Tazama chanzo cha Mapacha

[[File:Marian and Vivian Brown.jpg|thumb|Marian na Vivian Brown, [[dada]] pacha wanaofanana.]]
'''Mapacha''' au '''ndugu pacha''' ni [[watu]] au [[wanyama]] waliozaliwa kwa pamoja kutoka [[Tumbo|tumboni]] mwa [[mama]] yao<ref name=MedicineNet>[http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11428 MedicineNet > Definition of Twin] {{Wayback|url=http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=11428 |date=20131022143156 }} Last Editorial Review: 19 June 2000</ref>. Kwa binadamu mara nyingi huwa wawili.

Kuna aina kuu [[mbili]] za mapacha ambao ni wale wanaofanana na wale wasiofanana. Tofauti ni kwamba wa kwanza wametokana na [[kijiyai]] kimoja kilichofikiwa na [[mbegu]] moja, kumbe wa pili wametokana na vijiyai viwili vilivyofikiwa na mbegu mbili. Hivyo wa kwanza wana [[jinsia]] ileile na kwa kawaida kabisa [[DNA]] ileile, kumbe wa pili DNA zao ni tofauti, ila zinafanana kiasi kama zile za [[ndugu]] wote wenye [[baba]] mmoja na [[mama]] mmoja<ref>Michael R. Cummings "Human Heredity Principles and issues" p. 104.</ref>.  

Kimataifa aina ya kwanza inatokea mara 3 katika [[ujauzito]] wa [[wanawake]] 1,000<ref name=wonderquest>{{cite web |url=http://www.wonderquest.com/TwinsTrigger.htm |title=What triggers twinning? |author=April Holladay |date=2001-05-09 |publisher=WonderQuest |accessdate=2007-03-22 |archivedate=2012-04-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414063713/http://www.wonderquest.com/TwinsTrigger.htm }}</ref>.

==Tanbihi==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Marejeo==
*Bacon, Kate. ''Twins in Society: Parents, Bodies, Space, and Talk'' (Palgrave Macmillan; 2010) 221 pages; explores the experience of child twins, adult twins, and parents of twins, with a focus on Britain.
* {{Rejea jarida |first1=Aggie |last1=Nieuwint |last2=Van Zalen-Sprock |first2=Rieteke |last3=Hummel |first3=Pieter |last4=Pals |first4=Gerard |last5=Van Vugt |first5=John |last6=Van Der Harten |first6=Hans |last7=Heins |first7=Yvonne |last8=Madan |first8=Kamlesh |display-authors=5 |title='Identical' twins with discordant karyotypes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_prenatal-diagnosis_1999-01_19_1/page/72 |journal=Prenatal Diagnosis |volume=19 |issue=1 |year=1999 |pages=72–6 |pmid=10073913 |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1097-0223(199901)19:1<72::AID-PD465>3.0.CO;2-V }}
* {{Rejea jarida|vauthors=Wenk RE, Houtz T, Brooks M, Chiafari FA | title=How frequent is heteropaternal superfecundation? |journal=Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae | year=1992 | volume=41 | issue=1 | pages=43–7 | pmid=1488855}}
* {{Rejea jarida |first1=Eloy |last1=Girela |last2=Lorente |first2=Jose A. |last3=Alvarez |first3=J. Carlos |last4=Rodrigo |first4=Maria D. |last5=Lorente |first5=Miguel |last6=Villanueva |first6=Enrique |display-authors=5 |journal=Fertility and Sterility |title=Indisputable double paternity in dizygous twins |year=1997 |volume=67 |issue=6 |pages=1159–61 |pmid=9176461 |doi=10.1016/S0015-0282(97)81456-2}}
* {{Rejea jarida |vauthors=Shinwell ES, Reichman B, Lerner-Geva L, Boyko V, Blickstein I |title="Masculinizing" effect on respiratory morbidity in girls from unlike-sex preterm twins: a possible transchorionic paracrine effect |journal=Pediatrics |volume=120 |issue=3 |pages=e447–53 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17766488 |doi=10.1542/peds.2006-3574 |url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17766488 |accessdate=2008-10-06 }}
* {{Rejea jarida|vauthors=Lummaa V, Pettay JE, Russell AF |title=Male twins reduce fitness of female co-twins in humans |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=104 |issue=26 |pages=10915–20 |date=June 2007 |pmid=17576931 |pmc=1904168 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0605875104 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17576931 |accessdate=2008-10-06}}
* {{Rejea kitabu|first=Elyse |last=Schein |author2=Paula Bernstein  |title=Identical Strangers: A Memoir of Twins Separated and Reunited |url=https://archive.org/details/identicalstrange0000sche |publisher=Random House |location=New York |year=2007 |pages= |isbn=1-4000-6496-1 |oclc=123390922}}
* Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2009 May 15;151C(2):136-41. Not really identical: epigenetic differences in monozygotic twins and implications for twin studies in psychiatry. Haque FN, Gottesman II, Wong AH.

{{mbegu-biolojia}}

[[Jamii:Uzazi]]