Wikipedia - Ibeddilen ineggura [kab]

X (Aẓeṭṭa anmetti)

2026-10-14T15:06:51Z

Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen

@@ Ajerriḍ 9: / Ajerriḍ 9: @@
 | website = x.com
 | logo_caption = Alugu n X.
 }}
 '''X''' (yettwassnen zik s yisem n '''Twitter''') d aẓeṭṭa anmetti amirikan d taɣerɣert tumḍint n umikrublugin (''microblogging''). S tallelt-is, zemren yiseqdacen ad d-suffɣen yerna ad bḍun iznan iwezlanen umi ttinin zik « ''tweets'' », tugniwin, tividyutin, d yimagraden. Taɣerɣert-a tella gar yizeḍwan imettiyen imeqqranen akk deg Internet, yerna tettuseqdec aṭas sɣur yineɣmasen, isertiyen, imeɣnasen, d yimdanen deg yal tamurt n umaḍal.

Talɣa:Infobox company

2026-10-14T14:09:56Z

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(4 N iceggiren iskudanen sɣuṛ aseqdac iman-is ur d-ttwaseknen ara)
Ajerriḍ 2:		Ajerriḍ 2:
	<includeonly>{{Infobox		<includeonly>{{Infobox
	\| name = {{{name\|{{PAGENAME}}}}}		\| name = {{{name\|{{PAGENAME}}}}}
	\| image = {{#if:{{{logo\|}}}\|{{{logo}}}\|{{{image\|}}}}}		\| image = <div style="text-align:center;">{{#if:{{{logo_file\|}}}\|[[File:{{{logo_file}}}\|frameless\|200px]]\|{{#if:{{{logo\|}}}\|{{{logo}}}\|{{#if:{{{image_file\|}}}\|[[File:{{{image_file}}}\|frameless\|280px]]\|{{{image\|}}}}}}}}}</div>
	\| caption = {{#if:{{{logo\|}}}\|{{{logo_caption\|}}}\|{{{image_caption\|}}}}}		\| caption = <div style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;">{{#if:{{{logo_file\|}}}{{{logo\|}}}\|{{{logo_caption\|}}}\|{{{image_caption\|}}}}}</div>
	\| data1 = <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Talɣut ɣef termist</div>{{#if:{{{logo\|}}}\|{{#if:{{{image\|}}}\|<div style="text-align:center;">{{{image}}}<div>{{{image_caption\|}}}</div></div>}}}}		\| data1 = <div style="background:#eaecf0; padding:0.45em; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; margin-bottom:0.5em;">Talɣut ɣef termist</div>{{#if:{{{logo_file\|}}}{{{logo\|}}}\|{{#if:{{{image_file\|}}}{{{image\|}}}\|<div style="text-align:center;">{{#if:{{{image_file\|}}}\|[[File:{{{image_file}}}\|frameless\|280px]]\|{{{image\|}}}}}<div style="font-size:90%; color:#54595d; margin-top:0.3em;">{{{image_caption\|}}}</div></div>}}}}
	\| label2 = Isem unṣib		\| label2 = Isem unṣib
	\| data2 = {{{official_name\|}}}		\| data2 = {{{official_name\|}}}
Ajerriḍ 99:		Ajerriḍ 99:
	"description": "Tugna n termist.",		"description": "Tugna n termist.",
	"type": "content"		"type": "content"
			},

			"image_file": {
			"label": "Afaylu n tugna",
			"description": "Isem n ufaylu n tugna, war tira n [[File:...]].",
			"type": "wiki-file-name"
	},		},

Ajerriḍ 144:		Ajerriḍ 150:
	"type": "content"		"type": "content"
	},		},

			"logo_file": {
			"label": "Afaylu n ulugu",
			"description": "Isem n ufaylu n ulugu, war tira n [[File:...]].",
			"type": "wiki-file-name"
			},

	"logo_caption": {		"logo_caption": {
	"label": "Asegzi n ulugu",		"label": "Asegzi n ulugu",

New York

2026-10-14T10:53:08Z

Aḍris amaynut

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Ajerriḍ 109:		Ajerriḍ 109:

	''Erie Canal'' yessuddes assaɣ n tnezzut gar New York d temnaḍin n wadda n Ilel Erie, ayen i yesnernan azal n temdint deg tedamsa n Marikan.		''Erie Canal'' yessuddes assaɣ n tnezzut gar New York d temnaḍin n wadda n Ilel Erie, ayen i yesnernan azal n temdint deg tedamsa n Marikan.

			== 7. New York deg lqern wis 19 — tamdint n yinigen ==
			[[Tugna:New-York-Fifth-Avenue 1900.jpg\|centré\|vignette\|450x450px\|aNew York deg 1900.]]


			Deg lqern wis 19, New York tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin i d-yettawin aṭas n yinigen seg Turuft. Imdanen n waṭas n tmura kecmen ɣer New York i wakken ad afen amahil, tilelli n usɣan neɣ tudert yelhan ugar.

			Gar yinigen-a llan:

			* '''Irlandiyen''' i d-iffɣen seg tazɣent n laẓ deg tmurt-nsen.
			* '''Iṭalyanen''' i d-yusan seg waṭas n temnaḍin n [[Ṭṭelyan\|Ṭelyan]].
			* '''Ilmaniyen''' d yinigen n Turuft Talemmast.
			* '''Iyahudiyen''' i d-iffɣen seg Turuft n Usamar, ladɣa seg ussan n miḥyaf.

			Deg 1892, tigzirt n Ellis Island tebda ad tesɛu tawuri tameqqrant deg usqerdec n yinigen i d-yekcemen ɣer Marikan.

			New York tuɣal d tamdint n tutlayin yemgaraden, n yiɣaniben n tudert yemgaraden, d tnezzut i yettnernin.

			Maca amhaz-a ur yelli ara war uguren. Imezdaɣ aṭas zedɣen deg yixxamen imecṭaḥ, gar-asen tella Maca aṭas n yimezdaɣ ttidiren deg tegnatin iweɛren: lehlakat, laẓ d tegnatin n umahil iwaɛren d uɛeddi ɣef yizerfan n yixeddamen.

			=== Asbeddi n New York tamirant deg 1898 ===
			Deg 1 Yennayer 1898, tiɣiwanin i d-yettwasemman ass-a '''Manhattan''', '''Brooklyn''', '''Queens''', '''Bronx''' d '''Staten Island''' dduklent deg yiwet n temdint tameqqrant.

			Aneḍru-a yerr-a New York d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n Marikan, s tmurt d ugdud meqqren aṭas.

	==Isunen n weɣrem n New York==		==Isunen n weɣrem n New York==

Asfukel war tukci n tmusni

2026-10-14T09:35:27Z

arniɣ ayen ilaqen

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	=== Asenqed, afran d usemres n yisefka ===		=== Asenqed, afran d usemres n yisefka ===
	ZK yezmer ad yekki deg yinagrawen n ufran, usenqed n usiḍen(leḥsab) neɣ uselken n leqdic n yiwen wahil ɣef yisefka uffiren. Deg yal amedya, ilaq ad yettwasbadu wayen i yettwasfukulen s ṣṣfa: asfukel n kra n tneqqiḍin ur yettuɣal ara d asfukel n tɣellist n unagraw meṛṛa. Aḥraz n tuffirt d aselken n leḥsab zemren ad myekmalen, maca yal yiwen yesɛa tiwtilin-is.		ZK yezmer ad yekki deg yinagrawen n ufran, usenqed n usiḍen(leḥsab) neɣ uselken n leqdic n yiwen wahil ɣef yisefka uffiren. Deg yal amedya, ilaq ad yettwasbadu wayen i yettwasfukulen s ṣṣfa: asfukel n kra n tneqqiḍin ur yettuɣal ara d asfukel n tɣellist n unagraw meṛṛa. Aḥraz n tuffirt d aselken n leḥsab zemren ad myekmalen, maca yal yiwen yesɛa tiwtilin-is.

			== 9. Tilisa, taɣellist d tmara n usiḍen(leḥsab) ==

			=== Tidet n yisefka n tazwara ===
			Asfukel yesneqed assaɣ i yettwasbadun deg wahil. Ma assaɣ-nni yella deg-s useɣti ur nemmid ara, neɣ isefka n tazwara d ikerkas, asfukel yezmer ad yettwaqbel ɣas agmuḍ i nettmenni deg tilawt ur iṣeḥḥa ara. S umedya n "18 n yiseggasen", ilaq aselkin n tlalit iṣeḥḥan; ZK ur yettbeddil ara azal ur neṣṣiḥ ara ɣer tidet.

			=== Tuffirt n uselkin d talɣut i d-yettbanen ===
			Isefka izuyaz d ugmuḍ n uselken zemren ad d-mmalen kra n talɣut. Ma anagraw yesfukel « amḍan n yiseggasen yugar 18 », talɣut-a teffeɣ-d s lebɣi. Ma anagraw yefka aṭas n tririyin ɣef waṭas n tlisa, yezmer ad yesban ugar. Ihi, afran n tenfalit yezmer ad yili azal-is am wazal n tarrayt n usfukel. Uffir n uselkin ur d-yettawi ara s yiman-is uffir n tansa IP, akud n usemres, tuqqna gar yiḍrisen neɣ isem n umseqdac. Anadi ɣef [[Zcash]] yeskanay amek kra n tarrayin n usemres d yisefka izuyaz zemrent ad ɛawnent i tuqqna gar temhal, ɣas allalen n uwgelhan llan.

			=== Tmara d yiseɣẓanen ===
			Asnulfu n usfukel yezmer ad yeḥwaǧ ugar n wakud d tkatut n leḥsab aneṣli. Aselken yezmer ad yili d arurad, maca aya yettbeddil ilmend n tarrayt, teɣzi n yisefka izuyaz, talɣa n wahil d warraten n uselkim. Asenqed n tarrayin ilaq ad yefrez gar akud n uheggi,n usnulfu, d uselken d teɣzi n usfukel. Tuccḍa deg useɣẓan, asenqed ur nemmid ara n yiɣewwaṛen, neɣ asnulfu ur neṣṣiḥ ara n yimḍanen ugacuranen zemren ad sruḥen taɣellist. Deg '''Schnorr''', allus n yiwen '''r''' yezmer ad yesban tasarut. Deg yinagrawen n leḥsab imatu, tiwtilin i yettwanṭṭan deg tbadut n ugur zemrent ad ǧǧent asfukel ad yeqbel ayen ur nettraju ara. Iselkimen ikwantiyen bden ɣef Kra n tarrayin yebḍan ɣef ugur n "''discrete logarithm"'' neɣ "''pairings''", ur ttwaḥsabent ara d tiɣellsanin mgal aselkim akwanti ameqqran iwatan. Tiwaculin ibedden ɣef tesɣunin n ugeddeḥ zemrent ad sɛunt turdiwin yemgaraden. Ilaq ad yettwasenqed unagraw meṛṛa, seg usfukel ɣer yizmal d tsura; isem n twacult ur yekfi ara i usfukel n tɣellist akwantiyant.

Ovid

2026-10-13T22:02:03Z

arniɣ ayen ilaqen

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Ajerriḍ 22:		Ajerriḍ 22:

	Deg tallit-a, Tagduda Trumanit tella tettɛeddi seg tazɣent tasertant ɣer tallit n usdukel n tezmert deg ufus n yiwen n umdan, ''Octavianus'', win ara yuɣalen d Uɣust.		Deg tallit-a, Tagduda Trumanit tella tettɛeddi seg tazɣent tasertant ɣer tallit n usdukel n tezmert deg ufus n yiwen n umdan, ''Octavianus'', win ara yuɣalen d Uɣust.

			=== 2.2. Tawacult-is d watmaten-is ===
			Ovid yesɛa gma-s ameqqran fell-as s yiwen n useggas, i yemmuten d ameẓẓyan, mi yesɛa azal n 20 n yiseggasen. Tamettant n gma-s tella d lḥif ameqqran i twacult-is.

			Yella d amezwaru? Ala, Ovid yella d amecṭuḥ deg sin n watmaten.

			Yella diɣen d win i d-yettwabedren deg yisefra-s s tikkelt ɣer tayeḍ, imi yettmeslay ɣef tlalit-is, baba-s, yemma-s d tmurt-is.

			Maca ilaq ad nefrez gar wayen i d-yenna Ovid s timmad-is d wayen i nezmer ad nesseɣti s yizirigen imezruyanen: aṭas n yisallen ɣef tudert-is d netta i ten-id-yefkan.

			== 3. Tamẓi d uselmed-is ==

			=== 3.1. Azraw deg Ruma ===
			Mi yella d ameẓẓyan, Ovid iruḥ ɣer Ruma akked gma-s iwakken ad lemden tasnukyest, tira, timawit d uzref.

			Ruma tella deg tallit-a d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n umaḍal agrakal.

