Cloud Spanner API - Class Google::Cloud::Spanner::Transaction (v2.36.0)

Reference documentation and code samples for the Cloud Spanner API class Google::Cloud::Spanner::Transaction.

Transaction

A transaction in Cloud Spanner is a set of reads and writes that execute atomically at a single logical point in time across columns, rows, and tables in a database.

All changes are accumulated in memory until the block passed to Client#transaction completes. Transactions will be automatically retried when possible. See Client#transaction.

Inherits

  • Object

Example

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  # Read the second album budget.
  second_album_result = tx.read "Albums", ["marketing_budget"],
                                keys: [[2, 2]], limit: 1
  second_album_row = second_album_result.rows.first
  second_album_budget = second_album_row.values.first

  transfer_amount = 200000

  if second_album_budget < 300000
    # Raising an exception will automatically roll back the
    # transaction.
    raise "The second album doesn't have enough funds to transfer"
  end

  # Read the first album's budget.
  first_album_result = tx.read "Albums", ["marketing_budget"],
                                keys: [[1, 1]], limit: 1
  first_album_row = first_album_result.rows.first
  first_album_budget = first_album_row.values.first

  # Update the budgets.
  second_album_budget -= transfer_amount
  first_album_budget += transfer_amount
  puts "Setting first album's budget to #{first_album_budget} and " \
       "the second album's budget to #{second_album_budget}."

  # Update the rows.
  rows = [
    {singer_id: 1, album_id: 1, marketing_budget: first_album_budget},
    {singer_id: 2, album_id: 2, marketing_budget: second_album_budget}
  ]
  tx.update "Albums", rows
end

Methods

#batch_update

def batch_update(request_options: nil, call_options: nil, &block) { |batch_update| ... } -> Array

Executes DML statements in a batch.

Parameters
  • request_options (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

    Common request options.

    • :priority (String) The relative priority for requests. The priority acts as a hint to the Cloud Spanner scheduler and does not guarantee priority or order of execution. Valid values are :PRIORITY_LOW, :PRIORITY_MEDIUM, :PRIORITY_HIGH. If priority not set then default is PRIORITY_UNSPECIFIED is equivalent to :PRIORITY_HIGH.
    • :tag (String) A per-request tag which can be applied to queries or reads, used for statistics collection. Tag must be a valid identifier of the form: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_\-] between 2 and 64 characters in length.
  • call_options (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

    A hash of values to specify the custom call options, e.g., timeout, retries, etc. Call options are optional. The following settings can be provided:

    • :timeout (Numeric) A numeric value of custom timeout in seconds that overrides the default setting.
    • :retry_policy (Hash) A hash of values that overrides the default setting of retry policy with the following keys:
      • :initial_delay (Numeric) - The initial delay in seconds.
      • :max_delay (Numeric) - The max delay in seconds.
      • :multiplier (Numeric) - The incremental backoff multiplier.
      • :retry_codes (Array) - The error codes that should trigger a retry.
Yields
  • (batch_update) — a batch update object
Yield Parameter
Returns
  • (Array) — A list with the exact number of rows that were modified for each DML statement.
Raises
  • (Google::Cloud::Spanner::BatchUpdateError) — If an error occurred while executing a statement. The error object contains a cause error with the service error type and message, and a list with the exact number of rows that were modified for each successful statement before the error.
Examples 
require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  begin
    row_counts = tx.batch_update do |b|
      statement_count = b.batch_update(
        "UPDATE users SET name = 'Charlie' WHERE id = 1"
      )
    end
    puts row_counts.inspect
  rescue Google::Cloud::Spanner::BatchUpdateError => err
    puts err.cause.message
    puts err.row_counts.inspect
  end
end

Update using SQL parameters:

require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  begin
    row_counts = tx.batch_update do |b|
      statement_count = b.batch_update(
        "UPDATE users SET name = 'Charlie' WHERE id = 1",
        params: { id: 1, name: "Charlie" }
      )
    end
    puts row_counts.inspect
  rescue Google::Cloud::Spanner::BatchUpdateError => err
    puts err.cause.message
    puts err.row_counts.inspect
  end
end

#commit_timestamp

def commit_timestamp() -> ColumnValue

Creates a column value object representing setting a field's value to the timestamp of the commit. (See Client#commit_timestamp)

This placeholder value can only be used for timestamp columns that have set the option "(allow_commit_timestamp=true)" in the schema.

Returns
  • (ColumnValue) — The commit timestamp column value object.
Example 
require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new

db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  tx.insert "users", [
    { id: 5, name: "Murphy", updated_at: tx.commit_timestamp }
  ]
end

#delete

def delete(table, keys = [])

Deletes rows from a table. Succeeds whether or not the specified rows were present.

All changes are accumulated in memory until the block passed to Client#transaction completes.

Parameters
  • table (String) — The name of the table in the database to be modified.
  • keys (Object, Array) — A single, or list of keys or key ranges to match returned data to. Values should have exactly as many elements as there are columns in the primary key. Example 
    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction { |tx| tx.delete "users", [1, 2, 3] }

    #execute

    def execute(sql, params: nil, types: nil, query_options: nil, request_options: nil, call_options: nil) -> Google::Cloud::Spanner::Results
    Alias Of: #execute_query

    Executes a SQL query.

