Dominican Republic
 

to 22 Jul 1795;  8 Jul 1809 - 30 Nov 1821; 18 Mar 1861 - 14 Sep 1863  22 Jul 1795 - 8 Jul 1809     30 Nov 1821 - 9 Feb 1822     9 Feb 1822 - 27 Feb 1844     27 Feb 1844 - 6 Nov 1844 1844-1861 and from 14 Sep 1863 Civil Flag 6 Nov 1844 - 18 Mar 1861; Re-adopted 14 Sep 1863 State Flag  Map of the Dominican Republic Hear National Anthem "Hino Nacional" (National Anthem) a.k.a. "Quisqueyanos valientes" (Valient Sons of Quisqueye) Text of National Anthem Adopted 30 May 1934 (unofficial from 7 Jun 1897) ------------------------------------ Former Anthem �Canci�n Dominicana� (Dominican Song) (1844-1885) Constitution  (26 Jan 2010; in Spanish) Capital: Santo Domingo  de Guzm�n (Santo Domingo 1495-1936,   21 Nov 1961 - 28 Nov 1996; Ciudad Trujillo 8 Jan 1936 - 21 Nov 1961; La Nueva Isabela 1493-1495) Currency: Dominican Peso (DOP); 1905-1947 US Dollar (USD) National Holiday: 27 Feb (1844) D�a de la Independencia (Independence Day) Population: 10,815,857 (2024) GDP: $276.8 billion (2024) Exports: $28.6 billion (2024) Imports: $36.1 billion (2024) Ethnic groups: mixed 70.4% (mestizo/indio 58%, mulatto 12.4%), Black 15.8%, White 13.5%, other 0.3% (2014) Total Active Armed Forces: 56,800 (2025) Merchant marine: 40 ships (2023) Religions: Evangelical 50.2%, Roman Catholic 30.1%, none 18.5%, unspecified 1.2% (2023) International Organizations/Treaties: ACP, ACS, AOSIS, APM, BCIE, BTWC, CAFTA, CAP, Caricom (observer), CCM, CD, CELAC, CTBT, CWC, EITI, ESCR, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (signatory), ICRM, ICSID (signatory), IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA (observer), LAP, LU, MIGA, NAM, NPT, NTBT, OAS, OIF (observer), OPANAL, OPCW, OST, PA (observer), PCA, Petrocaribe, SEGIB, SICA, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFCC, UNFCC-KP, UNFCC-PA, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Dominican Republic Chronology    6 Dec 1492                Discovered by Columbus and claimed for Spain,                               named Hispa�iola. 1496 - 25 Nov 1500         Granted to Christopher Columbus (Crist�bal Col�n).  4 Aug 1496                The city of Santo Domingo is founded. 25 Nov 1500                Crown colony   5 Oct 1511 - 1516         Real Audiencia de Santo Domingo. 14 Sep 1526 - 1797         Real Audiencia de Santo Domingo (restored; with                              authority over Cuba [to 1764], Florida [to 1763],                              Venezuela [to 1739], Jamaica [to 1655], Puerto                              Rico, and Trinidad [to 1739]). 1521 - 1821                Subordinated to New Spain (see Mexico). 12 Oct 1535                Gobierno y Capitan�a General de la Isla Espa�ola.  8 May 1577                Gobierno y de la Capitan�a General de Santo Domingo                              (the president of the Real Audiencia is also made                              governor and captain general). 20 Sep 1697                Spain recognizes French claim to western                               Hispaniola; eastern part as the French                              Saint-Domingue (see Haiti); western part-                              Spanish Santo Domingo by Treaty of Ryswick. 22 Jul 1795                Spain cedes Santo Domingo to France (but                              Spanish administration continues to 26 Jan 1801). Oct 1795 - 26 Jan 1801     French occupation (part of Saint-Domingue). 25 Oct 1797 - Mar 1801     Nominally organized as French d�partements of                              Iganne, Samana and Sud; from 1802 part of                               French colony of Saint-Domingue (but from 1 Jan                              1804 includes only Santo Domingo due to Haitian                              independence). 26 Jan 1801 - 20 May 1802  Haitian occupation, proclaiming the abolition of                              slavery on behalf of the French Republic. 20 May 1802 -  9 Jul 1809  French rule over Santo Domingo (restored). 16 Feb 1805 - Apr 1805     Haitian invasion, Santo Domingo under siege 5-28                              Mar 1805.  7 Nov 1808 - 9 Jul 1809   Santo Domingo Criollos revolt again French rule. 13 Dec 1808                Santo Domingo reverts to Spain (French                              administration ends on 9 Jul 1809 with the fall                              of Santo Domingo)(Provincia de Santo Domingo).  7 Jul 1809 - Aug 1809     British occupy Saman� and take the port of                              Santo Domingo on 9 Jul 1809.  9 Jul 1809                Captaincy-general of Santo Domingo (Capitan�a                              general de Santo Domingo)(restored). 19 Mar 1812 -  4 May 1814  Santo Domingo a diputaci�n provincial of Spain.  4 Jun 1820                Province of Santo Domingo (Provincia de Santo                              Domingo), proclamation of Constitution of Cadiz.  1 Dec 1821                Independence (Independent State of the Spanish                               Part of Haiti in Colombia [Estado Independiente                              de la Parte Espa�ola de Hait� en Colombia]).  1 Dec 1821 -  9 Feb 1822  (Nominally) part of Gran Colombia (see Colombia).  9 Feb 1822 - 27 Feb 1844  Incorporated into Haiti. 27 Feb 1844                Independence (Dominican Republic [Rep�blica                              Dominicana]). 27 Feb 1844 - 24 Jan 1856  Dominican war of independence.  8 Feb 1855                Spain recognizes the independence of the Dominican                              Republic. 18 Mar 1861 -  4 May 1865  Spanish colony (Santo Domingo to 8 Jun 1861).  8 Jun 1861                Captaincy-general of Santo Domingo (Capitan�a                              General de Santo Domingo). 16 Aug 1863 -  3 Mar 1865  Dominican restoration war. 14 Sep 1863                Act of independence of is signed at Santiago de los                              Caballeros. 14 Sep 1863                Dominican Republic (Rep�blica Dominicana).  1 May 1865                Spain revokes annexation (recognizing independence                              of Dominican Republic). 11 Jul 1865                Spanish administration leaves Santo Domingo. 29 Nov 1869 - 16 May 1870  Government requests annexation to United States.  1 Apr 1903 - 21 Apr 1903  U.S. troops deployed in Santo Domingo and Puerto                              Plata.  3 Jan 1904 - 11 Feb 1904  U.S. troops deployed in Santo Domingo and Puerto                              Plata. 28 Mar 1905 -  2 Apr 1941  U.S. protectorate.  5 May 1916 - 18 Sep 1924  U.S. occupation. 29 Nov 1916 - 21 Oct 1922  Military Government of Santo Domingo. 28 Apr 1965 - 21 Sep 1966  U.S. and Organization of American States (OAS)                              Inter-American Force intervention.

