakimian (1967), pp. 64-66; Haykuni (1895), p. 243.
130. Haykuni (1895), p. 243; Haykuni (1905), pp. 54-58; Hovakimian (1967), pp. 63-65;
131. T'orlak'ian (1953), p. 259.
132. Hovakimian (1967), pp. 67-68.
133. T'umayian (1899), p. 175.
134. Hakob Muradiants', 'Sew Tsovi Ap'erin' [On the Shores of the Black Sea], Murch [The Hammer] (Tiflis, 1898), 10, no. 4, pp. 473-74.
135. William Gifford Palgrave, 'Letter to the Honorable H. G. Elliot', Great Britain, Public Records Office/Foreign Office (PRO/FO) 195/953, letter no. 20, 6 April 1869, pp. 64-66; copy in PRO/FO 524/14, pp. 32-33 (henceforth Palgrave (1869)).
136. 'Kaleefa' is spelt 'Kalfah' in another instance (PRO/FO 524/14, p. 48). Palgrave describes it as a 'coast-village about twenty miles Eastward' of Trebizond. Since there is no settlement named Kaleefa on the coast, it is likely that the reference is actually to the village of Kalafka, which, however, is located inland. Palgrave did not judge it necessary to send the original petition to the ambassador, so it is not known whether the mention of 400 years was indeed included in it. The petition is also mentioned by A. Derché, the French consul at Trebizond; like Palgrave, he fails to include the orig- inal in the letter sent to his superiors; see A. Derché, 'Envoi d'une requête adressée par les Croumlys', France, Ministère des Affaires Étrangères, Correspondance Politique des Consuls, Turquie, Trébizonde, tome 4, letter no. 18, 5 April 1869, p. 162. On the Islamicized Armenians of Yomra and Platana (Akçaabat), see Hovakimian (1967), p. 67.
137. T'o˝lak'yan (1981), p. 40.
138. Palgrave (1869). On Palgrave's despise of crypto-Christians and of their desire to revert to open worship of Christianity, and on his own multiple conversions, see Bryer (1983).
139. Haykuni (1905), p. 59n.; 'Lazistani Hayer' [The Armenians of Lazistan], Mankavarzhanots': Mankavarzhakan ew Grakanakan Amsagir [Pedagogical School: Pedagogical and Literary Monthly] (St Petersburg, 1887), 4, no. 1, p. 14. The Greeks of Kromni (Kurum) were also forced to continue serving in the army, even though their new status as Christians had been officially recognized; see PRO/FO 524/16, pp. 171-75, 188-90 and 239-41.
140. T'umayian (1899), p. 175; Haykuni (1895), pp. 242 and 297; Hovakimian (1967), p. 68; on the abuses and exactions perpetrated by Hasan Efendi, a mullah from Of, see Bryer (1983), pp. 48-49.
141. Haykuni (1895), pp. 243 and 297; T'orlak'ian (1953), p. 259; Hovakim Khushpulian, 'K'emalakan Arhawirk'nerx' [The Kemalist Atrocities], in Patmut'iwn Haykakan Pontosi [History of Armenian Pontos], ed. Hovakim Hovakimian [Arshakuni] (Beirut: Mshak Press, 1967), pp. 304-05.
142. T'umayian (1899), p. 176. 152 Haykuni (1895), p. 243.
143. Smith (1833), pp. 324-25.
144. 154 Cuinet (1890), p. 121. 155 Piro (1893), p. 3.
145. A. P. Megavorian [Meghavorian], 'K voprosu ob etnograficheskikh usloviiakh razvitiia narodnostei Chorokhskago basseina' [On the Question of Ethnographic Circumstances in the Development of the Nationalities of the Chorokh Basin], Izviestiia Kavkazskago otdiela Imperatorskago russkago geograficheskago obshchestva [Bulletin of the Caucasian Branch of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society] (Tiflis, 1904), 17, no. 5, p. 367; Gasapian (1913), pp. 145-46; Nikolai Iakovlevich Marr, 'Iz poiezdki v Turetskii Lazistan: Vpechatlieniia i nabliudeniia' [Travels in Turkish Lazistan: Impressions and Observations], Izviestiia Imperatorskoi Akademii Nauk -Bulletin de l'Académie Impériale des Sciences de St-Pétersbourg (1910), 4 (6th series), no. 8, 1 May, p. 608.
146. Vâkir Vevket, Trabzon Tarihi: ⁄lk Türkçe Vehir Tarihi, edited by ⁄smail Hacıfettahoaelu (Ankara: Trabzon Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları/Atlas Yayıncılık, 2001), pp. 105-06.