    Parameters
    • sql (String) — The SQL query string. See Query syntax.

      The SQL query string can contain parameter placeholders. A parameter placeholder consists of "@" followed by the parameter name. Parameter names consist of any combination of letters, numbers, and underscores.

    • params (Hash) (defaults to: nil) — SQL parameters for the query string. The parameter placeholders, minus the "@", are the the hash keys, and the literal values are the hash values. If the query string contains something like "WHERE id > @msg_id", then the params must contain something like :msg_id => 1.

      Ruby types are mapped to Spanner types as follows:

      | Spanner | Ruby | Notes | |-------------|----------------|---| | BOOL | true/false | | | INT64 | Integer | | | FLOAT64 | Float | | | FLOAT32 | Float | | | NUMERIC | BigDecimal | | | STRING | String | | | DATE | Date | | | TIMESTAMP | Time, DateTime | | | BYTES | File, IO, StringIO, or similar | | | ARRAY | Array | Nested arrays are not supported. | | STRUCT | Hash, Data | |

      See Data types.

      See Data Types - Constructing a STRUCT.

    • types (Hash) (defaults to: nil) — Types of the SQL parameters in params. It is not always possible for Cloud Spanner to infer the right SQL type from a value in params. In these cases, the types hash must be used to specify the SQL type for these values.

      The keys of the hash should be query string parameter placeholders, minus the "@". The values of the hash should be Cloud Spanner type codes from the following list:

      • :BOOL
      • :BYTES
      • :DATE
      • :FLOAT64
      • :FLOAT32
      • :NUMERIC
      • :INT64
      • :STRING
      • :TIMESTAMP
      • Array - Lists are specified by providing the type code in an array. For example, an array of integers are specified as [:INT64].
      • Fields - Types for STRUCT values (Hash/Data objects) are specified using a Fields object.

      Types are optional.

    • query_options (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

      A hash of values to specify the custom query options for executing SQL query. Query options are optional. The following settings can be provided:

      • :optimizer_version (String) The version of optimizer to use. Empty to use database default. "latest" to use the latest available optimizer version.
      • :optimizer_statistics_package (String) Statistics package to use. Empty to use the database default.
    • request_options (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

      Common request options.

      • :priority (String) The relative priority for requests. The priority acts as a hint to the Cloud Spanner scheduler and does not guarantee priority or order of execution. Valid values are :PRIORITY_LOW, :PRIORITY_MEDIUM, :PRIORITY_HIGH. If priority not set then default is PRIORITY_UNSPECIFIED is equivalent to :PRIORITY_HIGH.
      • :tag (String) A per-request tag which can be applied to queries or reads, used for statistics collection. Tag must be a valid identifier of the form: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_\-] between 2 and 64 characters in length.
    • call_options (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

      A hash of values to specify the custom call options, e.g., timeout, retries, etc. Call options are optional. The following settings can be provided:

      • :timeout (Numeric) A numeric value of custom timeout in seconds that overrides the default setting.
      • :retry_policy (Hash) A hash of values that overrides the default setting of retry policy with the following keys:
        • :initial_delay (Numeric) - The initial delay in seconds.
        • :max_delay (Numeric) - The max delay in seconds.
        • :multiplier (Numeric) - The incremental backoff multiplier.
        • :retry_codes (Array) - The error codes that should trigger a retry.
    Returns
    Examples 
    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  results = tx.execute_query "SELECT * FROM users"

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Query using query parameters:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  results = tx.execute_query(
    "SELECT * FROM users WHERE active = @active",
    params: { active: true }
  )

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Query with a SQL STRUCT query parameter as a Hash:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  user_hash = { id: 1, name: "Charlie", active: false }

  results = tx.execute_query(
    "SELECT * FROM users WHERE " \
    "ID = @user_struct.id " \
    "AND name = @user_struct.name " \
    "AND active = @user_struct.active",
    params: { user_struct: user_hash }
  )

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Specify the SQL STRUCT type using Fields object:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  user_type = tx.fields id: :INT64, name: :STRING, active: :BOOL
  user_hash = { id: 1, name: nil, active: false }

  results = tx.execute_query(
    "SELECT * FROM users WHERE " \
    "ID = @user_struct.id " \
    "AND name = @user_struct.name " \
    "AND active = @user_struct.active",
    params: { user_struct: user_hash },
    types: { user_struct: user_type }
  )

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Or, query with a SQL STRUCT as a typed Data object:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  user_type = tx.fields id: :INT64, name: :STRING, active: :BOOL
  user_data = user_type.struct id: 1, name: nil, active: false

  results = tx.execute_query(
    "SELECT * FROM users WHERE " \
    "ID = @user_struct.id " \
    "AND name = @user_struct.name " \
    "AND active = @user_struct.active",
    params: { user_struct: user_data }
  )

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Query using query options:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  results = tx.execute_query \
    "SELECT * FROM users", query_options: {
    optimizer_version: "1",
    optimizer_statistics_package: "auto_20191128_14_47_22UTC"
  }

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Query using custom timeout and retry policy:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

timeout = 30.0
retry_policy = {
  initial_delay: 0.25,
  max_delay:     32.0,
  multiplier:    1.3,
  retry_codes:   ["UNAVAILABLE"]
}
call_options = { timeout: timeout, retry_policy: retry_policy }

db.transaction do |tx|
  results = tx.execute_query \
    "SELECT * FROM users", call_options: call_options

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    #execute_query

    def execute_query(sql, params: nil, types: nil, query_options: nil, request_options: nil, call_options: nil) -> Google::Cloud::Spanner::Results
    Aliases

    Executes a SQL query.