De facto ruler (Generalisimo)
16 Aug 1930 - 30 May 1961  Rafael Leonidas Trujillo y Molina  (b. 1891 - d. 1961)  Mil/PD

Governor-generals of the Viceroyalty of the Indies
(Gobernadores Generales del Virreinato de las Indias)
 5 Dec 1492 - Jun 1496     Crist�bal Col�n (1st time)         (b. 1451 - d. 1506)
                             (viceroy)  
Jun 1496 - 30 Aug 1498     Bartolom� Col�n                    (c. 1460 - d. 1514)
30 Aug 1498 - 25 Aug 1500  Crist�bal Col�n (2nd time)         (s.a.)
                             (viceroy) 
25 Aug 1500 - 15 Apr 1502  Francisco Fern�ndez de Bobadilla   (b. c.1448 - d. 1502)
                             (royal commissioner)
15 Apr 1502 - 10 Jul 1509  Nicol�s de Ovando y C�ceres        (b. c.1460 - d. 1511)
10 Jul 1509 - Jun 1515     Diego Col�n y Perestrelo           (b. 1479 - d. 1526)
                             (1st time) 
Jun 1515 - 20 Dec 1516     Crist�bal Lebr�n (interim)         (d. 1529)
20 Dec 1516 - Aug 1519     Gobierno de la Real Audiencia
                           - Fray Luis de Figueroa            (d. 1523)
                           - Fray Bernardino de Manzanedo
                           - Fray Alonso de Santo Domingo
                              de la Orden de San Jer�nimo
Aug 1519 - 1520            Rodrigo de Figueroa                (b. c.1471 - d. c.1525)
10 Jul 1520 - 16 Sep 1524  Diego Col�n y Perestrelo           (s.a.) 
                             (2nd time) 
Governors of Santo Domingo
16 Sep 1523 - 28 Jun 1527  Gaspar de Espinosa                 (b. c.1483 - d. 1537)
28 Jun 1527 - 11 Apr 1530  Sebasti�n Ram�rez de Fuenleal,     (b. 1490 - d. 1547)
                             bispo de Santo Domingo
11 Apr 1530 - 14 Dec 1533  Alonso de Zuazo                    (b. 1466 - d. 1539)
                           + Rodrigo Infante 
                           + Juan de Badillo
14 Dec 1533 - 14 Nov 1535  Alonso de Fuenmayor, bispo         (b. c.1500 - d. 1554)
                             de Santo Domingo
Governors and Captains-general
1535 - 1540                Alonso de Fuenmayor, bispo         (s.a.)
                             de Santo Domingo (1st time)
1540                       Luis Col�n de Toledo               (b. 1522 - d. 1572)
1540 - 1544                Alonso de Fuenmayor, bispo         (s.a.)
                             de Santo Domingo (2nd time)
 1 Jan 1544 - 1549         Alonso L�pez de Cerrato            (b. c.1490 - d. 1555)
1549 - 1556                Alonso de Fuenmayor, arzobispo     (s.a.)
                             de Santo Domingo (3rd time) 
1556 - 1558                Alonso de Maldonado
1558 - 1560                Juan L�pez de Cepeda               (d. c.1601)
1560 - 1561                Juan Echagoyan
22 Jan 1561 - 1564         Alonso Arias de Herrera 
1564 - 1565                Antonio de Osorio y Villegas       (b. c.1543 - d. 1608)
1565 - 1567                Alonso de Grajeda
1567 - 1568                Diego de Vera
1568 - 1572                Antonio Mej�a
1572 - 1576                Francisco de Vera
President-Governors and Captains-general
 1 Jan 1577 - 13 Apr 1581  Gregorio Gonz�lez de Cuenca        (b. c.1524 - d. 1581)
1581 - 1583                Pedro de Arceo (acting)
 4 Nov 1583 - 1586         Crist�bal de Ovalles               (d. 1586)
1586 - 1587                Aliaga (acting)
1587 - 1594                Lope de Vega Portocarrero (1st time)
1594                       Baltasar de Villafa�a
1594 - 1596                Lope de Vega Portocarrero (2nd time)
13 Jun 1596 - 26 Oct 1600  Diego de Osorio y Villegas         (b. c.1545 - d. 1600)
1601                       Pedro Sanz Morquecho
19 Sep 1601 - 11 Feb 1608  Antonio de Osorio y Villegas       (b. c.1543 - d. 1608)
17 Jul 1608 - Aug 1623     Diego G�mez de Sandoval            (d. 1623)
1623 - 1624                Juan Mart�nez Tenorio
1624 - 1627                Diego de Acu�a
1627 - 1634                Gabriel de Ch�vez y Osorio
1634 - 1635                Diego Gil de la Sierpe
1635 - 1637                Alonso de Cereceda
1637                       Domingo de Osorio
1637 - 1646                Juan de Bitri�n y Viamonte y   
                             Navarra
1646 - Mar 1649            Nicol�s de Velazco Altamirano
1649 - 1650                Juan Melgarejo Ponce de Le�n       (d. af.1655)
1650 - 16 Mar 1651         Lu�s Fern�ndez de C�rdoba
1651 - 1652                Francisco Pantoja de Ayala
1652 - 30 Jan 1656         Bernardino de Meneses Bracamonte   (b. c.1625 - d. 1656)
                             y Zapata, conde de Pe�alba
1656 - 1658                F�lix de Z��iga y Avellaneda,      (b. c.1600 - d. c.1662)
                             conde del Sacro Imperio
1658 - 1660                P�rez Andr�s Franco
1660 - 1662                Juan Francisco de Montemayor       (b. 1618 - d. 1685)
                             C�rdoba y Cuenca
1662 - 1670                Juan de Balboa y Mogrovejo
1670 - 1671                Pedro de Cobos y Carvajal
1670 - 15 Jul 1677         Ignacio de Zayas Baz�n
1677 - Sep 1678            Juan Padilla de Guardiola y        (b. 1643 - d. 1691)
                             Guzm�n, marqu�s de Santa Fe de
                             Guardiola
Sep 1678 - 12 Jul 1684     Francisco de Segura Sandoval       (d. 1692)
                             y Castilla
1684 - 1689                Andr�s de Robles y G�mez           (b. c.1624 - d. 1694)
                             (interim to 14 Jun 1686) 
1689 - 1698                Ignacio P�rez-Caro y Fern�ndez
                             de Oviedo (1st time)
1698 - 1699                Gil Correoso Catal�n
Jun 1699 -  5 Aug 1702     Severino de Manzaneda y Salinas    (b. c.1640 - d. af.1702)
                             de Zumalabe
 5 Aug 1702 - 1704         Juan del Barranco
1704 -  4 Nov 1706         Ignacio P�rez-Caro y Fern�ndez
                             de Oviedo
1706 - 1708                Sebasti�n de Cereceda y Gir�n      (b. 1644 - d. 1723)
                             (1st time)(interim)
1708 - Sep 1711            Guillermo Morfi (William Murphy)   (b. c.1655 - d. 1723)
1711 - 15 Apr 1714         Pedro de Niela y Torres          
1714 - 1715                Francisco de la Rocha y Labarc�s
May 1715 - 16 Jul 1724     Fernando Constanzo y Ram�rez,      (b. 1669 - d. 1724)
                             caballero de Santiago
1724 - 1732                Francisco de la Rocha Ferrer       (b. 1686 - d. 1763) 
                             y Labarc�s
1732 - 1739                Alonso de Castro y Mazo 
1739 - Sep 1750            Pedro Zorrilla de San Mart�n,      (b. 1694 - d. 17..)
