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File:Endosymbiosis evolution diagram.svg

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    English: Endosymbiosis evolution diagram
     
    membrane
     
    eukaryotic DNA
     
    cyanobacterial and ct DNA
     
    proteobacterial and mt DNA
    • A: hypothetical prokaryotic ancestor of eukaryotes, close to archaea, without a nucleus
    • 1. Infolding of the cell membrane gradually forms the nuclear envelope
    • B: primitive eukaryote without organelles, possessing a double-layered nuclear envelope
    • C: α-proteobacterium close to Rickettsia
    • 2. First endosymbiosis, occurred only once
    • D: eukaryote with mitochondria, such as animals and fungi
    • E: a kind of cyanobacterium (prokaryote)
    • 3. Second endosymbiosis, occurred independently multiple times
    • F: primitive plastid-bearing organisms with double-membrane chloroplasts, including green algae (and their descendant plants), red algae, and glaucophytes
    • 4. Secondary endosymbiosis, occurred independently multiple times
    • G: algae whose chloroplasts have three or four membranes, including diatoms, euglenids, some dinoflagellates, etc.
    • H: dinoflagellates or ciliates that have lost their chloroplasts
    • 5. Tertiary endosymbiosis, occurred independently multiple times
    • I: a few dinoflagellates and ciliates (e.g., Kryptoperidinium foliaceum)
    中文：​
     
    膜
     
    真核DNA
     
    藍藻及葉綠體DNA
     
    變形菌及線粒體DNA
    • A：假想的真核生物的原核祖先，接近古細菌，無細胞核
    • 1. 細胞膜内陷逐漸形成核膜
    • B：無細胞器、具有雙層的核膜的原始真核生物
    • C: 接近立克次體的α-變形菌
    • 2. 第一次内共生，只發生過一次
    • D: 帶有線粒體的真核生物，如動物、真菌
    • E: 一種藍藻（原核生物）
    • 3. 第二次内共生，獨立發生過多次
    • F: 帶有双层膜葉綠體的原始色素体生物，包括綠藻（及其后代植物）、紅藻、灰胞藻
    • 4. 二重内共生，獨立發生過多次
    • G: 葉綠體帶有三或四重膜的藻類，包括硅藻、眼蟲、部分甲藻等
    • H: 失掉了葉綠體的甲藻或纖毛蟲
    • 5. 三重内共生，獨立發生過多次
    • I: 少數甲藻及纖毛蟲（如紅色中縊蟲）
    Български:
     
    мембрана
     
    еукариотна ДНК
     
    цианобактерия с ДНК
     
    протобактерия и митохондриалнаДНК
    Deutsch:
     
    Membran
     
    eukaryotische DNS
     
    cyanobakterielle und ct DNS
     
    protobakterische und mt DNS
    • A: hypothetischer prokaryotischer Vorfahre der Eukaryoten, nahe an Archaeen, ohne Zellkern
    • 1. Einfaltung der Zellmembran bildet allmählich die Kernhülle
    • B: primitiver Eukaryot ohne Organellen, mit einer doppelschichtigen Kernhülle
    • C: α-Proteobakterium, ähnlich Rickettsien
    • 2. Erste Endosymbiose, nur einmal aufgetreten
    • D: Eukaryot mit Mitochondrien, z. B. Tiere und Pilze
    • E: eine Art Cyanobakterium (Prokaryot)
    • 3. Zweite Endosymbiose, mehrfach unabhängig aufgetreten
    • F: primitive organismen mit doppelschichtigen Chloroplasten, einschließlich Grünalgen (und ihren Nachkommen, den Pflanzen), Rotalgen und Glaucophyten
    • 4. Sekundäre Endosymbiose, mehrfach unabhängig aufgetreten
    • G: Algen, deren Chloroplasten drei oder vier Membranen besitzen, einschließlich Kieselalgen, Euglenen, einiger Dinoflagellaten usw.
    • H: Dinoflagellaten oder Ciliaten, die ihre Chloroplasten verloren haben
    • 5. Tertiäre Endosymbiose, mehrfach unabhängig aufgetreten
    • I: einige wenige Dinoflagellaten und Ciliaten (z. B. Kryptoperidinium foliaceum)
    Português:
     
    membrana
     
    DNA Eucariótico (núcleo da célula hospedeira)
     
    DNA de cianobactérias e cloroplastos
     
    DNA de proteobactérias e mitocôndrias
    Date 25 November 2025 (upload date)
    Source Own work based on: Endosymbiosis.PNG: 
    Author Vectorization: Mrmw
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