    Parameters
    • sql (String) — The SQL query string. See Query syntax.

      The SQL query string can contain parameter placeholders. A parameter placeholder consists of "@" followed by the parameter name. Parameter names consist of any combination of letters, numbers, and underscores.

    • params (Hash) (defaults to: nil) — SQL parameters for the query string. The parameter placeholders, minus the "@", are the the hash keys, and the literal values are the hash values. If the query string contains something like "WHERE id > @msg_id", then the params must contain something like :msg_id => 1.

      Ruby types are mapped to Spanner types as follows:

      | Spanner | Ruby | Notes | |-------------|----------------|---| | BOOL | true/false | | | INT64 | Integer | | | FLOAT64 | Float | | | FLOAT32 | Float | | | NUMERIC | BigDecimal | | | STRING | String | | | DATE | Date | | | TIMESTAMP | Time, DateTime | | | BYTES | File, IO, StringIO, or similar | | | ARRAY | Array | Nested arrays are not supported. | | STRUCT | Hash, Data | |

      See Data types.

      See Data Types - Constructing a STRUCT.

    • types (Hash) (defaults to: nil) — Types of the SQL parameters in params. It is not always possible for Cloud Spanner to infer the right SQL type from a value in params. In these cases, the types hash must be used to specify the SQL type for these values.

      The keys of the hash should be query string parameter placeholders, minus the "@". The values of the hash should be Cloud Spanner type codes from the following list:

      • :BOOL
      • :BYTES
      • :DATE
      • :FLOAT64
      • :FLOAT32
      • :NUMERIC
      • :INT64
      • :STRING
      • :TIMESTAMP
      • Array - Lists are specified by providing the type code in an array. For example, an array of integers are specified as [:INT64].
      • Fields - Types for STRUCT values (Hash/Data objects) are specified using a Fields object.

      Types are optional.

    • query_options (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

      A hash of values to specify the custom query options for executing SQL query. Query options are optional. The following settings can be provided:

      • :optimizer_version (String) The version of optimizer to use. Empty to use database default. "latest" to use the latest available optimizer version.
      • :optimizer_statistics_package (String) Statistics package to use. Empty to use the database default.
    • request_options (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

      Common request options.

      • :priority (String) The relative priority for requests. The priority acts as a hint to the Cloud Spanner scheduler and does not guarantee priority or order of execution. Valid values are :PRIORITY_LOW, :PRIORITY_MEDIUM, :PRIORITY_HIGH. If priority not set then default is PRIORITY_UNSPECIFIED is equivalent to :PRIORITY_HIGH.
      • :tag (String) A per-request tag which can be applied to queries or reads, used for statistics collection. Tag must be a valid identifier of the form: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_\-] between 2 and 64 characters in length.
    • call_options (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

      A hash of values to specify the custom call options, e.g., timeout, retries, etc. Call options are optional. The following settings can be provided:

      • :timeout (Numeric) A numeric value of custom timeout in seconds that overrides the default setting.
      • :retry_policy (Hash) A hash of values that overrides the default setting of retry policy with the following keys:
        • :initial_delay (Numeric) - The initial delay in seconds.
        • :max_delay (Numeric) - The max delay in seconds.
        • :multiplier (Numeric) - The incremental backoff multiplier.
        • :retry_codes (Array) - The error codes that should trigger a retry.
    Returns
    Examples 
    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  results = tx.execute_query "SELECT * FROM users"

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Query using query parameters:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  results = tx.execute_query(
    "SELECT * FROM users WHERE active = @active",
    params: { active: true }
  )

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Query with a SQL STRUCT query parameter as a Hash:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  user_hash = { id: 1, name: "Charlie", active: false }

  results = tx.execute_query(
    "SELECT * FROM users WHERE " \
    "ID = @user_struct.id " \
    "AND name = @user_struct.name " \
    "AND active = @user_struct.active",
    params: { user_struct: user_hash }
  )

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Specify the SQL STRUCT type using Fields object:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  user_type = tx.fields id: :INT64, name: :STRING, active: :BOOL
  user_hash = { id: 1, name: nil, active: false }

  results = tx.execute_query(
    "SELECT * FROM users WHERE " \
    "ID = @user_struct.id " \
    "AND name = @user_struct.name " \
    "AND active = @user_struct.active",
    params: { user_struct: user_hash },
    types: { user_struct: user_type }
  )

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Or, query with a SQL STRUCT as a typed Data object:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  user_type = tx.fields id: :INT64, name: :STRING, active: :BOOL
  user_data = user_type.struct id: 1, name: nil, active: false

  results = tx.execute_query(
    "SELECT * FROM users WHERE " \
    "ID = @user_struct.id " \
    "AND name = @user_struct.name " \
    "AND active = @user_struct.active",
    params: { user_struct: user_data }
  )

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Query using query options:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  results = tx.execute_query \
    "SELECT * FROM users", query_options: {
    optimizer_version: "1",
    optimizer_statistics_package: "auto_20191128_14_47_22UTC"
  }

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Query using custom timeout and retry policy:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

timeout = 30.0
retry_policy = {
  initial_delay: 0.25,
  max_delay:     32.0,
  multiplier:    1.3,
  retry_codes:   ["UNAVAILABLE"]
}
call_options = { timeout: timeout, retry_policy: retry_policy }

db.transaction do |tx|
  results = tx.execute_query \
    "SELECT * FROM users", call_options: call_options

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    #execute_sql

    def execute_sql(sql, params: nil, types: nil, query_options: nil, request_options: nil, call_options: nil) -> Google::Cloud::Spanner::Results
    Alias Of: #execute_query

    Executes a SQL query.