147. Bryer (1983), pp. 16 and 35-36.
148. Karl Koch, Wanderungen im Oriente während der Jahre 1843 und 1844, vol. 2, Reise im pontischen Gebirge und türkische Armenien (Weimar: Landes Industrie Comptoirs, 1846), pp. 55-58. The trip to Karmenik was not all lost, given the excellent brandy prepared in the village which, to Koch's surprise, was also highly appreciated by his Turkish guides.
149. Bryer (1970), p. 45 n. 45.
150. Koch (1846), vol. 2, p. 167.
151. Georg Rosen, Über die Sprache der Lazen (Berlin: Lemgo and Detmold, Meyersche Hofbuchhandlung, 1844), p. 2; Toumarkine (1995), p. 46.
152. Bryer (1983), pp. 24-25.
153. See Chapter 5 by Alexandre Toumarkine (this volume). See also, Michael E. Meeker, A Nation of Empire: The Ottoman Legacy of Turkish Modernity (Berkeley/Los Angeles/London: University of California Press, 2002).
154. Toumarkine (1995), p. 46.
155. Gaëlle Dupont, 'Le Parler Breton s'est Perdu dans les Tranchées', Le Monde (Paris, 1998), 6 November, p. 12.
156. This question was first asked by Meghavorian in 1904; see Megavorian [Meghavorian] (1904), p. 367.
157. Atrpet (1929), pp. 197-98.
158. Wolfgang Feurstein, 'Bemerkungen zur Ethnologie der Hemschinen', forthcoming.
159. Rüdiger Benninghaus, 'Zur Herkunft und Identität der Hemvinli', in Ethnic Groups in the Republic of Turkey, ed. Peter Alford Andrews with the assistance of Rüdiger Benninghaus (Wiesbaden: Dr Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1989), p. 479 and n. 17;
160. Hamdi Alemdar, Rize ⁄li 100. Yıl Örnek Köyü: Cimil Rehberi (Samsun?, n.d.), p. 190. For a list of Armenian-derived family names, see appendix 12.1. 172 Piro (1893), p. 3.
161. Barunak T'o˝lak'yan, 'Drvagner Hamshenahayeri Patmut'yunits' ' [Episodes from the History of Hamshen Armenians], Banber Erevani Hamalsarani [Bulletin of Erevan University] (1971), no. 2 (14), p. 199; T'o˝lak'yan (1981), p. 30; Gasapian (1913), p. 145.
162. N. N. Levashov, 'Zamietka o pogranichnoi linii i zonie, na razstoianii ot berega Chernago moria do goroda Artvina (s kartoiu)' [A Note on the Border Line and Zone, from the Coast of the Black Sea to the City of Artvin (with a Map)], Izviestiia Kavkazskago otdiela Imperatorskago russkago geograficheskago obshchestva [Bulletin of the Caucasian Branch of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society] (Tiflis, 1880), 6, no. 2, pp. 227-28; E. K. Liuzen, 'Bereg Russkago Lazistana' [The Border of Russian Lazistan], translated by D. A. Levshin, Izviestiia Kavkazskago otdiela Imperatorskago russkago geograficheskago obshchestva [Bulletin of the Caucasian Branch of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society] (Tiflis, 1905-06), 18, no. 3, p. 170.
163. Hasan Dursunovich Salikh-Oghli, 'Harts'azroyts' Hemshilneru A˝achnordin Het' [Interview with the Patriarch of the Hemshils], interview by Artawazd T'ulumchian, Asbarez [Horizon] (Glendale, CA, 2002), 4 May, p. 18. For discussions on Ardeletsi and Turtsevantsi, see Chapter 12 by Hagop Hachikian (this volume), as well as Igor Kuznetsov's chapter in the forthcoming second volume of The Hemshin.
164. Ali Gündüz, Hemvinliler: Dil -Tarih -Kültür (Ankara: Ardanuç Kültür Yardımlavma Derneaei, 2002), pp. 63, 88, 99, 139 and 157-58.
165. G. Kazbek, 'Tri miesiatsa v Turetskoi Gruzii' [Three Months in Turkish Georgia], Zapiski Kavkazskago otdiela Imperatorskago russkago geograficheskago obshchestva [Notes of the Caucasian Branch of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society] (Tiflis, 1876), 10, no. 1, pp. 99-101; Liuzen (1905-06), pp. 160-61; D. Bakradse [Dm. Z. Bakradze], 'Das türkische Grusien', trans. N. Von Seidlitz, Russische Revue: Monatsschrift für die Kunde Russlands (St Petersburg, 1877), 10, pp. 355 and 366.