                             marqu�s de la G�ndara Real
Sep 1750 -  8 Oct 1750     Juan Jos� Colomo                   (d. 1750)
 8 Oct 1750 - 20 Aug 1751  Jos� de Zunnier de Basteros        (d. 1751)
                             (acting)
20 Aug 1751 -  4 Aug 1759  Francisco Rubio y Pe�aranda        (b. 1700 - d. 1773)
 4 Aug 1759 - 17 Apr 1771  Manuel Azlor de Arag�n y Urr�es    (b. 1708 - d. 1787)
17 Apr 1771 -  3 Aug 1778  Jos� Solano y Bote Carrasco y D�az,(b. 1726 - d. 1806) 
                             marqu�s del Socorro
 3 Aug 1778 - 26 Sep 1785  Isidro de Peralta y Rojas          (b. 1727 - d. 1785)
26 Sep 1785 - 17 Apr 1786  Joaqu�n Garc�a y Moreno (1st time) (b. 1732 - d. 1811)
                             (acting)
17 Apr 1786 -  2 Aug 1788  Manuel Gonz�lez de Aguilar Torres  (b. 1756 - d. 1788)
                             de Navarra y Montoya
 2 Aug 1788 - 15 Sep 1788  Pedro Carani (acting)
15 Sep 1788 -  1 Dec 1788  Jos� Antonio de Urizar y Bol�var   (b. 1738 - d. af.1808)
                             (acting) 
 1 Dec 1788 - 22 Feb 1801  Joaqu�n Garc�a y Moreno (2nd time) (s.a.)
1796 - 1798                Philippe-Rose Roume de Saint-      (b. 1743 - d. 1804)
                             Laurent -Provisional French Agent
 4 Oct 1799 - Feb 1801     Antoine Chanlatte -Commissioner    (b. 1749 - d. 1815)
Governors
22 Feb 1801 -  5 May 1802  Pierre Fran�ois Dominique          (b. 1743? - d. 1803)
                             Toussaint-Louverture      
 5 Mar 1801 - 1803         Jean-Baptiste Jacques Stanislas    (b. 1753 - d. 1808) 
                             de Combis d'Augustine
                             (commissioner; from 6 Jun 1801, prefect)
 2 May 1802 -  2 Nov 1802  Charles Victoire Emmanuel Leclerc  (b. 1772 - d. 1802)
 2 Nov 1802 - 1803         Fran�ois-Marie P�richou de         (b. 1757 - d. 1825)
                             Kerversau
1803                       Fran�ois-Jacques Lequoy de         (b. 1748 - d. 1804)
                             Montgiraud -Prefect
14 Jun 1803 - 14 Nov 1803  Louis Maurice Taupin de Magnytot   (b. 1757 - d. 1823)
                             (Magnitot) -Prefect
1803 -  7 Nov 1808         Jean-Louis Ferrand                 (b. 1758 - d. 1808)
 7 Nov 1808 -  9 Jul 1809  Joseph-David, comte de Barquier    (b. 1757 - d. 1844)
                             (acting)
Governors and Captains-general
13 Dec 1808 - 11 Feb 1811  Juan S�nchez Ram�rez               (b. 1762 - d. 1811)
                             (in opposition to French to 9 Jul 1809)
 7 Jul 1809 - Aug 1809     Hugh Lyle Carmichael               (b. 1764 - d. 1813)
                             (British commander in Saman�)
11 Feb 1811 -  6 May 1813  Jos� Tadeo Masot y Garc�a          (b. 1756 - d. 1820)
                             (interim)
 6 May 1813 - 24 Sep 1818  Carlos de Urrutia y Montoya        (b. 1751 - d. 1825)
24 Sep 1818 -  4 Jun 1820  Sebasti�n K�ndelan y Oreg�n        (b. 1757 - d. 1826)
                             (O'Regan)
Superior Political Chiefs (Jefes Pol�ticos Superiores) 