Qusṭantin Amezwaru

2026-10-13T19:43:42Z

arniɣ ayen ilaqen

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	Deg umezruy amiran, tgelda-a tettwasemma aṭas Tgelda Tabizantin. Maca imezdaɣ-is ur semman ara i yiman-nsen «Bizantiyen» deg unamek amiran. Ttwalin iman-nsen d Irumanen, yerna ssawalen i tgelda-nsen tagelda tarumanit.		Deg umezruy amiran, tgelda-a tettwasemma aṭas Tgelda Tabizantin. Maca imezdaɣ-is ur semman ara i yiman-nsen «Bizantiyen» deg unamek amiran. Ttwalin iman-nsen d Irumanen, yerna ssawalen i tgelda-nsen tagelda tarumanit.

			== 9. Agraw n Nikiya (325) d ubeddel n tmeslayt tamasiḥit ==
			[[Tugna:Nicea.jpg\|centré\|vignette\|450x450px\|Agraw n Nikiya.]]


			Deg useggas 325, Qusṭantin yessuter ad yemlil ugraw ameqqran n yimrabḍen imasiḥiyen deg temdint n Nikiya, i d-yeqqimen ass-a d ''İznik'' deg [[Tturk\|Turkya]].

			Agraw-a yettwassnen s yisem n Agraw Amezwaru n Nikiya.

			=== 9.1. D acu i d-ugur i yellan? ===
			Deg tallit-a, tella temgarda tameqqrant gar yimasḥiyen ɣef tɣawsa n tɣessa n Yasuɛ Lmasiḥ d wassaɣ-is d Rebbi. [[Aryus]] yella d yiwen n yimrabḍen(argaz n ddin neɣ n usɣan) n temdint n Aleksandriya.

			Yella yettwali belli Mmi-s n Rebbi ur yelli ara d aqdim am Baba-s, imi tella tallit anda ur yelli ara. Imrabḍen nniḍen ur qbilen ara tikti-a. Llan ttwalin belli Mmi-s d aqdim am Baba-s, yerna d yiwen n ugama n tɣellist tarrabanit. Tamsalt-a tessekcem imasiḥiyen deg yiwen n ccwal ameqqran.

			=== 9.2. D acu i yexdem Qusṭantin? ===
			Qusṭantin, i yebɣan ad yesɛu talwit deg tmeslayt tamasiḥit, yessuter ad yemlil ugraw n yimrabḍen.

			Ur yelli ara d amrabḍ, ur yelli ara d ameqqran n tussna n ddin, maca yella d amenkad i yesɛan tazmert ad yesdukkel imdanen deg yiwen n ugraw.

			Agraw n Nikiya yefka azal i tikti n ''homoousios'', i d-yemmalen belli Mmi-s d Baba-s sɛan yiwet n tɣessa n ugama n yillu(agama n ṛebbi). Agraw yefren daɣen kra n yilugan i yesɛan assaɣ d ddin, d uselḥu n tmeslayt s tmuɣli tamasiḥit.

			=== 9.3. Azal n ugraw-a ===
			Agraw n Nikiya yesɛa azal ameqqran deg umezruy amasiḥi, imi d yiwen seg yigrawen imeqqranen imezwura i yebnan tikti tamasiḥit n tmeslayin d tmuɣliwin timeqqranin n usɣan-agi. Maca ur yelli ara d taggara n ccwal. Amgired gar yimasḥiyen ɣef tamsalt n Aryus akked taluft n [[Tadunatit\|yidunatiden]] tekkemmel deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, ɣas akken Qusṭantin yeɛreḍ ad yefru.

			Ilaq daɣen ad nẓer belli agraw-a ur d-yessnulfa ara ddin amasiḥi. Ddin-a yella uqbel Qusṭantin s waṭas n tasutin. Agraw yeɛreḍ ad yefru amgired gar yimasḥiyen ɣef kra n tɣawsiwin n lmendad n ddin.

X (Aẓeṭṭa anmetti)

2026-10-13T14:58:37Z

seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin

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	\| industry = Iẓedwa inmettiyen		\| industry = Iẓedwa inmettiyen
	\| website = x.com		\| website = x.com
			\| logo_caption = Alugu n X.
	}}		}}

X (Aẓeṭṭa anmetti)

2026-10-13T14:57:52Z

Amagrad amaynut

Asebter amaynut

{{Infobox company
| name = X
| logo = [[File:X logo 2023 original.svg|thumb|300 px]]
| country = Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt
| headquarters = Bastrop, Texas
| type = Taṛmist tatiknulujit
| founded = 21 maɣres 2006
| industry = Iẓedwa inmettiyen
| website = x.com
}}

'''X''' (yettwassnen zik s yisem n '''Twitter''') d aẓeṭṭa anmetti amirikan d taɣerɣert tumḍint n umikrublugin (''microblogging''). S tallelt-is, zemren yiseqdacen ad d-suffɣen yerna ad bḍun iznan iwezlanen umi ttinin zik « ''tweets'' », tugniwin, tividyutin, d yimagraden. Taɣerɣert-a tella gar yizeḍwan imettiyen imeqqranen akk deg Internet, yerna tettuseqdec aṭas sɣur yineɣmasen, isertiyen, imeɣnasen, d yimdanen deg yal tamurt n umaḍal.

Talɣa:Infobox company

2026-10-13T14:29:26Z

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Ajerriḍ 2:		Ajerriḍ 2:
	<includeonly>{{Infobox		<includeonly>{{Infobox
	\| name = {{{name\|{{PAGENAME}}}}}		\| name = {{{name\|{{PAGENAME}}}}}
	\| image = {{{logo\|{{{image\|}}}}}}		\| image = {{#if:{{{logo\|}}}\|{{{logo}}}\|{{{image\|}}}}}
	\| caption = {{#if:{{{logo\|}}}\|{{{logo_caption\|}}}\|{{{image_caption\|}}}}}		\| caption = {{#if:{{{logo\|}}}\|{{{logo_caption\|}}}\|{{{image_caption\|}}}}}
			\| data1 = <div style="text-align:center; font-weight:bold;">Talɣut ɣef termist</div>{{#if:{{{logo\|}}}\|{{#if:{{{image\|}}}\|<div style="text-align:center;">{{{image}}}<div>{{{image_caption\|}}}</div></div>}}}}
	\| header1 = Talɣut ɣef termist
	\| data1 = {{#if:{{{logo\|}}}\|{{{image\|}}}<div>{{{image_caption\|}}}</div>}}
	\| label2 = Isem unṣib		\| label2 = Isem unṣib
	\| data2 = {{{official_name\|}}}		\| data2 = {{{official_name\|}}}

OpenAI

2026-10-13T14:24:12Z

Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen

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	\| image = [[File:1515 Third Street.jpg\|300px]]		\| image = [[File:1515 Third Street.jpg\|300px]]
	\| image_caption = Tasɣimt n OpenAI deg San Francisco.		\| image_caption = Tasɣimt n OpenAI deg San Francisco.
			\| logo = [[File:OpenAI Logo.svg\|200px]]
			\| logo_caption = Alugu n OpenAI
	}}		}}

Talɣa:Infobox company

2026-10-13T14:22:41Z

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(2 N iceggiren iskudanen sɣuṛ aseqdac iman-is ur d-ttwaseknen ara)
Ajerriḍ 4:		Ajerriḍ 4:
	\| image = {{{logo\|{{{image\|}}}}}}		\| image = {{{logo\|{{{image\|}}}}}}
	\| caption = {{#if:{{{logo\|}}}\|{{{logo_caption\|}}}\|{{{image_caption\|}}}}}		\| caption = {{#if:{{{logo\|}}}\|{{{logo_caption\|}}}\|{{{image_caption\|}}}}}
	\| header1 = Talɣut ɣef ~~teṛmist~~		\| header1 = Talɣut ɣef termist
			\| data1 = {{#if:{{{logo\|}}}\|{{{image\|}}}<div>{{{image_caption\|}}}</div>}}
	\| label2 = Isem unṣib		\| label2 = Isem unṣib
	\| data2 = {{{official_name\|}}}		\| data2 = {{{official_name\|}}}

OpenAI

2026-10-13T14:04:20Z

Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen

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Ajerriḍ 11:		Ajerriḍ 11:
	\| website = https://openai.com		\| website = https://openai.com
	\| image = [[File:1515 Third Street.jpg\|300px]]		\| image = [[File:1515 Third Street.jpg\|300px]]
			\| image_caption = Tasɣimt n OpenAI deg San Francisco.
	}}		}}

Talɣa:Infobox company

2026-10-13T14:01:38Z

←Lqem i yezrin		Lqem n wass 13 Tuber 2026 à 14:01
Ajerriḍ 3:		Ajerriḍ 3:
	\| name = {{{name\|{{PAGENAME}}}}}		\| name = {{{name\|{{PAGENAME}}}}}
	\| image = {{{logo\|{{{image\|}}}}}}		\| image = {{{logo\|{{{image\|}}}}}}
	\| caption = {{{logo_caption\|}}}		\| caption = {{#if:{{{logo\|}}}\|{{{logo_caption\|}}}\|{{{image_caption\|}}}}}
	\| header1 = Talɣut ɣef teṛmist		\| header1 = Talɣut ɣef teṛmist
	\| label2 = Isem unṣib		\| label2 = Isem unṣib
Ajerriḍ 99:		Ajerriḍ 99:
	"description": "Tugna n termist.",		"description": "Tugna n termist.",
	"type": "content"		"type": "content"
			},

			"image_caption": {
			"label": "Asegzi n tugna",
			"description": "Asegzi n tugna n termist.",
			"type": "string"
	},		},
	"type": {		"type": {

Asfukel war tukci n tmusni

2026-10-13T11:03:41Z

arniɣ ayen ilaqen

←Lqem i yezrin		Lqem n wass 13 Tuber 2026 à 11:03
Ajerriḍ 180:		Ajerriḍ 180:

	composition) war ''trusted setup''. Asfukel amaynut yezmer ad yesneqed asfukel aqbur d kra n leḥsab nniḍen, iwakken ad tili teɣzi n leqdic yettwasenqaden meqqret, ɣas asfukel i neḥrez d awezlan. Aya d tarrayt i usemẓi n tmara n uselken n umezrar n leḥsabat.		composition) war ''trusted setup''. Asfukel amaynut yezmer ad yesneqed asfukel aqbur d kra n leḥsab nniḍen, iwakken ad tili teɣzi n leqdic yettwasenqaden meqqret, ɣas asfukel i neḥrez d awezlan. Aya d tarrayt i usemẓi n tmara n uselken n umezrar n leḥsabat.

			== 8. Iseqdacen ==

			=== Asesteb d yiselkinen umḍinen ===
			Asfukel n tmusni n tsarut tuffirt yezmer ad yili d aḥric n usesteb. Anagraw yezmer ad yiselken belli win i as-d-yettmeslayen yesɛa tasarut, war ma t-id-yefka. Iwakken ad yettwakkes usemres n usfukel aqbur, ilaq tuqqna ɣer usatal, asteqsi amaynut neɣ tallit nusemres. Asfukel i izemren ad yettwasenqed sɣur yal yiwen ur yettuɣal ara d asesteb amaynut s yiman-is.

			Deg yiselkinen umḍinen, ZK yezmer ad yesseḥbiber ɣef talɣut ur neḥwaǧ ara i wuskan:

			amḍan n yiseggasen, tilin deg yiwet n tegrumma, neɣ tasiregt i kra n leqdic. Maca anagraw ilaq ad isenqed daɣen azmul n win i d-yefkan aselkin, azemz n taggara n usemres-is d wamek ara tettwakkes tsiregt ma tbeddel tegnit.

			=== Tidrimin tumḍinin d Zerocash ===
			'''Zerocash''', i d-yettwabedren deg 2014, yessemras zk-SNARKs iwakken ad yettwasenqed tanigawt(lexlaṣ) war asban n kra n yisefka n win i d-yettaken, win yettawin d wazal n yidrimen.

			Asfukel yezmer ad yesdukkel tilin n yidrimen, tasiregt n usemres-nsen d uḥraz n wazal.

			Anagraw ummid yessemras daɣen allalen nniḍen iwakken ad yagi lexlaṣ snat n tikkal s yiwen n uḥric n yidrimen.

			=== Aselken n usiḍen(leḥsab) d yimesdukklen n temhal(rollups) ===
			Deg wannar n yizurar n yiḥedren(blockchains), '''amesdukkel n temhal aneɣbal''' "'''''validity rollup'''''", deg-s aṭas n temhal ttwaseqdacent berra n uzrar agejdan. Asfukel yeseɣtay abeddel n waddad seg S ɣer S′; tezrart tagejdant tesneqad asfukel ilmend n yilugan-is. Aya yezmer ad isneɣṣ leḥsab i ilaq ad xedmen meṛṛa yimttekkiyen. Maca aṭas n yiseqdacen i wumi qqaren « ZK-rollups » semrasen asfukel n tidet, war ma ffren meṛṛa isefka n temhal.

			Tilin n usfukel ur tefru ara s yiman-is ugur n unekcum ɣer yisefka (data availability). Ilaq ad tili tarrayt i win iḥwaǧen isefka n waddad iwakken ad t-id-yales, ad yiselken tazmert n usuffeɣ neɣ ad iḥrez izerfan-is deg unagraw.