    Parameters
    • sql (String) — The SQL query string. See Query syntax.

      The SQL query string can contain parameter placeholders. A parameter placeholder consists of "@" followed by the parameter name. Parameter names consist of any combination of letters, numbers, and underscores.

    • params (Hash) (defaults to: nil) — SQL parameters for the query string. The parameter placeholders, minus the "@", are the the hash keys, and the literal values are the hash values. If the query string contains something like "WHERE id > @msg_id", then the params must contain something like :msg_id => 1.

      Ruby types are mapped to Spanner types as follows:

      | Spanner | Ruby | Notes | |-------------|----------------|---| | BOOL | true/false | | | INT64 | Integer | | | FLOAT64 | Float | | | FLOAT32 | Float | | | NUMERIC | BigDecimal | | | STRING | String | | | DATE | Date | | | TIMESTAMP | Time, DateTime | | | BYTES | File, IO, StringIO, or similar | | | ARRAY | Array | Nested arrays are not supported. | | STRUCT | Hash, Data | |

      See Data types.

      See Data Types - Constructing a STRUCT.

    • types (Hash) (defaults to: nil) — Types of the SQL parameters in params. It is not always possible for Cloud Spanner to infer the right SQL type from a value in params. In these cases, the types hash must be used to specify the SQL type for these values.

      The keys of the hash should be query string parameter placeholders, minus the "@". The values of the hash should be Cloud Spanner type codes from the following list:

      • :BOOL
      • :BYTES
      • :DATE
      • :FLOAT64
      • :FLOAT32
      • :NUMERIC
      • :INT64
      • :STRING
      • :TIMESTAMP
      • Array - Lists are specified by providing the type code in an array. For example, an array of integers are specified as [:INT64].
      • Fields - Types for STRUCT values (Hash/Data objects) are specified using a Fields object.

      Types are optional.

    • query_options (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

      A hash of values to specify the custom query options for executing SQL query. Query options are optional. The following settings can be provided:

      • :optimizer_version (String) The version of optimizer to use. Empty to use database default. "latest" to use the latest available optimizer version.
      • :optimizer_statistics_package (String) Statistics package to use. Empty to use the database default.
    • request_options (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

      Common request options.

      • :priority (String) The relative priority for requests. The priority acts as a hint to the Cloud Spanner scheduler and does not guarantee priority or order of execution. Valid values are :PRIORITY_LOW, :PRIORITY_MEDIUM, :PRIORITY_HIGH. If priority not set then default is PRIORITY_UNSPECIFIED is equivalent to :PRIORITY_HIGH.
      • :tag (String) A per-request tag which can be applied to queries or reads, used for statistics collection. Tag must be a valid identifier of the form: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_\-] between 2 and 64 characters in length.
    • call_options (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

      A hash of values to specify the custom call options, e.g., timeout, retries, etc. Call options are optional. The following settings can be provided:

      • :timeout (Numeric) A numeric value of custom timeout in seconds that overrides the default setting.
      • :retry_policy (Hash) A hash of values that overrides the default setting of retry policy with the following keys:
        • :initial_delay (Numeric) - The initial delay in seconds.
        • :max_delay (Numeric) - The max delay in seconds.
        • :multiplier (Numeric) - The incremental backoff multiplier.
        • :retry_codes (Array) - The error codes that should trigger a retry.
    Returns
    Examples 
    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  results = tx.execute_query "SELECT * FROM users"

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Query using query parameters:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  results = tx.execute_query(
    "SELECT * FROM users WHERE active = @active",
    params: { active: true }
  )

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Query with a SQL STRUCT query parameter as a Hash:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  user_hash = { id: 1, name: "Charlie", active: false }

  results = tx.execute_query(
    "SELECT * FROM users WHERE " \
    "ID = @user_struct.id " \
    "AND name = @user_struct.name " \
    "AND active = @user_struct.active",
    params: { user_struct: user_hash }
  )

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Specify the SQL STRUCT type using Fields object:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  user_type = tx.fields id: :INT64, name: :STRING, active: :BOOL
  user_hash = { id: 1, name: nil, active: false }

  results = tx.execute_query(
    "SELECT * FROM users WHERE " \
    "ID = @user_struct.id " \
    "AND name = @user_struct.name " \
    "AND active = @user_struct.active",
    params: { user_struct: user_hash },
    types: { user_struct: user_type }
  )

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Or, query with a SQL STRUCT as a typed Data object:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  user_type = tx.fields id: :INT64, name: :STRING, active: :BOOL
  user_data = user_type.struct id: 1, name: nil, active: false

  results = tx.execute_query(
    "SELECT * FROM users WHERE " \
    "ID = @user_struct.id " \
    "AND name = @user_struct.name " \
    "AND active = @user_struct.active",
    params: { user_struct: user_data }
  )