 4 Jun 1820 - 16 May 1821  Sebasti�n K�ndelan y Oreg�n        (s.a.)
                             (O'Regan)
16 May 1821 -  1 Dec 1821  Pascual Mar�a Real Serrano         (b. 1778 - d. 1844)
                             Gonz�lez del Olmo Garc�a de Lara
Political Governor and State President
 1 Dec 1821 -  9 Feb 1822  Jos� N��ez de C�ceres y Albor      (b. 1772 - d. 1846)
Commanders of Haitian Forces
 9 Feb 1822 - 1832         J�r�me-Maximilien Bargella         (b. 1773 - d. 1843)
1832 - Feb 1843            Bernard-Philippe-Alexis Carri�     (b. 1780 - d. 1867)
1843                       Charles Rivi�re-H�rard             (b. 1789 - d. 1850)
1843 - 27 Feb 1844         L�o H�rard 
President of the Provisional Governing Junta
28 Feb 1844 -  1 Mar 1844  Francisco del Rosario S�nchez      (b. 1817 - d. 1861)  Lib
Presidents of the Central Governing Junta
 1 Mar 1844 -  5 Jun 1844  Tom�s Bobadilla y Briones          (b. 1785 - d. 1871)  Tri
 5 Jun 1844 -  9 Jun 1844  Jos� Mar�a Caminero Ferrer         (b. 1782 - d. 1852)  Con
 9 Jun 1844 - 13 Jul 1844  Francisco del Rosario S�nchez      (s.a.)               Lib
13 Jul 1844 - 13 Nov 1844  Pedro Santana Familias             (b. 1801 - d. 1864)  PA
                             (concurrently Supreme Chief)
Presidents
13 Nov 1844 -  4 Aug 1848  Pedro Santana Familias (1st time)  (s.a.)               PA
 4 Aug 1848 -  8 Sep 1848  Council of Secretaries of State
                           - F�lix Mercenario Monta�o         (b. 1789 - d. 1861)
                           - Domingo de la Rocha Angulo       (b. 1797 - d. 1883)
                           - Jos� Mar�a Caminero Ferrer       (s.a.)               Con
                           - Manuel Jos� Jimenes Gonz�lez     (b. 1808 - d. 1854)  Lib
 8 Sep 1848 - 29 May 1849  Manuel Jos� Jimenes Gonz�lez       (s.a.)
30 May 1849 - 23 Sep 1849  Pedro Santana Familias (2nd time)  (s.a.)               PA
                             (Supreme Chief of the Republic)
24 Sep 1849 - 15 Feb 1853  Buenaventura B�ez M�ndez           (b. 1812 - d. 1884)  PR
                             (1st time)
15 Feb 1853 - 26 May 1856  Pedro Santana Familias (3rd time)  (s.a.)               PA
26 May 1856 -  8 Oct 1856  Manuel de Regla Mota y �lvarez     (b. 1795 - d. 1864)  PA
                             de Fuentes 
 8 Oct 1856 - 12 Jun 1858  Buenaventura B�ez M�ndez           (s.a.)               PR
                             (2nd time)
12 Jun 1858 - 27 Jul 1858  Jos� Desiderio Valverde P�rez      (b. c.1822 - d. 1904)Tri
                            (in dissidence from 22 Jul 1857 [as President
                             of the Provisional Government to 1 Mar 1858]
                             and then to 28 Aug 1858)
27 Jul 1858 - 18 Mar 1861  Pedro Santana Familias (4th time)  (s.a.)               PA
                             (acting to 31 Jan 1859)
Governors and Captains-general
18 Mar 1861 - 20 Jul 1862  Pedro Santana Familias,            (s.a.)
                             (from 28 Mar 1862) marqu�s de las
                             Carreras
                             (de facto acting to 8 Jun 1861)
20 Jul 1862 - 23 Oct 1863  Jos� Felipe Rivero y Lemoine       (b. 1797 - d. 1873)
23 Oct 1863 - 29 Mar 1864  Carlos de Vargas y Cerveto         (b. 1817 - d. 1876)
29 Mar 1864 - 11 Jul 1865  Jos� de la G�ndara y Navarro       (b. 1820 - d. 1885)
                             (nominally from 1 May 1865)
Presidents
14 Sep 1863 - 10 Oct 1864  Jos� Antonio Salcedo Ram�rez       (b. 1816 - d. 1864)  Res
                             (President of the Government [provisional to 24 Aug 1864])
10 Oct 1864 - 23 Jan 1865  Gaspar Polanco y Borb�n            (b. 1816 - d. 1867)  Res
                             (President of the Provisional Government)
23 Jan 1865 - 24 Jan 1865  Generals-in-chief, temporarily in-charge
                           by the Will of the People and the Army,
                           of the Executive Power
                           - Pedro Antonio Pimentel Chamorro  (b. 1830 - d. 1874)  Mil
                           - Benito Monci�n Dur�n             (b. 1826 - d. 1898)  Mil
                           - Federico de Jes�s Garc�a y       (b. 1835 - d. 1873)  Mil
                              de la Cruz 
24 Jan 1865 - 24 Mar 1865  Benigno Filomeno de Rojas y Ramos  (b. 1811 - d. 1865)  Res
                            (President of the Superior Governing 
                             Junta to 27 Feb 1865, then President 
                             of the Sovereign National Convention)
25 Mar 1865 -  4 Aug 1865  Pedro Antonio Pimentel Chamorro    (s.a.)               PA
 4 Aug 1865 - 15 Nov 1865  Jos� Mar�a Cabral y de Luna        (b. 1816 - d. 1899)  PA
                            (Protector of the Republic)(1st time)
15 Nov 1865 -  8 Dec 1865  Pedro Guillermo y Guerrero         (b. 1814 - d. 1867)  PR
                            (President of the Provisional Government;
                             in dissidence as President of the Central
                             Governing Junta from earlier in 1865)
 8 Dec 1865 - 29 May 1866  Buenaventura B�ez M�ndez           (s.a.)               PR
                             (3rd time)
29 May 1866 - 22 Aug 1866  Triumvirate of the Republic
                           (in dissidence from 1 May 1866)
                           - Pedro Antonio Pimentel Chamorro  (s.a.)