			=== Asenqed, afran d usemres n yisefka ===
			ZK yezmer ad yekki deg yinagrawen n ufran, usenqed n usiḍen(leḥsab) neɣ uselken n leqdic n yiwen wahil ɣef yisefka uffiren. Deg yal amedya, ilaq ad yettwasbadu wayen i yettwasfukulen s ṣṣfa: asfukel n kra n tneqqiḍin ur yettuɣal ara d asfukel n tɣellist n unagraw meṛṛa. Aḥraz n tuffirt d aselken n leḥsab zemren ad myekmalen, maca yal yiwen yesɛa tiwtilin-is.

New York

2026-10-13T10:42:27Z

Aḍris amaynut

←Lqem i yezrin		Lqem n wass 13 Tuber 2026 à 10:42
Ajerriḍ 84:		Ajerriḍ 84:

	Deg tallit-a, tamdint tella d amkan n waṭas n tutlayin d yisɣanen. Llant temettiyin tihulandiyin, talmaniyin, tafransisin, tagliziyin, tiyahudiyin d yimezdaɣ iberkanen. tilelli n usɣan(n tedyanit) ur tettunefk ara i meṛṛa s yiwen wudem, yerna taklit d uɛzel n kra n yigrawen n yimezdaɣ d ayen yellan deg temdint.		Deg tallit-a, tamdint tella d amkan n waṭas n tutlayin d yisɣanen. Llant temettiyin tihulandiyin, talmaniyin, tafransisin, tagliziyin, tiyahudiyin d yimezdaɣ iberkanen. tilelli n usɣan(n tedyanit) ur tettunefk ara i meṛṛa s yiwen wudem, yerna taklit d uɛzel n kra n yigrawen n yimezdaɣ d ayen yellan deg temdint.

			== 5. Tallit n Lingliziyen (1664–1783) ==
			Deg 1664, Lingliziyen ṭṭfen New Amsterdam. Beddlen-as isem, semman-as New York, ilmend n ''James'', ''Duke of York''.

			Deg tallit-a, tamdint tettnerni s waṭas, tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin tigejdanin n tmura i yellan ddaw udabu n [[Legliz\|Leglizi]] deg Marikan n Ugafa.

			Tanezzut tettnerni, llan imezdaɣ imaynuten, ttemḍafaren-d yimseftiyen n tnezzut. Maca tadamsa n temdint tella tesɛa ula d aḥric i ibedden ɣef umahil n waklan.

			Deg ṭṭrad n timunent n Marikan, New York teqqim ddaw n udabu aserdasi n Lingliziyen seg 1776 armi 1783.

			Mi ifukk ṭṭrad, tamdint tebda tallit tamaynut, tuɣal d yiwet seg temdinin i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg usbeddi n uwanek amarikani.

			== 6. New York deg tazwara n Uwanek Amarikani ==
			Seg 1789 armi 1790, New York tella d tamdint tagejdant n Marikan (tamanaɣt tafidiralit).

			Deg-s i yeṭṭef George Washington tanbaḍt-is tamezwarut am umenzu n tmurt deg 1789.

			Ayen i d-yerr New York d tamdint tameqqrant n tnezzut deg lqern wis 19 mačči d tadamsa kan, maca d amkan-is:

			* Asif n Hudson i d-yettɛawanen asirag ɣer daxel n tmurt.
			* Asiweḍ n yiferdisen gar taddart d tmeddurt.
			* Abrid n ''Erie Canal'', i d-yeldin deg 1825.
			* Tanezzut n Marikan s usiweḍ n waman.

			''Erie Canal'' yessuddes assaɣ n tnezzut gar New York d temnaḍin n wadda n Ilel Erie, ayen i yesnernan azal n temdint deg tedamsa n Marikan.

	==Isunen n weɣrem n New York==		==Isunen n weɣrem n New York==

Ovid

2026-10-12T20:16:46Z

arniɣ ayen ilaqen

←Lqem i yezrin		Lqem n wass 12 Tuber 2026 à 20:16
Ajerriḍ 6:		Ajerriḍ 6:

	Tudert-is tbeddel s wudem ameqqran deg useggas 8 mbaɛd talalit n Ɛisa, mi t-yessufeɣ umenkad Uɣustus seg Ruma, yerra-t ɣer Tomis, ɣef yiri n Yilel Aberkan. Dinna i yemmut, war ma yuɣal ɣer temdint i iḥemmel.		Tudert-is tbeddel s wudem ameqqran deg useggas 8 mbaɛd talalit n Ɛisa, mi t-yessufeɣ umenkad Uɣustus seg Ruma, yerra-t ɣer Tomis, ɣef yiri n Yilel Aberkan. Dinna i yemmut, war ma yuɣal ɣer temdint i iḥemmel.

			Yettwaḥsab Ovid gar kraḍ n yimedyazen irumanen i d-yettwabedren s waṭas deg tsekla talaṭinit, akked '''Virgil''' (Vergilius) d '''Horace''' (Horatius). Maca yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa aɣanib d yisental yemgaraden.

			== 2. Talalit d twacult-is ==

			=== 2.1. Sulmo, tamdint n Ovid ===
			[[Tugna:PanoramaSulmona.JPG\|centré\|vignette\|550x550px\|Tamdint Sulmona deg ṭṭelyan.]]
			Ovid ilul ass n 20 Meɣres, deg useggas 43 send Ɛisa, di Sulmo, i d-yettwasemman ass-a Sulmona, deg temnaḍt n Abruzzo, di [[ṭṭelyan]] n wass-a.

			Sulmo tella d tamdint tarumanit di tmurt n Peligni, yiwen seg yiɣerfan n ṭṭelyan alqayan i yellan uqbel asnerni n Ruma. Tamnaḍt-a tettwassen s yidurar-is, izuɣar-is d wakal-is n tfellaḥt.

			Ovid yesɛa tawacult taɣerfant, d tin yesɛan idrimen. Baba-s yebɣa ad yili mmi-s d amdan n uẓayer deg tedbelt tarumanit, ladɣa deg uɣerbaz n uzref d tsnukyest n wawal.

			Deg yisefra-s, Ovid yessefk-d amek i ilul deg yiwen n useggas ara d-yeglun s ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy arumani: d aseggas n tmettant n ''Cicero'', '''amesnukyes''' d '''amsesten''' arumani ameqqran.

			Deg tallit-a, Tagduda Trumanit tella tettɛeddi seg tazɣent tasertant ɣer tallit n usdukel n tezmert deg ufus n yiwen n umdan, ''Octavianus'', win ara yuɣalen d Uɣust.

OpenAI

2026-10-12T19:11:46Z

seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin

←Lqem i yezrin		Lqem n wass 12 Tuber 2026 à 19:11
Ajerriḍ 2:		Ajerriḍ 2:
	\| name = OpenAI		\| name = OpenAI
	\| official_name = OpenAI		\| official_name = OpenAI
	\| type = Taṛmist		\| type = Taṛmist Tatiknulujit
	\| founded = 2015		\| founded = 2015
	\| founder = Sam Altman, Elon Musk, Greg Brockman, Ilya Sutskever, Wojciech Zaremba, John Schulman		\| founder = Sam Altman, Elon Musk, Greg Brockman, Ilya Sutskever, Wojciech Zaremba, John Schulman
Ajerriḍ 10:		Ajerriḍ 10:
	\| products = ChatGPT, DALL·E, Sora		\| products = ChatGPT, DALL·E, Sora
	\| website = https://openai.com		\| website = https://openai.com
	\|image=[[File:1515 Third Street.jpg\|300px]]}}		\| image = [[File:1515 Third Street.jpg\|300px]]
			}}

	'''OpenAI''' d taṛmist n unadi d usnas deg '''[[Tigzi Taragmawant\|tigzi taragmawant]]''' (AI) i d-yennulfan deg useggas 2015 deg Marikan, d tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. Iswi agejdan i d-teskanay OpenAI d ad teḍmen belli tigzi taragmawant tamatut (AGI) ad d-tawi abaɣur i yimdanen merra. Ass-a, OpenAI tettwassen s waṭas s yifarisen d yinagrawen am ChatGPT, imudam GPT, Codex, akked wallalen i yesseqdacen imsihal seg API.		'''OpenAI''' d taṛmist n unadi d usnas deg '''[[Tigzi Taragmawant\|tigzi taragmawant]]''' (AI) i d-yennulfan deg useggas 2015 deg Marikan, d tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. Iswi agejdan i d-teskanay OpenAI d ad teḍmen belli tigzi taragmawant tamatut (AGI) ad d-tawi abaɣur i yimdanen merra. Ass-a, OpenAI tettwassen s waṭas s yifarisen d yinagrawen am ChatGPT, imudam GPT, Codex, akked wallalen i yesseqdacen imsihal seg API.

Qusṭantin Amezwaru

2026-10-12T18:44:59Z

arniɣ ayen ilaqen

@@ Ajerriḍ 1: / Ajerriḍ 1: @@
 '''Qusṭantin Amezwaru''', i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem n '''Qusṭantin Ameqqran''' (''Constantinus Magnus s tlatinit''), d yiwen seg
-{{Infobox biography|item=Q8413|image=[[File:0 Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus, Palatino.jpg|thumb|Asebdad n Qusṭantin Amezwaru]]|caption=Qusṭantin Amezwaru.}}
+{{Infobox biography|item=Q8413|image=[[File:0 Gaius Flavius Valerius Constantinus, Palatino.jpg|thumb|Asebdad n Qusṭantin Amezwaru|300px]]|caption=Qusṭantin Amezwaru.}}
 yimenkaden irumanen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal aqdim.
@@ Ajerriḍ 190: / Ajerriḍ 190: @@
 Qusṭantin yerbeḥ Licinius deg Kṭuber 324. Licinius yeqbel ad yefk adabu, maca deg useggas 325 yettwanɣa s unamek n uḥraz n udabu n Qusṭantin. Sya ɣer zdat, Qusṭantin yuɣal d amenkad awḥid n Tmenkda Tarumanit meṛṛa. Ayen ur nessawaḍ ara ad yeg Dyuklisyan s tetrarkiya, Qusṭantin yessaweḍ ad t-yeg s ṭṭradat d wassaɣen n udabu.

Zhu Xi

2026-10-12T18:36:10Z

arniɣ ayen ilaqen

←Lqem i yezrin		Lqem n wass 12 Tuber 2026 à 18:36
Ajerriḍ 1:		Ajerriḍ 1:
			{{Infobox biography\|item=Q9397\|image=[[File:唯一可靠的朱熹画像.jpg\|thumb\|唯一可靠的朱熹画像]]}}

	'''Zhu Xi''' (1130-1200) yella d afelsaf n tmurt n Ccinwa, yerna d yiwen seg yergazen imeqqranen i d-yessemlin "'''Takunfisyunit Tamaynut'''" (Neo-Confucianism). D netta i d-yefkan udem i tfelsafit n Ccinwa i waṭas n lqurun, aladɣa di tallit n twacult n Song.		'''Zhu Xi''' (1130-1200) yella d afelsaf n tmurt n Ccinwa, yerna d yiwen seg yergazen imeqqranen i d-yessemlin "'''Takunfisyunit Tamaynut'''" (Neo-Confucianism). D netta i d-yefkan udem i tfelsafit n Ccinwa i waṭas n lqurun, aladɣa di tallit n twacult n Song.

Talɣa:Infobox company

2026-10-12T15:04:35Z

@@ Ajerriḍ 35: / Ajerriḍ 35: @@
 | label16 = Amaduf
 | data16 = {{{revenue|}}}
-| label17 = Abaɣur
+| label17 = Tagenfit
 | data17 = {{{profit|}}}
-| label18 = Abaɣur amṣafi
+| label18 = Tigenfit n taggara
 | data18 = {{{net_income|}}}
 | label19 = Tiṛmisin tinaddawin
 | data19 = {{{subsidiaries|}}}
-| label20 = Taɣbalut
+| label20 = Tiɣbula
 | data20 = {{{resources|}}}
-| label21 = Tiɣussar
+| label21 = Taɛkwamt
 | data21 = {{{expenses|}}}
 | label22 = Asmel unṣib
@@ Ajerriḍ 77: / Ajerriḍ 77: @@
 }}
 </pre>
 </noinclude>

OpenAI

2026-10-12T13:52:54Z

seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin

←Lqem i yezrin		Lqem n wass 12 Tuber 2026 à 13:52
Ajerriḍ 10:		Ajerriḍ 10:
	\| products = ChatGPT, DALL·E, Sora		\| products = ChatGPT, DALL·E, Sora
	\| website = https://openai.com		\| website = https://openai.com
	\|image=[[File:1515 Third Street.jpg\|~~thumb\|Tasɣimt n OpenAI deg San francisco.~~]]}}		\|image=[[File:1515 Third Street.jpg\|300px]]}}

	'''OpenAI''' d taṛmist n unadi d usnas deg '''[[Tigzi Taragmawant\|tigzi taragmawant]]''' (AI) i d-yennulfan deg useggas 2015 deg Marikan, d tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. Iswi agejdan i d-teskanay OpenAI d ad teḍmen belli tigzi taragmawant tamatut (AGI) ad d-tawi abaɣur i yimdanen merra. Ass-a, OpenAI tettwassen s waṭas s yifarisen d yinagrawen am ChatGPT, imudam GPT, Codex, akked wallalen i yesseqdacen imsihal seg API.		'''OpenAI''' d taṛmist n unadi d usnas deg '''[[Tigzi Taragmawant\|tigzi taragmawant]]''' (AI) i d-yennulfan deg useggas 2015 deg Marikan, d tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. Iswi agejdan i d-teskanay OpenAI d ad teḍmen belli tigzi taragmawant tamatut (AGI) ad d-tawi abaɣur i yimdanen merra. Ass-a, OpenAI tettwassen s waṭas s yifarisen d yinagrawen am ChatGPT, imudam GPT, Codex, akked wallalen i yesseqdacen imsihal seg API.