166. Liuzen (1905-06), p. 169.
167. Harut'iwn Gat'enian, 'Namak Ardahanits' ' [Letter from Ardahan], Mshak [The Tiller] (Tiflis, 1883), 12, no. 168, 5 November, pp. 2-3; idem, 'Ch'ors Tari Shavshet'- Imerkhevum Shrjagayut'ean Ardiwnk'its' ' [From the Result of a Four-Years Tour of Shavshet-Imerkhevi], Mshak [The Tiller] (Tiflis, 1888), 16, no. 83, 23 July, p. 2; Levashov (1880), p. 228; Liuzen (1905-06), p. 168.
168. See the chapters by Sergey Vardanyan and Igor Kuznetsov in the forthcoming second volume of The Hemshin.
169. Gat'enian (1888), p. 2; Trabzon Vilayeti Salnamesi, vol. 12, 1881 (1999), p. 271. The total for the Bash Hemshin population is calculated by adding to the figures for the Hemshin nahiye to those of the Hemshin villages (e.g. Cimil, Haçapit, Abuhemvin) located in neighbouring districts.
170. Benninghaus (1989), p. 485.
171. Hanefi M. Bostan, XV-XVI. Asırlarda Trabzon Sancaaeında Sosyal ve ⁄ktisadî Hayat (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2002), p. 40; Özkaya (1988), p. 134.
172. Goloaelu (1975), pp. 120-22; Bilgin (1990), p. 283.
173. Inchichian (1806), p. 396. 186 Bryer (1970), p. 45.
174. Koch (1846), vol. 2, pp. 23-24. Koch also mentions that he was never able to comprehend the difference between voyvod and another title, mütesellim, since both described the official in charge of an administrative entity known as a sancak. His supposition was that when a district was overwhelmingly Christian, its governor would be called a voyvod, while mütesellim would be reserved for Muslim-populated districts. See Chapter 5 by Alexandre Toumarkine (this volume) for derebeys, and Chapter 7 by Hagop Hachikian for an explanation of the titles of voyvod and mütesellim.
175. Koch (1846), vol. 2, p. 23.
176. On the Kipchaks in Georgia, see Peter B. Golden, 'Cumanica I: The Qıp3aqs in Georgia', Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi (Wiesbaden, 1984), 4, pp. 45-87, particularly pp. 78-80 on Kubasar.
177. On Turkic, particularly Çepni Türkmen, origins of derebey families, see Bryer (1969), p. 193. 191 Atacan and Bekar (2001), pp. 6, 10, 38, 42 and 99. 192 This story was told to Hagop Hachikian by a Hopa Hemshinli informant.
178. Orhan Kılıç, 18. Yüzyılın ⁄lk Yarısında Osmanlı Devleti'nin ⁄dari Taksimatı -Eyalet ve Sancak Tevcihatı (Elazıae, Turkey: Ceren Matbaacılık, 1997), p. 159.
179. Bursalı Mehmet Tahir Efendi, Osmanlı Müellifleri, 1299-1915, vol. 1, edited by A. Fikri Yavuz and ⁄smail Özen (Istanbul: Meral Yayınevi, 1971), p. 264.
180. Bryer (1969), pp. 209-10.
181. Bzhshkian (1830), p. 84.
182. T'umayian (1899), p. 166.
183. Koch (1846), vol. 2, p. 116; Tashian (1980), vol. 2, pp. 115-16 and 175.
184. Palgrave (1868), pp. 373-78; other excerpts by Palgrave on this topic are provided in Bryer (1969), pp. 193-94 and n. 2.
185. Trabzon Vilayeti Salnamesi, vol. 2, 1870 (1993), p. 101; vol. 3, 1871 (1993), p. 113; vol. 4, 1872 (1994), p. 115; vol. 5, 1873 (1995), p. 117; vol. 6, 1874 (1995), p. 121; vol. 7, 1875 (1995), p. 199; vol. 8, 1876 (1995), p. 195; vol. 9, 1877 (1995), p. 135; vol. 10, 1878 (1999), p. 155; vol. 11, 1879 (1999), p. 183; vol. 12, 1881 (1999), p. 177.
186. Ibid., vol. 2, 1870 (1993), pp. 237-39; vol. 3, 1871 (1993), p. 257; vol. 4, 1872 (1994), p. 259; vol. 5, 1873 (1995), p. 217; vol. 6, 1874 (1995), p. 223; vol. 7, 1875 (1995), p. 293; vol. 8, 1876 (1995), p. 459; vol. 9, 1877 (1995), p. 383; vol. 10, 1878 (1999), pp. 237, 245 and 311; vol. 11, 1879 (1999), pp. 261, 271, 289 and 333; vol. 12, 1881 (1999), pp. 295, 305 and 363.