                           - Gregorio Luper�n                 (b. 1839 - d. 1897)  PA
                           - Federico de Jes�s Garc�a y de    (s.a.)               Mil
                               la Cruz
22 Aug 1866 - 31 Jan 1868  Jos� Mar�a Cabral y de Luna        (s.a.)               PA
                            (Chief of Public Administration to 29 Sep 1866)
                            (2nd time)
22 Dec 1867 - 13 Feb 1868  Jos� Antonio Hungr�a               (b. 1819 - d. 1872)  Mil/PR
                            (President of the Central Government
                            Junta, in dissidence)
31 Jan 1868 - 13 Feb 1868  Manuel Altagracia C�ceres          (b. 1838 - d. 1878) 
                             Fern�ndez (acting)
13 Feb 1868 -  2 May 1868  Junta of Generals
                           - Jos� Antonio Hungr�a             (s.a.)               Mil/PR
                           - Francisco Antonio G�mez y Baez   (b. 1819 - d. 1883)  Mil/PR
                           - Jos� Ram�n Luciano y Franco      (b. 1822 - d. 1890)  Mil/PR
 2 May 1868 -  2 Jan 1874  Buenaventura B�ez M�ndez           (s.a.)               PR
                             (4th time) 
 2 Jan 1874 - 21 Jan 1874  Ignacio Mar�a Gonz�lez y Sant�n    (b. 1840 - d. 1915)  Ver
                             (Supreme Chief; in dissidence from 27 Nov 1873)
                             (1st time)
22 Jan 1874 -  6 Apr 1874  Generals-in-Chief
                           - Ignacio Mar�a Gonz�lez y Sant�n  (s.a.)               Mil
                           - Manuel Altagracia C�ceres        (s.a.)               Mil
                              Fern�ndez 
 6 Apr 1874 - 23 Feb 1876  Ignacio Mar�a Gonz�lez y Sant�n    (s.a.)               Ver
                             (2nd time)(Supreme Chief 10 Sep 1874 - 12 Apr 1875)
 7 Feb 1876 - Feb 1876     Constitutional Executive Junta
                           (in rebellion)
                           - Esteban D�az
                           - M�ximo Grull�n Salcedo           (b. 1826 - d. 1877)
                           - Manuel de Jes�s de Pe�a y        (b. 1834 - d. 1915)
                               Reynoso 
                           - Alfredo Deetjen Merecette        (b. 1826 - d. 1896)
                           - Isidro Pereyra Casado            (b. 1839 - d. 1893)
23 Feb 1876 - 29 Apr 1876  Council of Secretaries of State
                           - Pedro Tom�s Garrido Matos        (b. 1827 - d. 1895)
                           - Jos� de Jes�s Eduardo de Castro
                               �lvarez
                           - Pedro Pablo de Bonilla y         (b. 1807 - d. 1881?)
                               Correa-Cruzaso
                           - Juan Bautista Zafra y Miranda    (b. 1840 - d. 1886)
                           - Pedro Pablo L�pez Villanueva     (b. 1842 - d. 1902)
                               (to 7 Mar 1876)
                           - Jacinto Peynado y Tej�n          (b. 1826 - d. 1897)
                               (from 7 Mar 1876)
29 Apr 1876 -  5 Oct 1876  Ulises Francisco Espaillat y       (b. 1823 - d. 1878)  PA
                             Quino�es 
Oct 1876 - 30 Oct 1876     Gabino Crespo                      (d. 1878)            Mil
                            (president of the Central Government
                             Junta of Restoration Movement; in rebellion)
 5 Oct 1876 - 11 Nov 1876  Superior Governing Junta
                           - Pedro Pablo L�pez Villanueva     (s.a.)
                           - Jos� Caminero Mat�as             (d. 1892)
                           - Juan Esteban Ariza Matos         (b. 1820 - d. 1882)
                           - Fidel Rodr�guez Urdaneta         (b. c.1843 - d. 1918)
                           - Jos� de Jes�s Eduardo de Castro  (b. 1829 - d. 1885)
                               �lvarez
                           - Juan Bautista Zafra y Miranda    (s.a.)
                           - Pedro Tom�s Garrido Matos        (s.a.)
11 Nov 1876 -  9 Dec 1876  Ignacio Mar�a Gonz�lez y Sant�n    (s.a.)               Ver
                             (3rd time) (Supreme Chief) 
10 Dec 1876 - 26 Dec 1876  Marcos Ezequiel Antonio Cabral     (b. 1843 - d. 1903) 
                             Figuereo
                             (President of Provisional Governing Junta)
27 Dec 1876 -  2 Mar 1878  Buenaventura B�ez M�ndez           (s.a.)               PR
                             (5th time)(provisional to 21 Mar 1877)
 1 Mar 1878 - 13 Apr 1878  Ignacio Mar�a Gonz�lez y Sant�n    (s.a.)               Ver
                             (4th time)(President of the Provisional 
                             Government of National Movement, in dissidence)
 2 Mar 1878 -  5 Mar 1878  Council of Secretaries of State
                           - Jos� Mar�a Cabral y de Luna      (s.a.)               PA
                           - Joaqu�n Antonio Montol�o Morales (b. 1821 - d. 1911) 
 5 Mar 1878 -  6 Jul 1878  Ces�reo Guillermo y Bastardo       (b. 1847 - d. 1885)  PR
                             (1st time)(President of Provisional Government)
 6 Jul 1878 -  2 Sep 1878  Ignacio Mar�a Gonz�lez y Sant�n    (s.a.)               Ver
                             (5th time)
 2 Sep 1878 -  6 Sep 1878  Superior Chiefs of Revolutionary Movement
                           - Ulises Hilari�n Heureaux Lebert  (b. 1845 - d. 1899)  Mil/PA
                           - Ces�reo Guillermo y Bastardo     (s.a.)               Mil
 6 Sep 1878 - 30 Sep 1878  Jacinto del Rosario de Castro      (b. 1811 - d. 1896)  Mil
                             (acting)
30 Sep 1878 - 27 Feb 1879  Council of Secretaries of State
                           - Ces�reo Guillermo y Bastardo     (s.a.)               PR
                           - Alejandro Angulo Guridi          (b. 1823 - d. 1906)
                           - Pedro Ram�n Mar�a Aristy D�az    (b. 1848 - d. 1880)
27 Feb 1879 -  6 Dec 1879  Ces�reo Guillermo y Bastardo       (s.a.)               PR
                             (2nd time)
 6 Dec 1879 -  1 Sep 1880  Gregorio Luper�n                   (s.a.)               PA
                             (president of provisional government;
                             in dissidence from 7 Oct 1879) 
 1 Sep 1880 -  1 Sep 1882  Fernando Arturo de Meri�o y        (b. 1833 - d. 1906)  PA
                             Ram�rez 
 1 Sep 1882 -  1 Sep 1884  Ulises Hilari�n Heureaux Lebert    (s.a.)               PA
                             (1st time)        
 1 Sep 1884 - 16 May 1885  Francisco Gregorio Billini y       (b. 1844 - d. 1898)  PA
                             Aristy 
16 May 1885 -  6 Jan 1887  Alejandro Woss y Gil (1st time)    (b. 1856 - d. 1932)  PA
 6 Jan 1887 - 27 Mar 1889  Ulises Hilari�n Heureaux Lebert    (s.a.)               PA
                             (2nd time)       
27 Mar 1889 - 30 Apr 1889  Manuel Mar�a de la Concepci�n      (b. 1830 - d. 1897)  PR
                             Gautier (acting) 
30 Apr 1889 - 26 Jul 1899  Ulises Hilari�n Heureaux Lebert    (s.a.)               PA
                             (3rd time)       
26 Jul 1899 - 30 Aug 1899  Juan Wenceslao Figuereo Cas�       (b. 1834 - d. 1910)  PR
31 Aug 1899                Council of Secretaries of State
                           - Tom�s Demetrio Morales Bernal    (b. 1848 - d. 1904)
                           - Ar�stides Pati�o Vald�s          (b. 1856 - d. 1928)
                           - Enrique Henr�quez y Alfau        (b. 1859 - d. 1940)
                           - Jaime Rodolfo Vidal Castillo     (b. 1861 - d. 19..)