Asfukel war tukci n tmusni

2026-10-12T10:56:48Z

arniɣ ayen ilaqen

←Lqem i yezrin		Lqem n wass 12 Tuber 2026 à 10:56
Ajerriḍ 154:		Ajerriḍ 154:

	Sin yidisawen d yiwen, ihi aselken yeqbel. Imḍanen-a d imeẓyanen nezzeh: kul yiwen yezmer ad yaf s s usenqed n kra n wazalen. Amedya-a d win n uselmed kan, ur yesɛi ara taɣellist n usemres ilaw.		Sin yidisawen d yiwen, ihi aselken yeqbel. Imḍanen-a d imeẓyanen nezzeh: kul yiwen yezmer ad yaf s s usenqed n kra n wazalen. Amedya-a d win n uselmed kan, ur yesɛi ara taɣellist n usemres ilaw.

			=== Aserwes d allus n r ===
			I win yesneqden s laman, aserwas yezmer ad yefren '''c''' d '''z''', syin ad isiḍen <math>a = g^{z} \cdot y^{-c}</math> . Yewwi-d kraḍ n wazalen i yeqbel uselken, war '''s'''. Maca deg leqdic ilaw, '''P''' ilaq ad yefk '''a''' uqbel ma yessen '''c'''. D umizwer-a i yessemgiriden aserwes d uɣuccu.

			Ma P yessemres yiwen '''r''' i sin n yisteqsiyen yemgaraden '''c₁''' d '''c₂''', s tririyin '''z₁''' d '''z₂''', tasarut tezmer ad tettwaf: '''s = (z₁ − z₂) · (c₁ − c₂)−1 modulo q'''. D asfukel usrid n wazal n yimḍanen igacuranen d yibeddilen-nsen.

			<small>Deg talɣa war asdiwen, '''c''' yettwasiḍen seg '''H''' n yiɣewwaṛen, '''y''', '''a''' d isutal. Aselken n ugraw d umasal n yisefka d aḥric n tɣellist, ɣas ur d-yettwasegzi ara meṛṛa dagi.</small>

			== 7. Tiwaculin n yisfukal ==

			=== zk-SNARK d Groth16 ===
			zk-SNARK d agzul n "''zero-knowledge Succinct Non-interactive ARgument of Knowledge"''. «Succinct » yemmal belli asfukel d aselken-is zemren ad ilin d iwezlan ilmend n leḥsab i yettwasenqaden; « of knowledge » teqqen ɣer tewtilt n tmusni n uselkin. '''Groth16''', i d-yefka '''Jens Groth''' deg 2016, d tarrayt s "''pairings''" deg yigrawen tusnakt. Asfukel-is yesɛa kraḍ n yiferdisen n ugraw. Aheggi-is yettwasnen yeqqen ɣer leḥsab i yebɣa ad yesneqed.

			=== PLONK ===
			PLONK, i d-yefɣen deg 2019, yessemras iɣewwaṛen yezdin i waṭas n leḥsabat, s talast n teɣzi i yettwasbadun, yerna iɣewwaṛen-a zemren ad ttwalqamen. Yesseqdec assaɣen gar igetfulen akked usfukel n ubeddel n umizwer n yiferdisen. Isem « PLONK » yettwasemras daɣen i tarrayin i d-yekkan seg-s, maca ur ilaq ara ad nerr meṛṛa talɣiwin-nni sɛant yiwen uheggi neɣ yiwet n tɣellist.

			=== zk-STARK ===
			zk-STARK d "''zero-knowledge Scalable Transparent ARgument of Knowledge"''. Leqdic n '''Ben-Sasson''' d yimdukal-is deg 2018 yeskanay tarrayt i leḥsab ameqqran s uheggi ibanen. Tiwaculin-a ttsemrasent tarrayin n yigatfulen, asenqed n kra n yiferdisen d tesɣunin n ugeddeḥ. Taɣellist-nsent mgal iselkimen ikwantiyen teqqen ɣer turdiwin i yettwasemrasen, mačči ɣer yisem « STARK » kan.

			=== Bulletproofs ===
			Bulletproofs d tarrayt war "''trusted setup"'', tettwasemras s waṭas i usfukel belli azal uffir yella gar snat n tlisa (range proof). Teɣzi n usfukel tettnerni s wudem alugaritman; maca akud n usnulfu d uselken, deg tarrayt taneṣlit, yettnerni s wudem imzireg ilmend n tiddi nugur. Ihi, « asfukel awezlan » ur d-yemmal ara dima « aselken awezlan ».

			=== Halo d usdukkel n yisfukal ===
			'''Halo''' yeskanay deg 2019 asdukkel n yisfukal s tuɣalin ɣer yiman-is (recursive proof

			composition) war ''trusted setup''. Asfukel amaynut yezmer ad yesneqed asfukel aqbur d kra n leḥsab nniḍen, iwakken ad tili teɣzi n leqdic yettwasenqaden meqqret, ɣas asfukel i neḥrez d awezlan. Aya d tarrayt i usemẓi n tmara n uselken n umezrar n leḥsabat.

New York

2026-10-12T10:31:13Z

aḍris amaynut

←Lqem i yezrin		Lqem n wass 12 Tuber 2026 à 10:31
Ajerriḍ 64:		Ajerriḍ 64:

	Aselmed n umezruy n New York ilaq ad yebdu s ''Lenape'', acku ur tebdi ara tudert d tademsa n temnaḍt-a deg 1624.		Aselmed n umezruy n New York ilaq ad yebdu s ''Lenape'', acku ur tebdi ara tudert d tademsa n temnaḍt-a deg 1624.

			== 4. Tallit n Hulanda — New Amsterdam (1624–1664) ==
			Deg useggas 1609, '''amnadi Henry Hudson''', i ixeddmen i tdukla n tnezzut tahulandit, yewweḍ ɣer temnaḍt n New York.

			Hudson yella yettnadi abrid amaynut n tnezzut ɣer Asya, maca yeẓra azal n temnaḍt-a, ladɣa isaffen-is d waman i tt-id-yezgan.

			Deg 1624, Ihulandiyen bdan ad d-sbedden imezdaɣ-nsen deg temnaḍt. Deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, '''New Amsterdam''' tuɣal d tamdint tameẓẓyant n tnezzut ɣef yiri n Manhattan.

			Deg 1653, tettwaɛqal s wudem unṣib am temdint.

			New Amsterdam ur tettwasebded ara deg wakal ur nesɛi ara imezdaɣ, maca deg wakal i zedɣen yakan yigduden inasliyen Lenape. Yella d aḥric n tɣawsa tameqqrant n ikuluniyen Irupiyen,i yekksen kra n wakal i yigduden inasliyen Lenape, yerna i d-yessawḍen anagraw n '''useqdec n yimdanen i lfayda n wiyaḍ''' d tnezzut n waklan. ».

			Tamdint tettnerni s:

			* Tnezzut n yigelman n yiɣersiwen.
			* Usiweḍ n yiferdisen ɣer Turuft.
			* Lebni n yixxamen d lebni tqenṭyar n waman.
			* Tnezzut gar tigdudin yemgaraden.

			Deg tallit-a, tamdint tella d amkan n waṭas n tutlayin d yisɣanen. Llant temettiyin tihulandiyin, talmaniyin, tafransisin, tagliziyin, tiyahudiyin d yimezdaɣ iberkanen. tilelli n usɣan(n tedyanit) ur tettunefk ara i meṛṛa s yiwen wudem, yerna taklit d uɛzel n kra n yigrawen n yimezdaɣ d ayen yellan deg temdint.

	==Isunen n weɣrem n New York==		==Isunen n weɣrem n New York==

Ovid

2026-10-11T20:51:56Z

Amagrad amaynut

Asebter amaynut

{{Infobox biography|item=Q7198|image=[[File:Ovid by an anonymous sculptor.jpg|thumb|Ovid sɣur yiwen umserɣta udrig]]|caption=Ovid.}}

'''Ovid''', s yisem-is ummid '''Publius Ovidius Naso''', d yiwen seg yimedyazen irumanen imeqqranen n tallit taɣustit. Yella d amedyaz, amaru n tmucuha timiṭulujiyin, d win i yerran tayri, tuttya, tafekka, tamagit, lḥif akked unejli d isental igejdanen n tsekla-s.

Yettwassen ladɣa s udlis-is Metamorphoses (tuttyiwin), yiwen seg yedlisen i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tsekla, tasugna, tasertit n tfekka d tẓuriwin n Umaḍal n Utrim.

Tudert-is tbeddel s wudem ameqqran deg useggas 8 mbaɛd talalit n Ɛisa, mi t-yessufeɣ umenkad Uɣustus seg Ruma, yerra-t ɣer Tomis, ɣef yiri n Yilel Aberkan. Dinna i yemmut, war ma yuɣal ɣer temdint i iḥemmel.

Qusṭantin Amezwaru

2026-10-11T19:22:16Z

arniɣ ayen ilaqen

@@ Ajerriḍ 145: / Ajerriḍ 145: @@
 Tamsalt-a ur tefru ara s yiwet n tririt tafessast.
-Qusṭantin yella deg tmetti tarumanit anda llan aṭas n yisɣanen d leɛwayed n wafagan. Deg tazwara n udabu-is, yella yesskanay-d assaɣen d ddin n yiṭij, ladɣa d Sol Invictus. Maca seg 312 d asawen, aselḥu-s yesɛa ugar n wassaɣen d tmeslayt tamasiḥit.
+Qusṭantin yella deg tmetti tarumanit anda llan aṭas n yisɣanen d leɛwayed n wafagan. Deg tazwara n udabu-is, yella yesskanay-d assaɣen d ddin n yiṭij, ladɣa d Sol Invictus. Maca seg 312 d asawen, aselḥu-s yesɛa ugar n wassaɣen d tmeslayt [[tamasiḥit]].
 Yebda yettak-as tallelt, yettqabal imrabḍen-is, yerna yebna tallelt-is tasertant ɣef tɣessa-s. Ihi, nezmer ad nini belli Qusṭantin yuɣal yettak afus i ddin amasiḥi, maca '''ur nezmir ara ad nẓer s tidet''' melmi i tbeddel tikti-s n ddin, neɣ amek i tella taflest-is tagensant.
 Tamsalt n ddin-is tban-d daɣen deg wayen i yeḍran ɣer taggara n tudert-is, imi ur yettwaɣḍes ara deg waman n lebni amasiḥi (baptême) alamma d aseggas 337, deg wakud i yella yettwaḍen.

SpaceX

2026-10-11T15:52:40Z

arniɣ ayen ilaqen

←Lqem i yezrin		Lqem n wass 11 Tuber 2026 à 15:52
Ajerriḍ 35:		Ajerriḍ 35:
	=== Aẓeṭṭa n yigensaten Starlink ===		=== Aẓeṭṭa n yigensaten Starlink ===
	Starlink d '''tayemmunt''' tameqrant n yigensaten imeẓẓyanen deg uḥbu amadday n Lqaɛa (LEO - Low Earth Orbit). Iswi n usenfar-a d asiweḍ n uẓeṭṭa n internet s tazzla tameqrant d unqas n tanzagt n tririt (low latency) ɣer yal tama deg umaḍal, ladɣa timnaḍin ur nesɛi ara tilifun neɣ ifibren n trisiti d Internet.		Starlink d '''tayemmunt''' tameqrant n yigensaten imeẓẓyanen deg uḥbu amadday n Lqaɛa (LEO - Low Earth Orbit). Iswi n usenfar-a d asiweḍ n uẓeṭṭa n internet s tazzla tameqrant d unqas n tanzagt n tririt (low latency) ɣer yal tama deg umaḍal, ladɣa timnaḍin ur nesɛi ara tilifun neɣ ifibren n trisiti d Internet.

			== 3. Tidyanin d warrazen igejdanen ==
			SpaceX tessaweḍ ad tessebded aṭas n yikayaden d ''yirekkuṛen(imḍanen s wudem afellay)'' deg umezruy n tsnallunt:

			'''2008''': Asekkar amezwaru n tmeẓḍit tusligt yesseqdacen aserɣu alemmas (Falcon 1) ɣer uḥbu.