187. Palgrave (1873), pp. 33, 42 and 54; Russian translation [V. Dzh. Pal'grev], 'Otchet konsula Pal'greva, za lieto 1872 goda, o beregie Lazistana i prilegaiushchikh k nemu vnutrennikh okrugakh mezhdu Shevketilem ili ukriepleniem Cv. Nikolaia, na russko-turetskoi granitsie, na beregu Chernogo moria, i Trapezondom', translated by A. A. Tsionglinskii, in Materialy dlia opisaniia Aziiatskoi Turtsii i Batumskoi oblasti. II. Otchety V. Dzhifforda Pal'greva o provintsiiakh Anatolii za 1867-68, 1869 i 1872 gody. Prilozheniia k VII tomu, 'Izviestiia Kavkazskago otdiela Imperatorskogo russkago geograficheskago obshchestva' [Materials for the Description of Asiatic Turkey and the Batum Region. II. W. Gifford Palgrave's Account of the Provinces of Anatolia for the Years 1867-68, 1869 and 1872. Appendix to Volume VII of 'Bulletin of the Caucasian Branch of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society'], ed. E. G. Veidenbaum (Tiflis, 1882), pp. 70-74; Trabzon Vilayeti Salnamesi, vol. 10, 1878 (1999), p. 245.
188. Palgrave (1873), p. 33; idem, Russian translation (1882), pp. 70-71. Curiously, in some cases, the Russian translation has more information than the English original. Either Palgrave provided Russian scholars with a more extensive version of his text, or some passages were added by the translator and his colleagues.
189. Russian translation (1882) of Palgrave (1873), p. 71; I. I. Stebnitskii, 'Pontiiskii khrebet. Otryvok iz orografiia Maloi Azii' [The Pontic Mountain Range. A Fragment of the Orography of Asia Minor], Izviestiia Kavkazskago otdiela Imperatorskago russkago geograficheskago obshchestva [Bulletin of the Caucasian Branch of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society] (Tiflis, 1881), 7, no. 1, p. 62; Osman Bey [Frederick Millingen], 'Lazistan', Izviestiia Imperatorskago russkago geografichesk- ago obshchestva [Bulletin of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society] (St Petersburg, 1874), 10, no. 8, p. 359; Dm. Z. Bakradze, 'Zamietka o Batumskoi oblasti' [A Note on the Batum region], Izviestiia Kavkazskago otdiela Imperatorskago russkago geograficheskago obshchestva [Bulletin of the Caucasian Branch of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society] (Tiflis, 1880), 6, no. 2, pp. 161-62; Gat'enian (1883), pp. 2-3.
190. Megavorian [Meghavorian], p. 367.
191. Palgrave (1873), pp. 33-34; Trabzon Vilayeti Salnamesi, vol. 1, 1869 (1993), p. 219; vol. 2, 1870 (1993), pp. 299-01 and 309; vol. 3, 1871 (1993), pp. 317-19, 327 and 335; vol. 4, 1872 (1994), pp. 325-27, 335 and 343; vol. 5, 1873 (1995), pp. 251, 259 and 265; vol. 6, 1874 (1995), pp. 255 and 257; vol. 7, 1875 (1995), pp. 327, 335 and 341; vol. 8, 1876 (1995), pp. 491, 501 and 507; vol. 10, 1878 (1999), pp. 337, 343 and 352; vol. 11, 1879 (1999), p. 333; vol. 13, 1888 (2002), p. 643.
192. Rifat Yüce, Kocaeli Tarih ve Rehberi (⁄zmit: Türk Yolu Matbaası, 1945), p. 193.
193. Gasapian (1913), pp. 81-100.
194. Ibid., pp. 143-47; see also Chapter 7 by Hagop Hachikian (this volume).
195. Hulunian and Hachian (1964), pp. 180-83 and p. 181 n. 1; Tashian (1980) vol. 2, p. 201 n. 200; Piro (1893), pp. 2-3; Liuzen (1905-06), p. 168; Marr (1910), 15 April, pp. 552, 556-57 and 1 May, p. 618.
196. Hâle Soysü, 'Hemvinliler: Tulumla Konuvan Gururlu ⁄nsanlar', ⁄kibin'e Doaeru (Istanbul, 1991), 5, no. 41, 8 December, p. 44; Sevan Nivanyan, Landon Thomas and Gabriele Ohl, Zoom in Black Sea: A Traveler's Guide to Turkey's Black Sea Region (Istanbul: Boyut Yayın Grubu/Boyut Publishing Group, 1990), pp. 121-22; Sevan Nivanyan and Müjde Nivanyan, Karadeniz: Meraklısı ⁄çin Gezi Rehberi -Black Sea: A Traveller's Handbook for Northern Turkey (Istanbul: Boyut Yayın Grubu, 2000), pp. 150-51.
197. Hugh Pope, 'Market Scene', Los Angeles Times (1990), 7 August, p. 4; on the topic of migration to Russia, see Chapter 8 by Erhan Ersoy (this volume).