                           - Braulio �lvarez y del            (b. 1841 - d. 1927)
                              Castillo (undersecretary) 
31 Aug 1899 -  4 Sep 1899  People's Revolutionary Governing Junta
                           - Mariano Antonio de las Mercedes  (b. 1838 - d. 1909)
                               Cestero Aybar
                           - �lvaro Logro�o                   (b. 1855 - d. 1915)
                           - Ar�stides Pati�o Vald�s          (s.a.)
                           - Pedro Mar�a Mej�a y Cotes        (b. 1844 - d. 1916) 
 4 Sep 1899 - 15 Nov 1899  Felipe Horacio V�squez Lajara      (b. 1860 - d. 1936)  PA
                            (President of the Provisional Government;
                             in dissidence from 1 Aug 1899)
                             (1st time)
15 Nov 1899 -  2 May 1902  Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra        (b. 1846 - d. 1919)  PA 
                             (1st time)
26 Apr 1902 - 23 Apr 1903  Felipe Horacio V�squez Lajara      (s.a.)               PR
                             (president of Provisional Government)
                             (2nd time)
23 Apr 1903 - 24 Nov 1903  Alejandro Woss y Gil (2nd time)    (s.a.)               PA
                             (president of Provisional Government to 1 Aug 1903)
24 Oct 1903 - 12 Jan 1906  Carlos Felipe Morales Languasco    (b. 1867 - d. 1914)  PR
                             (President of the Provisional Government
                             to 19 Apr 1904; left the country 25 Dec 1905)
25 Dec 1905 - 29 Dec 1905  Council of Secretaries of State
                           (acting for Morales)
                           - Manuel Lamarche Garc�a           (b. 1852 - d. 1915)
                           - Emiliano Tejera Penson           (b. 1841 - d. 1923)
                           - Andr�s Julio Montol�o Moscoso    (b. 1821 - d. 1911)
                           - Francisco Leonte V�squez Lajara  (b. 1856 - d. 1923)
                           - Carlos Eduardo Ginebra Pelegr�n  (b. 1874 - d. 1939)
                           - Eladio Abdom Victoria Victoria   (b. 1864 - d. 1939)  PR
                           - Federico Vel�squez y Hern�ndez   (b. 1867 - d. 1934)
29 Dec 1905 - 19 Nov 1911  Ram�n Arturo C�ceres V�squez       (b. 1866 - d. 1911)  PR
                             (acting for Morales to 12 Jan 1906)
19 Nov 1911 -  6 Dec 1911  Council of Secretaries
                           - Miguel Antonio Rom�n Rodr�guez   (b. 1834 - d. 1920)
                           - Jos� Mar�a Cabral y Ba�z         (b. 1864 - d. 1937)
                           - Manuel de Jes�s Mar�a Ulpiano    (b. 1878 - d. 1955)
                               Troncoso de la Concha 
                           - Federico Vel�squez y Hern�ndez   (s.a.)
                               (1st time)
                           - Manuel Lamarche Garc�a           (s.a.) 
                           - Emilio Tejera Bonetti            (b. 1880 - d. 1968)
                              (to 30 Nov 1911)
                           - Rafael D�az Gonzalez             (b. 1870 - d. 19..)
 6 Dec 1911 - 30 Nov 1912  Eladio Abdom Victoria Victoria     (s.a.)               PR
                             (interim to 27 Feb 1912)
 1 Dec 1912 - 13 Apr 1913  Adolfo Alejandro Nouel y           (b. 1862 - d. 1937)  Non-party
                             Bobadilla (interim)
14 Apr 1913 - 27 Aug 1914  Jos� Bordas Vald�s (interim)       (b. 1874 - d. 1968)  Non-party 
28 Aug 1914 -  5 Dec 1914  Ram�n B�ez Machado (provisional)   (b. 1858 - d. 1929)  Non-party
 5 Dec 1914 -  7 May 1916  Juan Isidro Jimenes Pereyra        (s.a.)               PA
                             (2nd time)
 7 May 1916 - 31 Jul 1916  Council of Secretaries
                           - Jaime Mota Vidal                 (b. 1860 - d. 1928)
                           - Bernardo Jos� Arturo Pichardo y  (b. 1877 - d. 1924)
                               Pat�n 
                           - Jos� Manuel Jimenes Dom�nguez    (b. 1881 - d. 1947) 
                               (to 1916)
                           - Federico Vel�squez y Hern�ndez   (s.a.)