			'''2012''': Anaw amezwaru uslig (Dragon) i yewwḍen ɣer Tɣsert Tallunant Tagraɣlant (ISS).

			'''Duǧembeṛ 2015''': Tikkelt tamezwarut deg umezruy anida tafekka tamezwarut n tmeẓḍit taḥbawant (Falcon 9) ters-d s tezmert-is ɣef wakal deg tɣsert n Cape Canaveral.

			'''Meɣres 2017''': Allas n useqdec n tfekka tamezwarut i yeffɣen yakan ɣer tallunt tikkelt tis snat.

			'''Mayyu 2020''': Tuɣdaḍt Crew Dragon Demo-2, asali amezwaru n yimsallunen s tkebbanit tusligt.

			'''Ctembeṛ 2021''': Tuɣdaḍt Inspiration4, asikel amezwaru ɣer tallunt anida akk imdanen i yulin d iɣarimen (mačči d imsallunen n ddewla).

			== 4. Iswiyen n yimal ==
			Iswi agejdan n SpaceX d asikel ɣer umtiweg n Mezweɣ. Elon Musk yeqqar dakken aɣref amdan yessefk fell-as ad yesɛu tamhelt deg wugar n yiwen n umtiweg akken ur yettenger ara ma teḍra-d twaɣit deg Lqaɛa (am unṭag n yitran neɣ n yiẓra n tallunt, imenɣi aɣelnaw, atg.). SpaceX tebɣa ad tessebded tamdint tamezwarut deg Mezweɣ s useqdec n tmeẓḍa n Starship ara yeddun deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun.

OpenAI

2026-10-11T15:38:59Z

seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin

←Lqem i yezrin		Lqem n wass 11 Tuber 2026 à 15:38
(Yiwen n uceggir askudan sɣuṛ aseqdac iman-is ur d-yettwasken ara)
Ajerriḍ 1:		Ajerriḍ 1:
			{{Infobox company
⚫	[[~~Tugna~~:1515 Third Street.jpg\|~~vignette~~\|Tasɣimt n OpenAI deg San francisco]]
			\| name = OpenAI
			\| official_name = OpenAI
			\| type = Taṛmist
			\| founded = 2015
			\| founder = Sam Altman, Elon Musk, Greg Brockman, Ilya Sutskever, Wojciech Zaremba, John Schulman
			\| headquarters = San Francisco
			\| country = Iwunak Yedduklen
			\| industry = Tigzi taragmawant
			\| products = ChatGPT, DALL·E, Sora
			\| website = https://openai.com
		⚫	\|image=[[File:1515 Third Street.jpg\|thumb\|Tasɣimt n OpenAI deg San francisco.]]}}

	'''OpenAI''' d taṛmist n unadi d usnas deg '''[[Tigzi Taragmawant\|tigzi taragmawant]]''' (AI) i d-yennulfan deg useggas 2015 deg Marikan, d tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. Iswi agejdan i d-teskanay OpenAI d ad teḍmen belli tigzi taragmawant tamatut (AGI) ad d-tawi abaɣur i yimdanen merra. Ass-a, OpenAI tettwassen s waṭas s yifarisen d yinagrawen am ChatGPT, imudam GPT, Codex, akked wallalen i yesseqdacen imsihal seg API.		'''OpenAI''' d taṛmist n unadi d usnas deg '''[[Tigzi Taragmawant\|tigzi taragmawant]]''' (AI) i d-yennulfan deg useggas 2015 deg Marikan, d tuddsa ur nettnadi ara ɣef tedrimt. Iswi agejdan i d-teskanay OpenAI d ad teḍmen belli tigzi taragmawant tamatut (AGI) ad d-tawi abaɣur i yimdanen merra. Ass-a, OpenAI tettwassen s waṭas s yifarisen d yinagrawen am ChatGPT, imudam GPT, Codex, akked wallalen i yesseqdacen imsihal seg API.

Amseqdac:Gurzil90x/Infobox company test

2026-10-11T15:31:26Z

Asekyed

←Lqem i yezrin		Lqem n wass 11 Tuber 2026 à 15:31
Ajerriḍ 1:		Ajerriḍ 1:
			{{Infobox company
	{{Infobox company\|name=Microsoft\|official_name=Microsoft Corporation\|type=Entreprise\|founded=1975\|founder=Bill Gates, Paul Allen\|headquarters=Redmond\|country=États-Unis\|industry=Informatique\|products=Windows, Microsoft 365, Xbox\|website=https://www.microsoft.com}}
			\| name = OpenAI
			\| official_name = OpenAI
			\| type = Taṛmist
			\| founded = 2015
			\| founder = Sam Altman, Elon Musk, Greg Brockman, Ilya Sutskever, Wojciech Zaremba, John Schulman
			\| headquarters = San Francisco
			\| country = Iwunak Yedduklen
			\| industry = Tigzi taragmawant
			\| products = ChatGPT, DALL·E, Sora
			\| website = https://openai.com
			}}

Amseqdac:Gurzil90x/Infobox company test

2026-10-11T15:20:39Z

test

Asebter amaynut

{{Infobox company|name=Microsoft|official_name=Microsoft Corporation|type=Entreprise|founded=1975|founder=Bill Gates, Paul Allen|headquarters=Redmond|country=États-Unis|industry=Informatique|products=Windows, Microsoft 365, Xbox|website=https://www.microsoft.com}}

Talɣa:Infobox company

2026-10-11T15:19:15Z

aseɣti n yismawen n tɣawsiwin deg Infobox company.

←Lqem i yezrin		Lqem n wass 11 Tuber 2026 à 15:19
(Yiwen n uceggir askudan sɣuṛ aseqdac iman-is ur d-yettwasken ara)
Ajerriḍ 4:		Ajerriḍ 4:
	\| image = {{{logo\|{{{image\|}}}}}}		\| image = {{{logo\|{{{image\|}}}}}}
	\| caption = {{{logo_caption\|}}}		\| caption = {{{logo_caption\|}}}
	\| header1 = Talɣut ɣef ~~tṛmist~~		\| header1 = Talɣut ɣef teṛmist
	\| label2 = Isem unṣib		\| label2 = Isem unṣib
	\| data2 = {{{official_name\|}}}		\| data2 = {{{official_name\|}}}
Ajerriḍ 13:		Ajerriḍ 13:
	\| label5 = Tabzimt		\| label5 = Tabzimt
	\| data5 = {{{label\|}}}		\| data5 = {{{label\|}}}
	\| label6 = Anaw n ~~tṛmist~~		\| label6 = Anaw n teṛmist
	\| data6 = {{{type\|}}}		\| data6 = {{{type\|}}}
	\| label7 = Azemz n usbeddi		\| label7 = Azemz n usbeddi
Ajerriḍ 23:		Ajerriḍ 23:
	\| label10 = Tamurt		\| label10 = Tamurt
	\| data10 = {{{country\|}}}		\| data10 = {{{country\|}}}
	\| label11 = ~~Aɣerbaz~~ n ~~leqdic~~		\| label11 = Taɣult n urmud
	\| data11 = {{{industry\|}}}		\| data11 = {{{industry\|}}}
	\| label12 = Ifarisen		\| label12 = Ifarisen

Talɣa:Infobox company

2026-10-11T14:51:29Z

Asebtar amaynut: <includeonly>{{Infobox | name = {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}} | image = {{{logo|{{{image|}}}}}} | caption = {{{logo_caption|}}} | header1 = Talɣut ɣef tṛmist | label2 = Isem unṣib | data2 = {{{official_name|}}} | label3 = Alugu | data3 = {{{logo_name|}}} | label4 = Azamul | data4 = {{{symbol|}}} | label5 = Tabzimt | data5 = {{{label|}}} | label6 = Anaw n tṛmist | data6 = {{{type|}}} | label7 = Azemz n usbeddi | data7 = {{{founded|}}} | label8 = Amesbedday | data8 = {{{fo...

Asebter amaynut

<includeonly>{{Infobox
| name = {{{name|{{PAGENAME}}}}}
| image = {{{logo|{{{image|}}}}}}
| caption = {{{logo_caption|}}}
| header1 = Talɣut ɣef tṛmist
| label2 = Isem unṣib
| data2 = {{{official_name|}}}
| label3 = Alugu
| data3 = {{{logo_name|}}}
| label4 = Azamul
| data4 = {{{symbol|}}}
| label5 = Tabzimt
| data5 = {{{label|}}}
| label6 = Anaw n tṛmist
| data6 = {{{type|}}}
| label7 = Azemz n usbeddi
| data7 = {{{founded|}}}
| label8 = Amesbedday
| data8 = {{{founder|}}}
| label9 = Tasɣimt tagejdant
| data9 = {{{headquarters|}}}
| label10 = Tamurt
| data10 = {{{country|}}}
| label11 = Aɣerbaz n leqdic
| data11 = {{{industry|}}}
| label12 = Ifarisen
| data12 = {{{products|}}}
| label13 = Imeẓla
| data13 = {{{services|}}}
| label14 = Imḍebbren
| data14 = {{{key_people|}}}
| label15 = Ixeddamen
| data15 = {{{employees|}}}
| label16 = Amaduf
| data16 = {{{revenue|}}}
| label17 = Abaɣur
| data17 = {{{profit|}}}
| label18 = Abaɣur amṣafi
| data18 = {{{net_income|}}}
| label19 = Tiṛmisin tinaddawin
| data19 = {{{subsidiaries|}}}
| label20 = Taɣbalut
| data20 = {{{resources|}}}
| label21 = Tiɣussar
| data21 = {{{expenses|}}}
| label22 = Asmel unṣib
| data22 = {{{website|}}}
}}</includeonly><noinclude>
== Aseqdec ==
<pre>
{{Infobox company
| name =
| logo =
| logo_caption =
| official_name =
| logo_name =
| symbol =
| label =
| type =
| founded =
| founder =
| headquarters =
| country =
| industry =
| products =
| services =
| key_people =
| employees =
| revenue =
| profit =
| net_income =
| subsidiaries =
| resources =
| expenses =
| website =
}}
</pre>
</noinclude>

Lucretia

2026-10-11T11:29:26Z

seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin

←Lqem i yezrin		Lqem n wass 11 Tuber 2026 à 11:29
Ajerriḍ 21:		Ajerriḍ 21:
	\| class="infobox-data" \|[[Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus]]		\| class="infobox-data" \|[[Spurius Lucretius Tricipitinus]]
	\|}		\|}
	Ɣef leḥsab n wansay aṛumani, '''Lucretia''' (/luːˈkriːʃə/ , Latin: [ ⁇ ʊˈkreːtia]; temmut azal n 510 Uqbel n Lmasiḥ), s teglizit '''Lucrece''', d tameṭṭut n tgelda deg Ṛuma taqdimt. Sextus Tarquinius (Tarquin), mmi-s n ugellid, yeɛra u itɛedda s tuzuft ɣef Lucretia, yerna s deffir-s, s tmenɣiwt-~~nnes~~ ay d-yesnekren tanekra i d-yesdermen tagelda n Ṛuman yerna d aya ay yessawḍen ɣer ubeddel n unabaḍ n Ṛuman seg tegeldit ɣer tegduda.<ref name=":04">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretia#cite_note-:04-1</ref> Deffir mi iεedda ''Tarquin'' ɣef yiseɣ n Lucretia, ajajiḥ n wurfan yella-d ɣef ttawilat n tmenɣiwt d tarrayin-nni n baba-s n Tarquin, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, agellid-nni ineggura n Ṛuma. D ayen i d-yewwin, tiwaculin yettwassnen sbeddent-d tagduda, nehṛent tawacult tageldant meqqren n Tarquin seg Ruma, dɣa ḥuddent tagduda mgal asekcem n Etruskan d tlatinit.<ref name=":04" />		Ɣef leḥsab n wansay aṛumani, '''Lucretia''' (/luːˈkriːʃə/ , Latin: [ ⁇ ʊˈkreːtia]; temmut azal n 510 Uqbel n Lmasiḥ), s teglizit '''Lucrece''', d tameṭṭut n tgelda deg Ṛuma taqdimt. Sextus Tarquinius (Tarquin), mmi-s n ugellid, yeɛra u itɛedda s tuzuft ɣef Lucretia, yerna s deffir-s, s tmenɣiwt-is ay d-yesnekren tanekra i d-yesdermen tagelda n Ṛuman yerna d aya ay yessawḍen ɣer ubeddel n unabaḍ n Ṛuman seg tegeldit ɣer tegduda.<ref name=":04">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucretia#cite_note-:04-1</ref> Deffir mi iεedda ''Tarquin'' ɣef yiseɣ n Lucretia, ajajiḥ n wurfan yella-d ɣef ttawilat n tmenɣiwt d tarrayin-nni n baba-s n Tarquin, Lucius Tarquinius Superbus, agellid-nni ineggura n Ṛuma. D ayen i d-yewwin, tiwaculin yettwassnen sbeddent-d tagduda, nehṛent tawacult tageldant meqqren n Tarquin seg Ruma, dɣa ḥuddent tagduda mgal asekcem n Etruskan d tlatinit.<ref name=":04" />