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Query using query options:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  results = tx.execute_query \
    "SELECT * FROM users", query_options: {
    optimizer_version: "1",
    optimizer_statistics_package: "auto_20191128_14_47_22UTC"
  }

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Query using custom timeout and retry policy:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

timeout = 30.0
retry_policy = {
  initial_delay: 0.25,
  max_delay:     32.0,
  multiplier:    1.3,
  retry_codes:   ["UNAVAILABLE"]
}
call_options = { timeout: timeout, retry_policy: retry_policy }

db.transaction do |tx|
  results = tx.execute_query \
    "SELECT * FROM users", call_options: call_options

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    #execute_update

    def execute_update(sql, params: nil, types: nil, query_options: nil, request_options: nil, call_options: nil) -> Integer

    Executes a DML statement.

    Parameters
    • sql (String) — The DML statement string. See Query syntax.

      The DML statement string can contain parameter placeholders. A parameter placeholder consists of "@" followed by the parameter name. Parameter names consist of any combination of letters, numbers, and underscores.

    • params (Hash) (defaults to: nil) — Parameters for the DML statement string. The parameter placeholders, minus the "@", are the the hash keys, and the literal values are the hash values. If the query string contains something like "WHERE id > @msg_id", then the params must contain something like :msg_id => 1.

      Ruby types are mapped to Spanner types as follows:

      | Spanner | Ruby | Notes | |-------------|----------------|---| | BOOL | true/false | | | INT64 | Integer | | | FLOAT64 | Float | | | FLOAT32 | Float | | | NUMERIC | BigDecimal | | | STRING | String | | | DATE | Date | | | TIMESTAMP | Time, DateTime | | | BYTES | File, IO, StringIO, or similar | | | ARRAY | Array | Nested arrays are not supported. | | STRUCT | Hash, Data | |

      See Data types.

      See Data Types - Constructing a STRUCT.

    • types (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

      Types of the SQL parameters in params. It is not always possible for Cloud Spanner to infer the right SQL type from a value in params. In these cases, the types hash can be used to specify the exact SQL type for some or all of the SQL query parameters.

      The keys of the hash should be query string parameter placeholders, minus the "@". The values of the hash should be Cloud Spanner type codes from the following list:

      • :BOOL
      • :BYTES
      • :DATE
      • :FLOAT64
      • :FLOAT32
      • :NUMERIC
      • :INT64
      • :STRING
      • :TIMESTAMP
      • Array - Lists are specified by providing the type code in an array. For example, an array of integers are specified as [:INT64].
      • Fields - Nested Structs are specified by providing a Fields object.
    • query_options (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

      A hash of values to specify the custom query options for executing SQL query. Query options are optional. The following settings can be provided:

      • :optimizer_version (String) The version of optimizer to use. Empty to use database default. "latest" to use the latest available optimizer version.
      • :optimizer_statistics_package (String) Statistics package to use. Empty to use the database default.
    • request_options (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

      Common request options.

      • :priority (String) The relative priority for requests. The priority acts as a hint to the Cloud Spanner scheduler and does not guarantee priority or order of execution. Valid values are :PRIORITY_LOW, :PRIORITY_MEDIUM, :PRIORITY_HIGH. If priority not set then default is PRIORITY_UNSPECIFIED is equivalent to :PRIORITY_HIGH.
      • :tag (String) A per-request tag which can be applied to queries or reads, used for statistics collection. Tag must be a valid identifier of the form: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_\-] between 2 and 64 characters in length.
    • call_options (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

      A hash of values to specify the custom call options, e.g., timeout, retries, etc. Call options are optional. The following settings can be provided:

      • :timeout (Numeric) A numeric value of custom timeout in seconds that overrides the default setting.
      • :retry_policy (Hash) A hash of values that overrides the default setting of retry policy with the following keys:
        • :initial_delay (Numeric) - The initial delay in seconds.
        • :max_delay (Numeric) - The max delay in seconds.
        • :multiplier (Numeric) - The incremental backoff multiplier.
        • :retry_codes (Array) - The error codes that should trigger a retry.
    Returns
    • (Integer) — The exact number of rows that were modified.
    Examples 
    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  row_count = tx.execute_update(
    "UPDATE users SET name = 'Charlie' WHERE id = 1"
  )
end

    Update using SQL parameters:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  row_count = tx.execute_update(
    "UPDATE users SET name = @name WHERE id = @id",
    params: { id: 1, name: "Charlie" }
  )
end

    Update using query options

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  row_count = tx.execute_update(
    "UPDATE users SET name = 'Charlie' WHERE id = 1",
    query_options: {
      optimizer_version: "1",
      optimizer_statistics_package: "auto_20191128_14_47_22UTC"
    }
  )
end

    Update using custom timeout and retry policy:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

timeout = 30.0
retry_policy = {
  initial_delay: 0.25,
  max_delay:     32.0,
  multiplier:    1.3,
  retry_codes:   ["UNAVAILABLE"]
}
call_options = { timeout: timeout, retry_policy: retry_policy }

db.transaction do |tx|
  row_count = tx.execute_update(
    "UPDATE users SET name = 'Charlie' WHERE id = 1",
    call_options: call_options
  )
end

    #fields

    def fields(types) -> Fields

    Creates a configuration object (Fields) that may be provided to queries or used to create STRUCT objects. (The STRUCT will be represented by the Data class.) See Client#execute and/or Fields#struct.