                               (2nd time)(from 1916) 
31 Jul 1916 - 29 Nov 1916  Francisco Hilario Henr�quez y      (b. 1859 - d. 1935)  PA
                             Carvajal (provisional)
Commanding Forces in Occupation in Santo Domingo
29 Nov 1916 -  4 Apr 1917  Harry Shepard Knapp                (b. 1856 - d. 1923)  Mil
Military Governors of Santo Domingo
 4 Apr 1917 - 18 Nov 1918  Harry Shepard Knapp                (s.a.)               Mil
23 Aug 1917 - 11 Sep 1917  Edwin Alexander Anderson, Jr.      (b. 1860 - d. 1933)  Mil
                             (acting for Knapp)
29 Oct 1917 - 29 Nov 1917  Joseph Henry Pendleton (1st time)  (b. 1860 - d. 1942)  Mil
                             (acting for Knapp)
 5 Feb 1918 - 17 Mar 1918  Joseph Henry Pendleton (2nd time)  (s.a.)               Mil
                             (acting for Knapp)
 6 Apr 1918 -  1 Jun 1918  Joseph Henry Pendleton (3rd time)  (s.a.)               Mil
                             (acting for Knapp)
 2 Jul 1918 -  1 Sep 1918  Joseph Henry Pendleton (4th time)  (s.a.)               Mil
                             (acting for Knapp)
18 Nov 1918 - 25 Feb 1919  Benjamin Hebard Fuller (acting)    (b. 1870 - d. 1937)  Mil
25 Feb 1919 -  3 Jun 1921  Thomas Snowden, Jr.                (b. 1857 - d. 1930)  Mil
 3 Jun 1921 - 20 Oct 1922  Samuel Shelburne Robison           (b. 1867 - d. 1952)  Mil
 3 Jan 1922 - 19 Feb 1922  Harry Lee (1st time)               (b. 1872 - d. 1935)  Mil
                             (acting for Robison)
14 Jun 1922 - 24 Jul 1922  Harry Lee (2nd time)               (s.a.)               Mil
                             (acting for Robison)
Presidents
21 Oct 1922 - 12 Jul 1924  Juan Bautista Vicini Burgos        (b. 1871 - d. 1935)  Lib 
                             (provisional)
12 Jul 1924 -  2 Mar 1930  Felipe Horacio V�squez Lajara      (s.a.)               PN
                             (3rd time)
 3 Mar 1930 - 16 Aug 1930  Juan Rafael Estrella Ure�a (acting)(b. 1889 - d. 1945)  Rep
16 Aug 1930 - 16 Aug 1938  Rafael Leonidas Trujillo y Molina  (s.a.)               Mil/PD
                             (1st time)
16 Aug 1938 -  7 Mar 1940  Jacinto Bienvenido Peynado y       (b. 1878 - d. 1940)  PD
                             Peynado 
 7 Mar 1940 - 18 May 1942  Manuel de Jes�s Mar�a Ulpiano      (s.a.)               PD
                             Troncoso de la Concha 
18 May 1942 - 16 Aug 1952  Rafael Leonidas Trujillo y Molina  (s.a.)               PD/Mil
                             (2nd time)(acting to 16 Aug 1942)
16 Aug 1952 -  3 Aug 1960  H�ctor Bienvenido Trujillo y       (b. 1908 - d. 2002)  PD
                             Molina
 3 Aug 1960 - 16 Jan 1962  Joaqu�n Antonio Balaguer Ricardo   (b. 1906/07-d. 2002) PD
                             (1st time)
16 Jan 1962 - 17 Jan 1962  Civic-Military Council
                           - Armando �scar Pacheco Rom�n      (b. 1901 - d. 1983)
                           - Luis Emilio Amiama Ti�           (b. 1914 - d. 1980)
                           - Antonio Cosme Imbert Barrera     (b. 1920 - d. 2016)  Mil
                           - Enrique Rafael Valdez Vidaurre   (b. 1927 - d. 2003)
                           - Wilfredo Medina Natalio          (b. 1932 - d. 2006)
17 Jan 1962 - 18 Jan 1962  Huberto Carlos Conrado Godofred    (b. 1901 - d. 1962)  Mil
                             Bogaert Rom�n
                             (president of Civic-Military Council)
18 Jan 1962 - 27 Feb 1963  Rafael Filiberto Bonnelly Fondeur  (b. 1904 - d. 1979)  Rep
27 Feb 1963 - 25 Sep 1963  Juan Emilio Bosch Gavi�o           (b. 1909 - d. 2001)  PRD
25 Sep 1963 - 26 Sep 1963  V�ctor Elby Vi�as Rom�n            (b. 1925 - d. 2004)  Mil
                             (chairman Provisional Junta)
26 Sep 1963 - 25 Apr 1965  Triumvirate
                           - Emilio de los Santos y Salci�    (b. 1903 - d. 1986)  UCN 
                              (to 22 Dec 1963) (chairman)
                           - Manuel Enrique Tavares Espaillat (b. 1924 - d. 1984)  UCN
                              (to 27 Jun 1964)
                           - Ram�n Tapia Espinal              (b. 1926 - d. 2002)  UCN
                              (to 8 Apr 1964)
                           - Donald Joseph Reid Cabral        (b. 1923 - d. 2006)  UCN
                              (from 30 Dec 1963)(chairman)
                           - Ram�n C�ceres Troncoso           (b. 1930 - d. 2020)  UCN
                              (from 18 Apr 1964)
13 Oct 1963 -  4 Nov 1963  Juan Casasnovas Garrido            (b. 1918 - d. 1998)  PRD 
                             (provisional; in dissidence)
25 Apr 1965  (hours)       Revolutionary Committee
                           - Vinicio Antonio Fern�ndez P�rez  (b. 1922 - d. 1992)  Mil
                           - Giovanni Manuel Guti�rrez Ram�rez(b. 1922 - d. 1999)  Mil
                           - Francisco Alberto Caama�o De��   (b. 1932 - d. 1973)  Mil
                           - Eladio Ram�rez S�nchez           (b. 1934 - d. 2001)
                           - Pedro Bartolom� Benoit           (b. 1921 - d. 2012)  Mil
                              Vanderhorst
25 Apr 1965 - 27 Apr 1965  Jos� Rafael Molina Ure�a           (b. 1921 - d. 2000)  PRD
                             (provisional)
27 Apr 1965 -  1 May 1965  no recognized national authority
 1 May 1965 -  7 May 1965  Pedro Bartolom� Benoit Vanderhorst (s.a.)               Mil
                             (chairman military junta)
 4 May 1965 -  3 Sep 1965  Francisco Alberto Caama�o De��     (s.a.)               Mil
                             (in dissidence) 
 7 May 1965 - 30 Aug 1965  Antonio Cosme Imbert Barrera       (s.a.)               Mil
30 Aug 1965 -  3 Sep 1965  no recognized national authority