	Ulac iɣbula atraren ɣef Lucretia d temsalt-is n Tarquin. Timsal ɣef Lucretia, amek d melmi iɛedda s tuzuft fell-as Tarquin, amek tenɣa iman-is, d ayen i d-yeǧǧan u i d-yeglan s beddu n tazwara n Tagduda n Ṛuman, d ayen i d-yenna uselmed n unmezray n Ṛuman ''Livy d Dionysius'' d ''Halicarnassus n Umezray n Gric-Ruman'', azal n 500 n yiseggasen sakkin. Iɣbula isnawanen ɣef usbedd n tegduda, ttεawaden-d ineḍruyen igejdanen n teqsiṭ n Lucretia, ɣas akken imiḍanen mgaraden acemma gar inmezrayen. D ttbut i d-yemmalen tilin umezruy n yiwet n tmeṭṭut isem-is Lucretia d yiwet n tedyant i yuraren aḥric d axatar deg usfel n tgelda. Maca, Ɣef leḥsab n yiɣbula atraren, tamacahut n Lucretia tettwaḥseb d aḥric seg tasnemyit taṛumanit. Am win yetεeddan ɣef tlawin tisabiyin, taqsiṭ n Lucretia tettak-d asegzi i ubeddel umezruy deg Ruma s uεawed n tekriṭ mgal tilawin sɣur yergazen.		Ulac iɣbula atraren ɣef Lucretia d temsalt-is n Tarquin. Timsal ɣef Lucretia, amek d melmi iɛedda s tuzuft fell-as Tarquin, amek tenɣa iman-is, d ayen i d-yeǧǧan u i d-yeglan s beddu n tazwara n Tagduda n Ṛuman, d ayen i d-yenna uselmed n unmezray n Ṛuman ''Livy d Dionysius'' d ''Halicarnassus n Umezray n Gric-Ruman'', azal n 500 n yiseggasen sakkin. Iɣbula isnawanen ɣef usbedd n tegduda, ttεawaden-d ineḍruyen igejdanen n teqsiṭ n Lucretia, ɣas akken imiḍanen mgaraden acemma gar inmezrayen. D ttbut i d-yemmalen tilin umezruy n yiwet n tmeṭṭut isem-is Lucretia d yiwet n tedyant i yuraren aḥric d axatar deg usfel n tgelda. Maca, Ɣef leḥsab n yiɣbula atraren, tamacahut n Lucretia tettwaḥseb d aḥric seg tasnemyit taṛumanit. Am win yetεeddan ɣef tlawin tisabiyin, taqsiṭ n Lucretia tettak-d asegzi i ubeddel umezruy deg Ruma s uεawed n tekriṭ mgal tilawin sɣur yergazen.

Lukrityus Karus

2026-10-11T11:26:11Z

seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin

Lukrisyus Karus

2026-10-11T11:19:09Z

Gurzil90x yebeddel isem n usebtar seg Lukrisyus Karus ar Lukrityus Karus

Asebter amaynut

[[Tugna:T. Lucretius Carus, Of the nature of things (1714) (14777804164).jpg|vignette|Amedyaz aṛumi Lukrsyus yettwehhi ɣer ''casus'', amussu i d-ittṣubbun neɣ i d-issufuɣen ibelkimen.]]
'''Titus Lukrisyus Karus''', yettwassnen s yisem n Lukrisyus, d yiwen seg yifelsafen d yimedyazen irumaniyen meqqren akk n lqern amezwaru send n Talalit. Yettwassen s yiwen n udlis-is kan, "De rerum natura" (Ɣef Ugama n Tiɣawsiwin), i yessefra s talɣa tazurant i wakken ad issefhem tafalsafit n [[Epikur]]. '''Iswi''' ameqqran n Lukrisyus d anida-nni ad isellek amdan seg tuggdiwin timeqqranin (tuggdi n lmut d tuggdi n yiṛebbiten) s useqdec n wallaɣ '''ameɣẓan''' d tegzi n '''ugama'''.

== Tudert-is: Yiwen n Wadrugan ==
Llant drus n tilɣa iɣef yerzan tudert n Lukrisyus. Tudert-is d yiwen n '''wadrug''' ameqqran i imusnawen n umezruy. Nessen-t kan s udlis-is ameqqran. Isem-is s latinit, ''Titus Lucretius Carus'', yezga-d deg yidlisen n ''Cicero'' d ''Saint Jérôme''.

Kra n teɣbula timasiḥiyin, am tid n Ugerram Jirum (i d-yuran acḥal n lqernat sdeffir-s), qqarent-d belli Lukrisyus yuɣal d amahbul yerna yenɣa iman-is. Maca, imir-a, amur ameqqran n yimnadiyen ɣilen belli annect-a d '''tazniwt''' kan i xedmen wid yebɣan ad ssersen azal n teflesafit-is, imi tidmi-s teqqar-d belli iṛebbiten ur d-ggrin ara iman-nsen deg '''umeɣraḍ'''.

== Adlis-is Ameqqran: ''De rerum natura'' ==
''De rerum natura'' (Ɣef Ugama n Tiɣawsiwin) d isefra s talɣa tafelsafit tuzribt, i yebḍa ɣef setta n yidlisen. Lukrisyus yerra-tt i umeddakel-is ''Gaius Memmius''. Deg udlis-a, yessefham s wudem ussnan n wakud-nni amek i teddes ddunit.

* '''Idlisen I d II:''' Ssefhamen imenzayen iṛumaniyen n teflesafit tabelkimt (atomisme). Sseknen-d belli '''ameɣraḍ''' yemmug s sin n yeḥricen kan: '''ibelkimen''' d '''tallunt'''. Ibelkimen-a d tiɣawsiwin timeẓyanin, ur nettwebḍa ara, i yettmenṭaren daymen deg '''tallunt'''.
* '''Idlisen III d IV:''' Kkaten-d ɣef '''ugama''' n '''uziɣer''' d yiman. Lucretius yeqqar-d belli ula d nutni d '''angaw''', mmugen d ibelkimen imeẓyanen. Imi '''aziɣer''' d '''angaw''' yerna yeddukkel d tfekka, ad yemmet yid-s. S wakka, yessefk ad nekkes tuggdi n lmut, imi "mi nella, lmut ulac-itt; mi tella lmut, nekni ulac-aɣ."
* '''Idlisen V d VI:''' Ssefhamen-d amek i d-lulen '''umeɣraḍ''', ddunit, tudert, d yemdanen, war ma yella-d ukbac n yiṛebbiten. Ssefhamen daɣen '''tumant''' tagamant am lebṛaq, rreɛd, d waṭṭanen, s tmentilin timeɣẓanin.

== Tiẓriwin n Teflesafit-is ==
Tafalsafit n Lucretius d tafalsafit [[Epikur|tabikurit]] i ɣef tebna. Assaɣen-is d irumaniyen:

# '''Tabelkimt d Tanga :''' Am ''Epikur'', Lucretius yumen belli kullec d '''tanga'''. Ulac ayen i d-yennulfan seg ulac s tezmert n yiṛebbiten. Amezruy n '''umeɣraḍ''' d amezruy n temlilit '''tagacurant''' n '''yibelkimen''' i yettmenṭaren seg zik.
# '''Azɣan n Tuggdi:'''
#* '''Tuggdi n Lmut:''' Imi iman d ayen yettmettaten am tfekka, ur yessefk ara ad naggad ayen yellan sdeffir lmut, imi ulac kra.
#* '''Tuggdi n Yiṛebbiten:''' Lukrisyus ur yenkir ara belli llan yiṛebbiten. Yeqqar-d llan, maca ddren deg '''tallunt''' nnsen, deg talwit tameqqrant (ataraxie), ur d-ggan ara iman-nsen deg tilufa n yemdanen. D ayen yellan d azulal ad naggad tizemmar-nsen. Yeqqar-d belli d asɣan i d-yeglan s waṭas n tekriḍt d cceṛ deg umezruy n yemdanen.
# '''Iswi n Tudert''' '''d Tadfi :''' Am lejdud-is ibikuriyen, Lucretius yeqqar-d belli iswi n tudert d tadfi. Maca tadfi-a mačči d zzhu n tfekka kan, d tadfi n uziɣer: d talwit n daxel, d tuffɣa n leḥzen d tuggdi, d wayen i wumi ssawalen "ataraxie". Abrid ɣer waya d tussna d tegzi n ugama.

== Tazrirt-is d Tuggint ==
Deg wussan n Ṛuma Tamezrayt, adlis n ''De rerum natura'' yesɛa kra n tazrirt , maca imi tidmi-s tella d taẓarant yerna tella mgal asɣan, ur tedda ara aṭas.

Mi d-tewweḍ Tallit Talemmast, adlis-a yeffer, yuɣal d adrug. Armi d lqern wis 15, mi d-ufan yiwet n linsxa-s, i d-yuɣal ɣer tafat.

Seg yimir-nni, '''tazrirt''' n Lucretius tuɣal d tameqqrant. Yesselmed aṭas n yimussnawen n Tallit n Taleslalit d yifelsafen n Tallit n Tafat . Tidmi n ubelkim d tmuɣli-s tangawit n tudert, uɣalent d azadur i tussna tatrart. Yesɛa tazrirt meqqren ɣef yimdanen am ''Giordano Bruno, Galileo'', d wid i d-yewwin talsawt.

Asfukel war tukci n tmusni

2026-10-11T10:05:09Z

arniɣ ayen ilaqen

←Lqem i yezrin		Lqem n wass 11 Tuber 2026 à 10:05
Ajerriḍ 111:		Ajerriḍ 111:
	=== Fiat-Shamir ===		=== Fiat-Shamir ===
	Tarrayt n '''Fiat-Shamir''' tettbeddil, i kra n yisfukal s usdiwen i iwulmen, asteqsi agacuran n V s ugmuḍ n tesɣent n ugeddeḥ. Tanfalit, aḥric amezwaru n usfukel d usatal ilaq ad qqnen ɣer usiḍen-a. Taɣellist tettwasenqed deg umedya n "''random oracle"''; ur ilaq ara adnerr yal asdiwen d NIZK s ubeddel-a war asfukel n tɣellist.		Tarrayt n '''Fiat-Shamir''' tettbeddil, i kra n yisfukal s usdiwen i iwulmen, asteqsi agacuran n V s ugmuḍ n tesɣent n ugeddeḥ. Tanfalit, aḥric amezwaru n usfukel d usatal ilaq ad qqnen ɣer usiḍen-a. Taɣellist tettwasenqed deg umedya n "''random oracle"''; ur ilaq ara adnerr yal asdiwen d NIZK s ubeddel-a war asfukel n tɣellist.

			=== Tugna 3. S usdiwen d war asdiwen ===
			Aḥric afellay yeskanay amedya s kraḍ n yiznan; aḥric n wadda yeskanay asfukel NIZK

			==== A · S usdiwen ====
			[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-11 10-42-52.png\|710x710px]]

			==== B · War asdiwen (NIZK) ====
			[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-11 10-45-37.png\|763x763px]]

			<small>'''Tugna 3.''' Deg NIZK, win yesneqden ur d-yettazen ara asteqsi deg tallit n usfukel. Maca iɣewwaṛen yezdin</small>

			<small>zemren ad ttwaheggin uqbel. « War asdiwen » ur d-yemmal ara « war tuzzna n usfukel » neɣ « war uheggi ».</small>

			== 6. Amedya s wudem n tusnakt: tarrayt n Schnorr ==
			Schnorr yessemras agraw '''G''' s umḍan amezwaru '''q''' n yiferdisen, d uferdis '''g''' i d-yeslalayen agraw-a. Tasarut tuffirt d '''s'''; tasarut tazayezt d '''y = gs'''. Ugur n tifin n '''s''' seg '''y''' d '''g''' yettusemma ''discrete logarithm''. Dag i asfukel n tmusni n '''s''', mačči kan n tilin-is.

			=== Kraḍ n yiznan ===
			1. '''P''' yefren amḍan agacuran '''r''' modulo '''q''', isiḍen '''a = gr''', syin ad yazen '''a''' i '''V'''.

			2. '''V''' yefren asteqsi agacuran '''c''' modulo '''q''', ad t-yazen i '''P'''.

			3. '''P''' yerr-d '''z = r + cs''' (mod q). '''V''' yesneqed asekkil-a:

			'''<math>g{z} = a \cdot y^{c}</math>'''


			Aqbal n win yeḍfren ilugan yettban seg: <math>g^{r+cs} = g^{r} \cdot (g^{s})^{c}</math>. Talɣa-a tessemras « + » deg z;

			<nowiki>RFC 8235</nowiki> yessemras talɣa tagdazalt s « − » d useggem n uselken.