    For more information, see Data Types - Constructing a STRUCT.

    Parameter
    • types (Array, Hash) —

      Accepts an array or hash types.

      Arrays can contain just the type value, or a sub-array of the field's name and type value. Hash keys must contain the field name as a Symbol or String, or the field position as an Integer. Hash values must contain the type value. If a Hash is used the fields will be created using the same order as the Hash keys.

      Supported type values incude:

      • :BOOL
      • :BYTES
      • :DATE
      • :FLOAT64
      • :FLOAT32
      • :NUMERIC
      • :INT64
      • :STRING
      • :TIMESTAMP
      • Array - Lists are specified by providing the type code in an array. For example, an array of integers are specified as [:INT64].
      • Fields - Nested Structs are specified by providing a Fields object.
    Returns
    • (Fields) — The fields of the given types.
    Examples

    Create a STRUCT value with named fields using Fields object:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  named_type = tx.fields(
    { id: :INT64, name: :STRING, active: :BOOL }
  )
  named_data = named_type.struct(
    { id: 42, name: nil, active: false }
  )
end

    Create a STRUCT value with anonymous field names:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  anon_type = tx.fields [:INT64, :STRING, :BOOL]
  anon_data = anon_type.struct [42, nil, false]
end

    Create a STRUCT value with duplicate field names:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  dup_type = tx.fields [[:x, :INT64], [:x, :STRING], [:x, :BOOL]]
  dup_data = dup_type.struct [42, nil, false]
end

    #insert

    def insert(table, *rows)

    Inserts new rows in a table. If any of the rows already exist, the write or request fails with error AlreadyExistsError.

    All changes are accumulated in memory until the block passed to Client#transaction completes.

    Parameters
    • table (String) — The name of the table in the database to be modified.
    • rows (Array) — One or more hash objects with the hash keys matching the table's columns, and the hash values matching the table's values.

      Ruby types are mapped to Spanner types as follows:

      | Spanner | Ruby | Notes | |-------------|----------------|---| | BOOL | true/false | | | INT64 | Integer | | | FLOAT64 | Float | | | FLOAT32 | Float | | | NUMERIC | BigDecimal | | | STRING | String | | | DATE | Date | | | TIMESTAMP | Time, DateTime | | | BYTES | File, IO, StringIO, or similar | | | ARRAY | Array | Nested arrays are not supported. |

      See Data types.

    Example 
    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  tx.insert "users", [{ id: 1, name: "Charlie", active: false },
                      { id: 2, name: "Harvey",  active: true }]
end

    #query

    def query(sql, params: nil, types: nil, query_options: nil, request_options: nil, call_options: nil) -> Google::Cloud::Spanner::Results
    Alias Of: #execute_query

    Executes a SQL query.

    Parameters
    • sql (String) — The SQL query string. See Query syntax.

      The SQL query string can contain parameter placeholders. A parameter placeholder consists of "@" followed by the parameter name. Parameter names consist of any combination of letters, numbers, and underscores.

    • params (Hash) (defaults to: nil) — SQL parameters for the query string. The parameter placeholders, minus the "@", are the the hash keys, and the literal values are the hash values. If the query string contains something like "WHERE id > @msg_id", then the params must contain something like :msg_id => 1.

      Ruby types are mapped to Spanner types as follows:

      | Spanner | Ruby | Notes | |-------------|----------------|---| | BOOL | true/false | | | INT64 | Integer | | | FLOAT64 | Float | | | FLOAT32 | Float | | | NUMERIC | BigDecimal | | | STRING | String | | | DATE | Date | | | TIMESTAMP | Time, DateTime | | | BYTES | File, IO, StringIO, or similar | | | ARRAY | Array | Nested arrays are not supported. | | STRUCT | Hash, Data | |

      See Data types.

      See Data Types - Constructing a STRUCT.

    • types (Hash) (defaults to: nil) — Types of the SQL parameters in params. It is not always possible for Cloud Spanner to infer the right SQL type from a value in params. In these cases, the types hash must be used to specify the SQL type for these values.

      The keys of the hash should be query string parameter placeholders, minus the "@". The values of the hash should be Cloud Spanner type codes from the following list:

      • :BOOL
      • :BYTES
      • :DATE
      • :FLOAT64
      • :FLOAT32
      • :NUMERIC
      • :INT64
      • :STRING
      • :TIMESTAMP
      • Array - Lists are specified by providing the type code in an array. For example, an array of integers are specified as [:INT64].
      • Fields - Types for STRUCT values (Hash/Data objects) are specified using a Fields object.

      Types are optional.

    • query_options (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

      A hash of values to specify the custom query options for executing SQL query. Query options are optional. The following settings can be provided:

      • :optimizer_version (String) The version of optimizer to use. Empty to use database default. "latest" to use the latest available optimizer version.
      • :optimizer_statistics_package (String) Statistics package to use. Empty to use the database default.
    • request_options (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

      Common request options.