 3 Sep 1965 -  1 Jul 1966  H�ctor Federico Garc�a Godoy       (b. 1921 - d. 1970)  PRSC
                             C�ceres (provisional)
 1 Jul 1966 - 16 Aug 1978  Joaqu�n Antonio Balaguer Ricardo   (s.a.)               PRSC 
                             (2nd time)
16 Apr 1970 - 22 May 1970  Manuel Ram�n Ruiz Tejada           (b. 1907 - d. 1995)  Non-party 
                             (acting for Balaguer)
16 Aug 1978 -  4 Jul 1982  Silvestre Antonio Guzm�n Fern�ndez (b. 1911 - d. 1982)  PRD
 4 Jul 1982 - 16 Aug 1982  Jacobo Majluta Azar                (b. 1934 - d. 1996)  PRD
16 Aug 1982 - 16 Aug 1986  Jos� Salvador Omar Jorge Blanco    (b. 1926 - d. 2010)  PRD
16 Aug 1986 - 16 Aug 1996  Joaqu�n Antonio Balaguer Ricardo   (s.a.)               PRSC
                             (3rd time)
16 Aug 1996 - 16 Aug 2000  Leonel Antonio Fern�ndez Reyna     (b. 1953)            PLD 
                             (1st time)
16 Aug 2000 - 16 Aug 2004  Rafael Hip�lito Mej�a Dom�nqez     (b. 1941)            PRD 
16 Aug 2004 - 16 Aug 2012  Leonel Antonio Fern�ndez Reyna     (s.a.)               PLD 
                             (2nd time)
16 Aug 2012 - 16 Aug 2020  Danilo Medina S�nchez              (b. 1951)            PLD
16 Aug 2020 -              Luis Rodolfo Abinader Corona       (b. 1967)            PRM

U.S. Military Commanders
 1 Apr 1903 - 21 Apr 1903  Richard G. McConnell               (b. 18.. - d. 1904)
                            (commander Marine detachment U.S.S. Atlanta)
 3 Feb 1904 - 11 Feb 1904  James Philips Parker               (b. 1855 - d. 1942)
                            (commander landing party U.S.S. Newark)
 5 May 1916 - 12 May 1916  Frederic "Fritz" May Wise, Jr.     (b. 1877 - d. 1940)
                            (commander Marine expeditionary force)
12 May 1916 - 23 May 1916  William Banks Caperton             (b. 1855 - d. 1941)
                            (commander U.S. cruiser squadron, Atlantic Fleet)
Commanders of all U.S. Naval Forces ashore in Santo Domingo
23 May 1916 - 21 Jun 1916  Theodore P. Kane                   (b. 1868 - d. 1943)
21 Jun 1916 - 29 Nov 1916  Joseph Henry Pendleton             (s.a.)
U.S. Military Governors of Santo Domingo
29 Nov 1916 - 18 Nov 1918  Harry Shepard Knapp                (s.a.)
23 Aug 1917 - 11 Sep 1917  Edwin Alexander Anderson, Jr.      (s.a.) 
                             (acting for Knapp)
29 Oct 1917 - 29 Nov 1917  Joseph Henry Pendleton (1st time)  (s.a.)
                             (acting for Knapp)
 5 Feb 1918 - 17 Mar 1918  Joseph Henry Pendleton (2nd time)  (s.a.) 
                             (acting for Knapp)
 6 Apr 1918 -  1 Jun 1918  Joseph Henry Pendleton (3rd time)  (s.a.) 
                             (acting for Knapp)
 2 Jul 1918 -  1 Sep 1918  Joseph Henry Pendleton (4th time)  (s.a.)
                             (acting for Knapp)
18 Nov 1918 - 25 Feb 1919  Benjamin Hebard Fuller             (s.a.)  
25 Feb 1919 -  3 Jun 1921  Thomas Snowden, Jr.                (s.a.) 
 3 Jun 1921 - 20 Oct 1922  Samuel Shelburne Robison           (s.a.)
 3 Jan 1922 - 19 Feb 1922  Harry Lee (1st time)               (s.a.) 
                             (acting for Robison)
14 Jun 1922 - 24 Jul 1922  Harry Lee (2nd time)               (s.a.)
                             (acting for Robison)
21 Oct 1922 - 12 Jul 1924  Harry Lee (acting to Mar 1923)     (s.a.)
U.S. Commissioner to the Dominican Republic, with the rank of
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary
29 Jul 1922 - 12 Jul 1924  Benjamin Sumner Welles             (b. 1892 - d. 1961)
Commanders of U.S. Land Forces (from 28 May 1965, Commander U.S. Forces in the
Dominican Republic and Deputy Commander Inter-American Peace Force [USFORDOMREP])
 1 May 1965 - 13 Jan 1966  Bruce Palmer, Jr.                  (b. 1913 - d. 2000)
13 Jan 1966 - Sep 1966     Robert Runyan Linvill              (b. 1913 - d. 1983)
Commanders of the Inter-American Peace Force (IAPF)
23 May 1965 - 31 May 1965  Bruce Palmer, Jr. (U.S.)(acting)   (s.a.)
31 May 1965 - 17 Jan 1966  Hugo Panasco Alvim (Brazil)        (b. 1901 - d. 1978)
17 Jan 1966 - 21 Sep 1966  �lvaro Alves da Silva Braga        (b. 1906 - d. 1971)
                             (Brazil)

Territorial Disputes: Haitian migrants cross the porous border into the Dominican Republic to find work; illegal migrants from the Dominican Republic cross the Mona Passage each year to Puerto Rico to find better work.

Party abbreviations: PLD = Partido de la Liberaci�n Dominicana (Dominican Liberation Party, progressive centrist, est.1973); PRD = Partido Revolucionario Dominicano (Dominican Revolutionary Party, social-democratic, center-left, est.1939); PRM = Partido Revolucionario Moderno (Modern Revolutionary Party, social democratic, reformist, former Alianza Social Dominicana [Dominican Social Alliance], est.9 Sep 2014); PRSC = Partido Reformista Social Cristiano (Social Christian Reformist Party, conservative, center-right, est.1963); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: Con = Conservative; Lib = Liberal; PA = Partido Azule ("Blue" Party, "los Bolos," liberal, from 1899 nicknamed "Jimenistas," later becomes Partido Nacional Liberal and Partido Nacional, 19th cent.-1916); PD = Partido Dominicano (Dominican Party, conservative, authoritarian, Trujillo personalist, de facto only party, 1931-1961); PN = Partido Nacional (National Party); PR = Partido Rojo ("Red" Party, "los Coludos," conservative, from 1899 nicknamed "Horacistas", 19th cent.-1916); Rep = Partido Republicano (Republican Party); Res = Restaurador (Restoration, opponents of Spanish rule); Tri = Trinitario (Trinitarin, conservative, pro-independence, 1838-1858); Ver = Partido Verde ("Green" party, Unionist, union between PA and PR)