			=== Asiḍen ameẓyan i ussegzi ===
			Ad neddem p = 23, q = 11, g = 2. Leḥsab n yiferdisen n ugraw yettawi-d agmuḍ modulo

			23. Ma s = 3, ad naf y = 8. Ma r = 4, ad naf a = 16. Ma c = 2, ad naf z = 10 modulo 11.

			Ihi:

			<math>2^{10} \bmod 23 = 12</math>

			<math>16 \cdot 8^{12} \bmod 23 = 12</math>

			Sin yidisawen d yiwen, ihi aselken yeqbel. Imḍanen-a d imeẓyanen nezzeh: kul yiwen yezmer ad yaf s s usenqed n kra n wazalen. Amedya-a d win n uselmed kan, ur yesɛi ara taɣellist n usemres ilaw.

New York

2026-10-11T09:38:10Z

Aḍris amaynut

@@ Ajerriḍ 46: / Ajerriḍ 46: @@
 [[Tugna:Freshkills Park in Staten Island, New York.jpg|centré|vignette|650x650px|Staten Island.]]
 D tamnaḍt i yesɛan aṭas n yigran imenza, izerfan izegzawen d tuddar ur neččur ara d imezdaɣ am Manhattan.
 ==Isunen n weɣrem n New York==

Qusṭantin Amezwaru

2026-10-10T18:56:58Z

arniɣ ayen ilaqen

←Lqem i yezrin		Lqem n wass 10 Tuber 2026 à 18:56
Ajerriḍ 106:		Ajerriḍ 106:

	Deg 307, yezweǧ Fausta, yell-is n umenkad aqdim Maximian. Zwaǧ-a yella daɣen d yiwet n tarrayt n usdukkel n yiɛeggalen n udabu.		Deg 307, yezweǧ Fausta, yell-is n umenkad aqdim Maximian. Zwaǧ-a yella daɣen d yiwet n tarrayt n usdukkel n yiɛeggalen n udabu.

			== 4. Ṭṭradat n Qusṭantin akked Maxentius (312) ==

			=== 4.1. Anwa i yellan d ''Maxentius''? ===
			''Maxentius'' d mmi-s n ''Maximian'', yiwen n yimenkaden iqburen n tetrarkiya. Yuɣal d amenkad deg Ruma deg 306, yerna yeṭṭef kra n temnaḍin n ṭṭelyan d Tafriqt Tarumanit. Qusṭantin d ''Maxentius'' uɣalen d imnaɣen ɣef udabu n umalu. Deg 312, Qusṭantin yefren ad yessekcem taserdast-is ɣer ṭṭelyan iwakken ad yernu Maxentius.

			=== 4.2. Akabar n Itelya ===
			Qusṭantin yessufeɣ taserdast-is seg ''Galiya'', yezger idurar n ''Alpes'', yerna kra n isedasen n yigen n ''Maxentius'' deg temdinin n usamar n ṭṭelyan. Yerbeḥ deg ''Turin'', ''Verona'' d yimukan nniḍen, syin yuɣal ɣer [[Roma\|Ruma]].

			Maxentius yefren ad yessuffeɣ taserdast-is seg Ruma iwakken ad yemmager Qusṭantin.

			=== 4.3. Ṭṭrad n Teqenṭert n Milvius ===
			[[Tugna:Ponte Milvio-side view-antmoose.jpg\|centré\|vignette\|450x450px\|Tiqenṭart n Milvius, anda i d-yeḍra amennuɣ gar Qusṭantin d Maxentius.]]


			Deg 28 Kṭuber 312, sin n yimeqqranen mmagren ɣef teqenṭert n Milvius (Pons Milvius), deg ugafa n Ruma. Tarrayt n Qusṭantin, akked udabu-s ɣef yigen, teǧǧa-t ad yerbeḥ ṭṭrad. Deg trewla-ines ɣer Ruma, Maxentius yeɣli deg wasif n Tiber, yemmut deg waman.

			Tameɣra n Qusṭantin tebna ɣef rbeḥ-a, imi seg wass-nni yuɣal d amenkad yesɛan adabu ɣef umalu n Tgelda Tarumanit.

			Ṭṭrad-a ad yesɛu daɣen azal ameqqran deg umezruy n tmeslayt tamasiḥit.

			== 5. Tirgit n Qusṭantin d uqerrub-is ɣer usɣan(ddin) amasiḥi ==

			=== 5.1. D acu i d-yellan uqbel ṭṭrad? ===
			Imezrayen n tallit taqdimt ḥkan-d belli Qusṭantin yeẓra azamul deg yigenni neɣ yurga tirgit uqbel ṭṭrad n Milvius.

			Maca iɣbula ur msefhamen ara ɣef wamek i yeḍra. '''''Lactantius''''', ameskar amasiḥi n tasut tis IV, yura belli Qusṭantin yettwawelleh deg targit iwakken ad yerr azamul amasiḥi ɣef yiwen seg yizamulen n teserdast-is.

			Eusebius n Qaysariya, i yuran Vita Constantini, yefka-d taḥkayt nniḍen, anda Qusṭantin yeẓra, ilmend n wayen i d-yenna, azamul n ufus amasiḥi(amidag) deg yigenni. Deg yiɣbula n tmasiḥit, taḥkayt-a tettwaqqen ɣer wawal alatini:

			'''In hoc signo vinces — «S uzamul-a ara terbeḥeḍ.»'''

			Maca ur nezmir ara ad nini s tidet belli ayen i d-yettwaḥkan deg yiɣbula-a yeḍra akken i t-id-uran. Imezrayen imiranen kkaten-d deg taḥkayat-a imi tella deg-sent tmuɣli n ddin, tazerfa n udabu-s d usnulfu n tugna n umenkad.

			Amgired gar ''Lactantius'' d ''Eusebius'', akked wakud anda ttwarun iɣbula-nsen, yettaǧǧa tamsalt-a d tin ɣef mazal yettili unadi n umezruy.

			=== 5.2. Qusṭantin d amasiḥi neɣ d afagan? ===
			Tamsalt-a ur tefru ara s yiwet n tririt tafessast.

			Qusṭantin yella deg tmetti tarumanit anda llan aṭas n yisɣanen d leɛwayed n wafagan. Deg tazwara n udabu-is, yella yesskanay-d assaɣen d ddin n yiṭij, ladɣa d Sol Invictus. Maca seg 312 d asawen, aselḥu-s yesɛa ugar n wassaɣen d tmeslayt tamasiḥit.

			Yebda yettak-as tallelt, yettqabal imrabḍen-is, yerna yebna tallelt-is tasertant ɣef tɣessa-s. Ihi, nezmer ad nini belli Qusṭantin yuɣal yettak afus i ddin amasiḥi, maca '''ur nezmir ara ad nẓer s tidet''' melmi i tbeddel tikti-s n ddin, neɣ amek i tella taflest-is tagensant.

			Tamsalt n ddin-is tban-d daɣen deg wayen i yeḍran ɣer taggara n tudert-is, imi ur yettwaɣḍes ara deg waman n lebni amasiḥi (baptême) alamma d aseggas 337, deg wakud i yella yettwaḍen.

Amseqdac:AsheLevith

2026-10-10T18:50:57Z

Leaderboard a renommé l’utilisateur AsheLevith (0 modification) en FangsRoyale per request

Liyun Trutski

2026-10-10T15:43:11Z

arniɣ ayen ilaqen

←Lqem i yezrin		Lqem n wass 10 Tuber 2026 à 15:43
Ajerriḍ 1:		Ajerriḍ 1:
	[[Tugna:Leon Trotsky 1918 (3x4 rotated cropped b).jpg\|vignette\|Liyun Trutski.]]		[[Tugna:Leon Trotsky 1918 (3x4 rotated cropped b).jpg\|vignette\|Liyun Trutski.]]
	'''Liyun Trutski''' (s tarusit: Лев Давидович Троцкий), ilul s yisem n '''Lev Davidovič Bronstein''' ass n 7 wamber 1879 deg Yanovka (Ukrayin n tura) yerna yemmut ass n 21 ɣuct 1940 deg Coyoacán (tamurt n [[Miksik]]), d amgrawliw amarksi, d amseẓri asertan, d amaru yerna d amesertay [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin\|asuvyati]].		'''Liyun Trutski''' (s tarusit: Лев Давидович Троцкий), ilul s yisem n '''Lev Davidovič Bronstein'''

			{{Infobox biography\|item=Q33391\|image=[[File:Leon Trotsky, 1924.jpg\|thumb\|Liyun Trutski, 1924]]\|caption=Liyun Trutski}}

			ass n 7 wamber 1879 deg Yanovka (Ukrayin n tura) yerna yemmut ass n 21 ɣuct 1940 deg Coyoacán (tamurt n [[Miksik]]), d amgrawliw amarksi, d amseẓri asertan, d amaru yerna d amesertay [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin\|asuvyati]].

	Yella d yiwen seg yimḍebbren imeqqranen n Tegrawla n Tuber 1917 tama n [[Vladimir Lenin]]. D netta i d amesbeddi n Yigen Azeggwaɣ (Taredsa Tazeggaɣt) i yrebḥen amgaru aɣarim arusi (1917–1922). Deffir tmettant n Lenin, yerra iman-is d amgal ameqqran mgal [[Jozef Stalin\|Josef Stalin]] d tbiṛuqṛasit tasuvyatit. Yettwanfa seg Tdukli Tasuvyatit deg useggas n 1929, yerna deg taggara yettwanɣa deg Miksik s ufus n yiwen n umeggi n temsulta tuffirt n Stalin.		Yella d yiwen seg yimḍebbren imeqqranen n Tegrawla n Tuber 1917 tama n [[Vladimir Lenin]]. D netta i d amesbeddi n Yigen Azeggwaɣ (Taredsa Tazeggaɣt) i yrebḥen amgaru aɣarim arusi (1917–1922). Deffir tmettant n Lenin, yerra iman-is d amgal ameqqran mgal [[Jozef Stalin\|Josef Stalin]] d tbiṛuqṛasit tasuvyatit. Yettwanfa seg Tdukli Tasuvyatit deg useggas n 1929, yerna deg taggara yettwanɣa deg Miksik s ufus n yiwen n umeggi n temsulta tuffirt n Stalin.

←Lqem i yezrin		Lqem n wass 10 Tuber 2026 à 15:43
Ajerriḍ 1:		Ajerriḍ 1:
	[[Tugna:Leon Trotsky 1918 (3x4 rotated cropped b).jpg\|vignette\|Liyun Trutski.]]		[[Tugna:Leon Trotsky 1918 (3x4 rotated cropped b).jpg\|vignette\|Liyun Trutski.]]
	'''Liyun Trutski''' (s tarusit: Лев Давидович Троцкий), ilul s yisem n '''Lev Davidovič Bronstein''' ass n 7 wamber 1879 deg Yanovka (Ukrayin n tura) yerna yemmut ass n 21 ɣuct 1940 deg Coyoacán (tamurt n [[Miksik]]), d amgrawliw amarksi, d amseẓri asertan, d amaru yerna d amesertay [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin\|asuvyati]].		'''Liyun Trutski''' (s tarusit: Лев Давидович Троцкий), ilul s yisem n '''Lev Davidovič Bronstein'''

			{{Infobox biography\|item=Q33391\|image=[[File:Leon Trotsky, 1924.jpg\|thumb\|Liyun Trutski, 1924]]\|caption=Liyun Trutski}}

			ass n 7 wamber 1879 deg Yanovka (Ukrayin n tura) yerna yemmut ass n 21 ɣuct 1940 deg Coyoacán (tamurt n [[Miksik]]), d amgrawliw amarksi, d amseẓri asertan, d amaru yerna d amesertay [[Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin\|asuvyati]].

	Yella d yiwen seg yimḍebbren imeqqranen n Tegrawla n Tuber 1917 tama n [[Vladimir Lenin]]. D netta i d amesbeddi n Yigen Azeggwaɣ (Taredsa Tazeggaɣt) i yrebḥen amgaru aɣarim arusi (1917–1922). Deffir tmettant n Lenin, yerra iman-is d amgal ameqqran mgal [[Jozef Stalin\|Josef Stalin]] d tbiṛuqṛasit tasuvyatit. Yettwanfa seg Tdukli Tasuvyatit deg useggas n 1929, yerna deg taggara yettwanɣa deg Miksik s ufus n yiwen n umeggi n temsulta tuffirt n Stalin.		Yella d yiwen seg yimḍebbren imeqqranen n Tegrawla n Tuber 1917 tama n [[Vladimir Lenin]]. D netta i d amesbeddi n Yigen Azeggwaɣ (Taredsa Tazeggaɣt) i yrebḥen amgaru aɣarim arusi (1917–1922). Deffir tmettant n Lenin, yerra iman-is d amgal ameqqran mgal [[Jozef Stalin\|Josef Stalin]] d tbiṛuqṛasit tasuvyatit. Yettwanfa seg Tdukli Tasuvyatit deg useggas n 1929, yerna deg taggara yettwanɣa deg Miksik s ufus n yiwen n umeggi n temsulta tuffirt n Stalin.