      • :priority (String) The relative priority for requests. The priority acts as a hint to the Cloud Spanner scheduler and does not guarantee priority or order of execution. Valid values are :PRIORITY_LOW, :PRIORITY_MEDIUM, :PRIORITY_HIGH. If priority not set then default is PRIORITY_UNSPECIFIED is equivalent to :PRIORITY_HIGH.
      • :tag (String) A per-request tag which can be applied to queries or reads, used for statistics collection. Tag must be a valid identifier of the form: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_\-] between 2 and 64 characters in length.
    • call_options (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

      A hash of values to specify the custom call options, e.g., timeout, retries, etc. Call options are optional. The following settings can be provided:

      • :timeout (Numeric) A numeric value of custom timeout in seconds that overrides the default setting.
      • :retry_policy (Hash) A hash of values that overrides the default setting of retry policy with the following keys:
        • :initial_delay (Numeric) - The initial delay in seconds.
        • :max_delay (Numeric) - The max delay in seconds.
        • :multiplier (Numeric) - The incremental backoff multiplier.
        • :retry_codes (Array) - The error codes that should trigger a retry.
    Returns
    Examples 
    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  results = tx.execute_query "SELECT * FROM users"

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Query using query parameters:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  results = tx.execute_query(
    "SELECT * FROM users WHERE active = @active",
    params: { active: true }
  )

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Query with a SQL STRUCT query parameter as a Hash:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  user_hash = { id: 1, name: "Charlie", active: false }

  results = tx.execute_query(
    "SELECT * FROM users WHERE " \
    "ID = @user_struct.id " \
    "AND name = @user_struct.name " \
    "AND active = @user_struct.active",
    params: { user_struct: user_hash }
  )

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Specify the SQL STRUCT type using Fields object:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  user_type = tx.fields id: :INT64, name: :STRING, active: :BOOL
  user_hash = { id: 1, name: nil, active: false }

  results = tx.execute_query(
    "SELECT * FROM users WHERE " \
    "ID = @user_struct.id " \
    "AND name = @user_struct.name " \
    "AND active = @user_struct.active",
    params: { user_struct: user_hash },
    types: { user_struct: user_type }
  )

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Or, query with a SQL STRUCT as a typed Data object:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  user_type = tx.fields id: :INT64, name: :STRING, active: :BOOL
  user_data = user_type.struct id: 1, name: nil, active: false

  results = tx.execute_query(
    "SELECT * FROM users WHERE " \
    "ID = @user_struct.id " \
    "AND name = @user_struct.name " \
    "AND active = @user_struct.active",
    params: { user_struct: user_data }
  )

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Query using query options:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  results = tx.execute_query \
    "SELECT * FROM users", query_options: {
    optimizer_version: "1",
    optimizer_statistics_package: "auto_20191128_14_47_22UTC"
  }

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    Query using custom timeout and retry policy:

    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

timeout = 30.0
retry_policy = {
  initial_delay: 0.25,
  max_delay:     32.0,
  multiplier:    1.3,
  retry_codes:   ["UNAVAILABLE"]
}
call_options = { timeout: timeout, retry_policy: retry_policy }

db.transaction do |tx|
  results = tx.execute_query \
    "SELECT * FROM users", call_options: call_options

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    #range

    def range(beginning, ending, exclude_begin: false, exclude_end: false) -> Google::Cloud::Spanner::Range

    Creates a Cloud Spanner Range. This can be used in place of a Ruby Range when needing to exclude the beginning value.

    Parameters
    • beginning (Object) — The object that defines the beginning of the range.
    • ending (Object) — The object that defines the end of the range.
    • exclude_begin (Boolean) (defaults to: false) — Determines if the range excludes its beginning value. Default is false.
    • exclude_end (Boolean) (defaults to: false) — Determines if the range excludes its ending value. Default is false.
    Returns
    Example 
    require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  key_range = tx.range 1, 100
  results = tx.read "users", [:id, :name], keys: key_range

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

    #read

    def read(table, columns, keys: nil, index: nil, limit: nil, request_options: nil, call_options: nil) -> Google::Cloud::Spanner::Results

    Read rows from a database table, as a simple alternative to #execute_query.

    Parameters
    • table (String) — The name of the table in the database to be read.
    • columns (Array) — The columns of table to be returned for each row matching this request.
    • keys (Object, Array) (defaults to: nil) — A single, or list of keys or key ranges to match returned data to. Values should have exactly as many elements as there are columns in the primary key.
    • index (String) (defaults to: nil) — The name of an index to use instead of the table's primary key when interpreting id and sorting result rows. Optional.
    • limit (Integer) (defaults to: nil) — If greater than zero, no more than this number of rows will be returned. The default is no limit.
    • request_options (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

      Common request options.