←Lqem i yezrin		Lqem n wass 11 Tuber 2026 à 11:26
(Yiwen n uceggir askudan sɣuṛ aseqdac iman-is ur d-yettwasken ara)
Ajerriḍ 1:		Ajerriḍ 1:
	[[Tugna:T. Lucretius Carus, Of the nature of things (1714) (14777804164).jpg\|vignette\|Amedyaz aṛumi ~~Lukrsyus~~ yettwehhi ɣer ''casus'', amussu i d-ittṣubbun neɣ i d-issufuɣen ibelkimen.]]		[[Tugna:T. Lucretius Carus, Of the nature of things (1714) (14777804164).jpg\|vignette\|Amedyaz aṛumi Lukrityus yettwehhi ɣer ''casus'', amussu i d-ittṣubbun neɣ i d-issufuɣen ibelkimen.]]
	'''Titus ~~Lukrisyus~~ Karus''', yettwassnen s yisem n ~~Lukrisyus~~, d yiwen seg yifelsafen d yimedyazen irumaniyen meqqren akk n lqern amezwaru send n Talalit. Yettwassen s yiwen n udlis-is kan, "De rerum natura" (Ɣef Ugama n Tiɣawsiwin), i yessefra s talɣa tazurant i wakken ad issefhem tafalsafit n [[Epikur]]. '''Iswi''' ameqqran n ~~Lukrisyus~~ d anida-nni ad isellek amdan seg tuggdiwin timeqqranin (tuggdi n lmut d tuggdi n yiṛebbiten) s useqdec n wallaɣ '''ameɣẓan''' d tegzi n '''ugama'''.		'''Titus Lukrityus Karus''', yettwassnen s yisem n Lukrityus, d yiwen seg yifelsafen d {{Infobox biography\|item=Q47154\|image=[[File:Lucretius1.png\|thumb\|Lukrityus]]\|caption=Lukrityus Karus.}}yimedyazen irumaniyen meqqren akk n lqern amezwaru send n Talalit. Yettwassen s yiwen n udlis-is kan, "De rerum natura" (Ɣef Ugama n Tiɣawsiwin), i yessefra s talɣa tazurant i wakken ad issefhem tafalsafit n [[Epikur]]. '''Iswi''' ameqqran n Lukrityus d anida-nni ad isellek amdan seg tuggdiwin timeqqranin (tuggdi n lmut d tuggdi n yiṛebbiten) s useqdec n wallaɣ '''ameɣẓan''' d tegzi n '''ugama'''.

	== Tudert-is: Yiwen n ~~Wadrugan~~ ==		== Tudert-is: Yiwen n Wadrug Amuqqran ==
	Llant drus n tilɣa iɣef yerzan tudert n ~~Lukrisyus~~. Tudert-is d yiwen n '''wadrug''' ameqqran i imusnawen n umezruy. Nessen-t kan s udlis-is ameqqran. Isem-is s latinit, ''Titus Lucretius Carus'', yezga-d deg yidlisen n ''Cicero'' d ''Saint Jérôme''.		Llant drus n tilɣa iɣef yerzan tudert n Lukrityus. Tudert-is d yiwen n '''wadrug''' ameqqran i imusnawen n umezruy. Nessen-t kan s udlis-is ameqqran. Isem-is s latinit, ''Titus Lucretius Carus'', yezga-d deg yidlisen n ''Cicero'' d ''Saint Jérôme''.

	Kra n teɣbula timasiḥiyin, am tid n Ugerram Jirum (i d-yuran acḥal n lqernat sdeffir-s), qqarent-d belli ~~Lukrisyus~~ yuɣal d amahbul yerna yenɣa iman-is. Maca, imir-a, amur ameqqran n yimnadiyen ɣilen belli annect-a d '''tazniwt''' kan i xedmen wid yebɣan ad ssersen azal n teflesafit-is, imi tidmi-s teqqar-d belli iṛebbiten ur d-ggrin ara iman-nsen deg '''umeɣraḍ'''.		Kra n teɣbula timasiḥiyin, am tid n Ugerram Jirum (i d-yuran acḥal n lqernat sdeffir-s), qqarent-d belli Lukrityus yuɣal d amahbul yerna yenɣa iman-is. Maca, imir-a, amur ameqqran n yimnadiyen ɣilen belli annect-a d '''tazniwt''' kan i xedmen wid yebɣan ad ssersen azal n teflesafit-is, imi tidmi-s teqqar-d belli iṛebbiten ur d-ggrin ara iman-nsen deg '''umeɣraḍ'''.

	== Adlis-is Ameqqran: ''De rerum natura'' ==		== Adlis-is Ameqqran: ''De rerum natura'' ==
	''De rerum natura'' (Ɣef Ugama n Tiɣawsiwin) d isefra s talɣa tafelsafit tuzribt, i yebḍa ɣef setta n yidlisen. ~~Lukrisyus~~ yerra-tt i umeddakel-is ''Gaius Memmius''. Deg udlis-a, yessefham s wudem ussnan n wakud-nni amek i teddes ddunit.		''De rerum natura'' (Ɣef Ugama n Tiɣawsiwin) d isefra s talɣa tafelsafit tuzribt, i yebḍa ɣef setta n yidlisen. Lukrityus yerra-tt i umeddakel-is ''Gaius Memmius''. Deg udlis-a, yessefham s wudem ussnan n wakud-nni amek i teddes ddunit.

	* '''Idlisen I d II:''' Ssefhamen imenzayen iṛumaniyen n teflesafit tabelkimt (atomisme). Sseknen-d belli '''ameɣraḍ''' yemmug s sin n yeḥricen kan: '''ibelkimen''' d '''tallunt'''. Ibelkimen-a d tiɣawsiwin timeẓyanin, ur nettwebḍa ara, i yettmenṭaren daymen deg '''tallunt'''.		* '''Idlisen I d II:''' Ssefhamen imenzayen iṛumaniyen n teflesafit tabelkimt (atomisme). Sseknen-d belli '''ameɣraḍ''' yemmug s sin n yeḥricen kan: '''ibelkimen''' d '''tallunt'''. Ibelkimen-a d tiɣawsiwin timeẓyanin, ur nettwebḍa ara, i yettmenṭaren daymen deg '''tallunt'''.
	* '''Idlisen III d IV:''' Kkaten-d ɣef '''ugama''' n '''uziɣer''' d yiman. Lucretius yeqqar-d belli ula d nutni d '''angaw''', mmugen d ibelkimen imeẓyanen. Imi '''aziɣer''' d '''angaw''' yerna yeddukkel d tfekka, ad yemmet yid-s. S wakka, yessefk ad nekkes tuggdi n lmut, imi "mi nella, lmut ulac-itt; mi tella lmut, nekni ulac-aɣ."		* '''Idlisen III d IV:''' Kkaten-d ɣef '''ugama''' n '''uziɣer''' d yiman. ''Lucretius'' yeqqar-d belli ula d nutni d '''angaw''', mmugen d ibelkimen imeẓyanen. Imi '''aziɣer''' d '''angaw''' yerna yeddukkel d tfekka, ad yemmet yid-s. S wakka, yessefk ad nekkes tuggdi n lmut, imi "mi nella, lmut ulac-itt; mi tella lmut, nekni ulac-aɣ."
	* '''Idlisen V d VI:''' Ssefhamen-d amek i d-lulen '''umeɣraḍ''', ddunit, tudert, d yemdanen, war ma yella-d ukbac n yiṛebbiten. Ssefhamen daɣen '''tumant''' tagamant am lebṛaq, rreɛd, d waṭṭanen, s tmentilin timeɣẓanin.		* '''Idlisen V d VI:''' Ssefhamen-d amek i d-lulen '''umeɣraḍ''', ddunit, tudert, d yemdanen, war ma yella-d ukbac n yiṛebbiten. Ssefhamen daɣen '''tumant''' tagamant am lebṛaq, rreɛd, d waṭṭanen, s tmentilin timeɣẓanin.

	== Tiẓriwin n Teflesafit-is ==		== Tiẓriwin n Teflesafit-is ==
	Tafalsafit n Lucretius d tafalsafit [[Epikur\|tabikurit]] i ɣef tebna. Assaɣen-is d irumaniyen:		Tafalsafit n ''Lucretius'' d tafalsafit [[Epikur\|tabikurit]] i ɣef tebna. Assaɣen-is d irumaniyen:

	# '''Tabelkimt d Tanga :''' Am ''Epikur'', Lucretius yumen belli kullec d '''tanga'''. Ulac ayen i d-yennulfan seg ulac s tezmert n yiṛebbiten. Amezruy n '''umeɣraḍ''' d amezruy n temlilit '''tagacurant''' n '''yibelkimen''' i yettmenṭaren seg zik.		# '''Tabelkimt d Tanga :''' Am ''Epikur'', ''Lucretius'' yumen belli kullec d '''tanga'''. Ulac ayen i d-yennulfan seg ulac s tezmert n yiṛebbiten. Amezruy n '''umeɣraḍ''' d amezruy n temlilit '''tagacurant''' n '''yibelkimen''' i yettmenṭaren seg zik.
	# '''Azɣan n Tuggdi:'''		# '''Azɣan n Tuggdi:'''
	#* '''Tuggdi n Lmut:''' Imi iman d ayen yettmettaten am tfekka, ur yessefk ara ad naggad ayen yellan sdeffir lmut, imi ulac kra.		#* '''Tuggdi n Lmut:''' Imi iman d ayen yettmettaten am tfekka, ur yessefk ara ad naggad ayen yellan sdeffir lmut, imi ulac kra.
	#* '''Tuggdi n Yiṛebbiten:''' ~~Lukrisyus~~ ur yenkir ara belli llan yiṛebbiten. Yeqqar-d llan, maca ddren deg '''tallunt''' nnsen, deg talwit tameqqrant (ataraxie), ur d-ggan ara iman-nsen deg tilufa n yemdanen. D ayen yellan d azulal ad naggad tizemmar-nsen. Yeqqar-d belli d asɣan i d-yeglan s waṭas n tekriḍt d cceṛ deg umezruy n yemdanen.		#* '''Tuggdi n Yiṛebbiten:''' Lukrityus ur yenkir ara belli llan yiṛebbiten. Yeqqar-d llan, maca ddren deg '''tallunt''' nnsen, deg talwit tameqqrant (ataraxie), ur d-ggan ara iman-nsen deg tilufa n yemdanen. D ayen yellan d azulal ad naggad tizemmar-nsen. Yeqqar-d belli d asɣan i d-yeglan s waṭas n tekriḍt d cceṛ deg umezruy n yemdanen.
	# '''Iswi n Tudert''' '''d Tadfi :''' Am lejdud-is ~~ibikuriyen~~, Lucretius yeqqar-d belli iswi n tudert d tadfi. Maca tadfi-a mačči d zzhu n tfekka kan, d tadfi n uziɣer: d talwit n daxel, d tuffɣa n leḥzen d tuggdi, d wayen i wumi ssawalen "ataraxie". Abrid ɣer waya d tussna d tegzi n ugama.		# '''Iswi n Tudert''' '''d Tadfi :''' Am lejdud-is ipikuriyen, Lucretius yeqqar-d belli iswi n tudert d tadfi. Maca tadfi-a mačči d zzhu n tfekka kan, d tadfi n uziɣer: d talwit n daxel, d tuffɣa n leḥzen d tuggdi, d wayen i wumi ssawalen "ataraxie". Abrid ɣer waya d tussna d tegzi n ugama.

	== Tazrirt-is d Tuggint ==		== Tazrirt-is d Tuggint ==
Ajerriḍ 28:		Ajerriḍ 28:
	Mi d-tewweḍ Tallit Talemmast, adlis-a yeffer, yuɣal d adrug. Armi d lqern wis 15, mi d-ufan yiwet n linsxa-s, i d-yuɣal ɣer tafat.		Mi d-tewweḍ Tallit Talemmast, adlis-a yeffer, yuɣal d adrug. Armi d lqern wis 15, mi d-ufan yiwet n linsxa-s, i d-yuɣal ɣer tafat.

	Seg yimir-nni, '''tazrirt''' n ~~Lucretius~~ tuɣal d tameqqrant. Yesselmed aṭas n yimussnawen n Tallit n Taleslalit d yifelsafen n Tallit n Tafat . Tidmi n ubelkim d tmuɣli-s tangawit n tudert, uɣalent d azadur i tussna tatrart. Yesɛa tazrirt meqqren ɣef yimdanen am ''Giordano Bruno, Galileo'', d wid i d-yewwin talsawt.		Seg yimir-nni, '''tazrirt''' n Lukrityus tuɣal d tameqqrant. Yesselmed aṭas n yimussnawen n Tallit n Taleslalit d yifelsafen n Tallit n Tafat . Tidmi n ubelkim d tmuɣli-s tangawit n tudert, uɣalent d azadur i tussna tatrart. Yesɛa tazrirt meqqren ɣef yimdanen am ''Giordano Bruno, Galileo'', d wid i d-yewwin talsawt.