      • :priority (String) The relative priority for requests. The priority acts as a hint to the Cloud Spanner scheduler and does not guarantee priority or order of execution. Valid values are :PRIORITY_LOW, :PRIORITY_MEDIUM, :PRIORITY_HIGH. If priority not set then default is PRIORITY_UNSPECIFIED is equivalent to :PRIORITY_HIGH.
      • :tag (String) A per-request tag which can be applied to queries or reads, used for statistics collection. Tag must be a valid identifier of the form: [a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9_\-] between 2 and 64 characters in length.
    • call_options (Hash) (defaults to: nil) —

      A hash of values to specify the custom call options, e.g., timeout, retries, etc. Call options are optional. The following settings can be provided:

      • :timeout (Numeric) A numeric value of custom timeout in seconds that overrides the default setting.
      • :retry_policy (Hash) A hash of values that overrides the default setting of retry policy with the following keys:
        • :initial_delay (Numeric) - The initial delay in seconds.
        • :max_delay (Numeric) - The max delay in seconds.
        • :multiplier (Numeric) - The incremental backoff multiplier.
        • :retry_codes (Array) - The error codes that should trigger a retry.
      • Returns
      Example 
      require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  results = tx.read "users", [:id, :name]

  results.rows.each do |row|
    puts "User #{row[:id]} is #{row[:name]}"
  end
end

      #replace

      def replace(table, *rows)

      Inserts or replaces rows in a table. If any of the rows already exist, it is deleted, and the column values provided are inserted instead. Unlike #upsert, this means any values not explicitly written become NULL.

      All changes are accumulated in memory until the block passed to Client#transaction completes.

      Parameters
      • table (String) — The name of the table in the database to be modified.
      • rows (Array) — One or more hash objects with the hash keys matching the table's columns, and the hash values matching the table's values.

        Ruby types are mapped to Spanner types as follows:

        | Spanner | Ruby | Notes | |-------------|----------------|---| | BOOL | true/false | | | INT64 | Integer | | | FLOAT64 | Float | | | FLOAT32 | Float | | | NUMERIC | BigDecimal | | | STRING | String | | | DATE | Date | | | TIMESTAMP | Time, DateTime | | | BYTES | File, IO, StringIO, or similar | | | ARRAY | Array | Nested arrays are not supported. |

        See Data types.

      Example 
      require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  tx.replace "users", [{ id: 1, name: "Charlie", active: false },
                       { id: 2, name: "Harvey",  active: true }]
end

      #save

      def save(table, *rows)
      Alias Of: #upsert

      Inserts or updates rows in a table. If any of the rows already exist, then its column values are overwritten with the ones provided. Any column values not explicitly written are preserved.

      All changes are accumulated in memory until the block passed to Client#transaction completes.

      Parameters
      • table (String) — The name of the table in the database to be modified.
      • rows (Array) — One or more hash objects with the hash keys matching the table's columns, and the hash values matching the table's values.

        Ruby types are mapped to Spanner types as follows:

        | Spanner | Ruby | Notes | |-------------|----------------|---| | BOOL | true/false | | | INT64 | Integer | | | FLOAT64 | Float | | | FLOAT32 | Float | | | NUMERIC | BigDecimal | | | STRING | String | | | DATE | Date | | | TIMESTAMP | Time, DateTime | | | BYTES | File, IO, StringIO, or similar | | | ARRAY | Array | Nested arrays are not supported. |

        See Data types.

      Example 
      require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  tx.upsert "users", [{ id: 1, name: "Charlie", active: false },
                      { id: 2, name: "Harvey",  active: true }]
end

      #transaction_id

      def transaction_id() -> String

      Identifier of the transaction results were run in.

      Returns
      • (String) — The transaction id.

      #update

      def update(table, *rows)

      Updates existing rows in a table. If any of the rows does not already exist, the request fails with error NotFoundError.

      All changes are accumulated in memory until the block passed to Client#transaction completes.

      Parameters
      • table (String) — The name of the table in the database to be modified.
      • rows (Array) — One or more hash objects with the hash keys matching the table's columns, and the hash values matching the table's values.

        Ruby types are mapped to Spanner types as follows:

        | Spanner | Ruby | Notes | |-------------|----------------|---| | BOOL | true/false | | | INT64 | Integer | | | FLOAT64 | Float | | | FLOAT32 | Float | | | NUMERIC | BigDecimal | | | STRING | String | | | DATE | Date | | | TIMESTAMP | Time, DateTime | | | BYTES | File, IO, StringIO, or similar | | | ARRAY | Array | Nested arrays are not supported. |

        See Data types.

      Example 
      require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  tx.update "users", [{ id: 1, name: "Charlie", active: false },
                      { id: 2, name: "Harvey",  active: true }]
end

      #upsert

      def upsert(table, *rows)
      Aliases

      Inserts or updates rows in a table. If any of the rows already exist, then its column values are overwritten with the ones provided. Any column values not explicitly written are preserved.

      All changes are accumulated in memory until the block passed to Client#transaction completes.

      Parameters
      • table (String) — The name of the table in the database to be modified.
      • rows (Array) — One or more hash objects with the hash keys matching the table's columns, and the hash values matching the table's values.

        Ruby types are mapped to Spanner types as follows:

        | Spanner | Ruby | Notes | |-------------|----------------|---| | BOOL | true/false | | | INT64 | Integer | | | FLOAT64 | Float | | | FLOAT32 | Float | | | NUMERIC | BigDecimal | | | STRING | String | | | DATE | Date | | | TIMESTAMP | Time, DateTime | | | BYTES | File, IO, StringIO, or similar | | | ARRAY | Array | Nested arrays are not supported. |

        See Data types.

      Example 
      require "google/cloud/spanner"

spanner = Google::Cloud::Spanner.new
db = spanner.client "my-instance", "my-database"

db.transaction do |tx|
  tx.upsert "users", [{ id: 1, name: "Charlie", active: false },
                      { id: 2, name: "Harvey",  active: true }]
end